声波测井时裸眼井中弹性波的传播

本文分析了简化模型下声波测井时裸眼井（内充流体一般是泥浆）中弹性波的传播,此波场可看成是轴向传播有不同波矢的分波的叠加。分析表明,对于井外只有单一均匀岩层且无限深的井,仅对如（18）式所示的特征频率成分才存在具有轴向传播最大相速度v_zm=c₂的所谓“首波”;而v_x > c₂及c₂ > v_z>b₂的分波却不存在,此处c₂和b₂分别是井外岩层的纵波和横波速度。这正解释了文献[3]中所报道的裸眼井的“过滤效应”。分析还表明,对于井外具有多层岩层的井,只在一定条件下才存在与上述特性相近的“首波”。本文结果对声速测井显然是重要的。     

爆炸地震的能量转换系数计算及其应用

本文提出爆炸地震的能量转换系数计算公式 α=(k·10^-2)^3/n·10^-3和 α=2.03·10^-3 multiply from i=1 to 6 （F_i）上式中k、n为爆炸地震效应的统计参数。下式中F_i（i=1,2,…,6）为反映爆炸方式和场地条件的影响因子。 利用爆炸地震的能量转换系数α,还可建立不同爆炸方式的药量等效系数η: η=α/α₀和爆炸震级估算公式 M=4.42+0.53logαQ.上式中α₀为井下组合（标准）爆破的转换系数。下式中Q为以吨（t）为单位的药量（TNT）。     

龙门山地区的kappa（κ0）模型及汶川MS8.0地震的强地震动模拟

在地震动模拟中,高频衰减参数（κ₀）是一个重要的参数,它控制了傅里叶谱高频部分的衰减特性.本文利用汶川M_S8.0地震和芦山M_S7.0地震主余震的1671组强震动观测记录,计算了龙门山地区50个断层距小于150 km的强震动台站的κ₀,基于随机有限断层法模拟了汶川地震中这些台站的加速度时程、傅里叶振幅谱和反应谱,并与前人的研究进行比较.结果表明,合理计算的κ₀可以有效地改善加速度时程振幅和高频谱（>1 Hz）的模拟结果.另一方面,本文基于κ₀与地形高程的相关性,建立了龙门山地区的κ₀经验模型.分别采用该经验模型和κ₀= 0.04 s模拟了汶川地震的峰值加速度分布,并与观测记录进行比较.结果表明,采用本文提出的κ₀模型可以更好地重现汶川地震的峰值加速度分布,特别是在断层破裂方向的反方向区域和山区.综上,汶川地震中山区的峰值加速度明显大于盆地地区的现象,不仅与断层破裂产状有关,还与山区和盆地地区的κ₀之间显著的差异有关.     

大气和海洋中一类中尺度边界急流的形成理论

对一个非地转线性浅水模式的研究表明,当背景场为大尺度径向地转流V_g时,在山地或海岸附近可以形成一类中尺度边界急流,其特征宽度为L_c=L₀（c₀/V_g）,式中c₀=（gH）^1/2为考虑了密度垂直差后的重力波波速,L₀=c₀/f为Rossby变形半径,f为柯利奥来参数。一般来说,L_c的量级在大气和海洋中分别为百公里和几十公里。由于大尺度地转流是形成这类中尺度边界急流的重要条件,因此从这一观点看,在大气中的这类急流,在亚洲东部一般只能在春末或夏季出现,因为在这些季节,在这一地区盛行大尺度的西南或东南季风。对海洋,这类中尺度边界急流可以出现在海洋的东西两岸,不具有明显的季节变化,即是一类半永久持续系统。     

横向各向同性地层(VTI)井孔声弹效应对弯曲波的影响

本文发展了建立在地层参考状态为各向同性介质假定下的现行井孔声弹性理论,就井外为横向各向同性面与井轴垂直的、具有9个独立三阶弹性模量的横向各向同性介质(VTI井况),水平面内受双轴应力作用下给出了一个简洁的与井内压力、应力差、应力和以及多极源偏振方位角有关的井孔弯曲波声弹公式,并且导出了平面纵、横波速度的声弹公式.数值考察了弯曲波速度之改变量的灵敏系数随频率的变化、受井外水平双轴应力作用时两种偏振的偶极弯曲波频散曲线以及对应不同方位径向偏振的横波速度.研究结果表明弯曲波声弹公式与5个二阶弹性系数以及7个独立的三阶弹性模量有关;而且由内压引起的井孔弯曲波声弹性公式中的三阶弹性模量仅与6个独立的弹性模量有关.横向各向同性介质井孔弯曲波速度的交叉现象仍是判断地应力存在的标志;一个重要的认识是受双轴应力作用的弯曲波速度变化在低频区主要与c₁₄₄和c₁₅₅两个三阶弹性模量有关,而且此认识与径向偏振的平面横波一致.在缺乏足够实验条件情况下,对VTI情况,以c₁₄₄,c₁₅₅和c₁₂₃三个独立的量进行测量,然后可暂不考虑三阶弹性模量的各向异性,建立简化的应力反演公式.反之,如果已知地层的地应力信息,由简化的声弹公式可以反演三阶弹性模量c₁₄₄,c₁₅₅和c₁₂₃.     

日食电离层效应

本文分析了1987年9月23日日环食期间,我国14个电离层站和1988年3月18日日全食期间两个站的垂测仪和偏振仪记录,并综合50年代以来历次日食电离层效应的观测结果,证实:1.E层和F₁层光食效应明显,F₂层动力学效应显著;2.f₀F₂存在日食日值大于、小于或等于控制日值三种典型情况;3.TEC食变曲线有凹陷和不凹陷两种典型情况,甚至出现日食日值大于控制日值的异常现象. 本文对F₂层和外电离层的动力学特征作了定性讨论,认为:空间等离子体温度急剧下降和沿场扩散是F₂层和外电离层日食效应的最主要因素;而磁赤道上空等离子体的沿场扩散、“喷泉”效应,热层风和全（环）食带方位是影响位于磁赤道异常区各电离层站日食电离层效应的主要因素.     

地幔瑞利面波的频散和衰减

本文利用世界标准地震台网（WWSSN）29个台记录的渤海地震（1969年7月18日,M_s=7.4）、炉霍地震（1973年2月6日,M_s=7.9）、海城地震（1975年2月4日,M_s=7.3）的长周期瑞利面波R₁、R₂、R₃,测定了40-250秒周期内R₂波群速度,45-200秒周期内经地球大圆路径的瑞利面波衰减系数和Q值,并讨论了地幔瑞利面波频散和衰减特征以及与区域构造间可能的联系。     

旋转分层导电流体的双扩散磁流体动力学不稳定性

本文研究了双扩散效应对处于地球物理极限q→0条件下旋转分层导电流体的磁流体动力学（MHD）不稳定性的影响。研究发现,只要|R_S|足够大,对流总能在流体静力稳定分层的导电流体中发展。当磁场作用较弱,即Λ～Ο（1）时,对所有可能的角向波数m优先发展的是双扩散不稳定性。当R_s>0时,流体中发生几乎不变的“指状”对流。当R_s<0时,流体中发生缓慢东向运行的“扩散”振荡。当磁场作用较强,即Λ≥Λ_M时,与原始Soward模式类似,优先发展的仅是m=1磁力驱动不稳定性,并东向运行,但双扩散效应使得正R_T不稳定性与负R_T不稳定性间的对称性破缺。     

768型大位移长周期地震计的研制<

本文介绍的两套地震计是为电信传输地震台网配套设计的.目的是拾取周期较长、位移较大的地震信号.其特点是周期长,灵敏度高,多量程,稳定性好,结构紧凑,体积小.仪器采用了簧片轴承及零长弹簧.因而振幅-周期效应小,摆位-周期效应小.调试情况表明,长周期地震计要取得良好的性能,在很大程度上依赖于耐心细致的调整.记录情况表明地震计性能良好,符合设计要求.      

局部地区地磁日变分析方法及中国地区S_q场的经度效应

本文首先介绍了舒斯特（Schuster）以及别科娃（Benkova）日变分析的方法,并提出了利用“逐次近似法”分析日变经度效应的新方法;然后介绍了利用“逐次近似法”对中国地区1959年s_q场分析的初步结果。结果表明,“逐次近似法”对于局部地区日变分析是适宜的。     

Investigation on directional effects of Vrancea subcrustal earthquakes

This paper evaluates possible directional effects from strong ground motions recorded during the last four significant subcrustal earthquakes produced in the Vrancea seismic zone(Romania) in August 1986(M_w=7.1),May 1990(M_w=6.9 and 6.4) and October 2004(M_w=6.0).Several measures of the horizontal component of the ground motion given in the literature(Boore et al.,2006;Boore,2010) are computed and are related to the geometric mean of the as-recorded horizontal components.ANOVA method is applied in order to quantify the influence of the earthquake magnitude and of the soil class on some strong ground motion parameters(e.g.Arias intensity,PGV/PGA,or mean period T_M).The study of the directional effects is performed using the distribution of I_(JMA) and of the rotation angle corresponding to a measure of the horizontal component of the ground motion(RotD 100) and the results reveal a visible directional pattern for I_(JMA),while in the case of RotD100 the directional patterns are less visible.     

the faulting characteristics of 2008 wenchuan ms8.0 earthquake and its relation with strong ground motion

The 2008 M_S8 Wenchuan earthquake occurs on a high angle listric thrust fault. It is the first time that the near and far field strong ground motion was observed for such special type thrust earthquake. This paper jointly interprets the distribution of peak acceleration of ground motion data with seismogenic structure and slip propagating process to investigate how high angle listric thrust fault controls the pattern of strong ground motion. We found that the distribution of peak acceleration of strong ground motion during the Wenchuan earthquake has four distinctive features: 1)The peak acceleration of ground motion inside the Longmenshan fault zone is large, that is, nearly twice as strong as that outside the fault zone; 2)This earthquake produces significant vertical ground motion, prevailing against horizontal components in the near field; 3)The far field records show that the peak acceleration is generally higher and attenuates slower versus station-fault distance in the hanging wall. It is doubtful that the attenuation of horizontal components also has the hanging wall effect since no evidence yet proving that the unexpected high value at long distance need be omitted; 4)As to the attenuation in directions parallel to the source fault(Yingxiu-Beichuan Fault), the far field records also exhibit azimuthal heterogeneity that the peak acceleration of horizontal components decreases slower in the north-northeastern direction in which the co-seismic slip propagates than that in the backward way. However, the attenuation of vertical component displays very weak heterogeneity of this kind. Synthetically considered with shallow dislocation, high dip angle, and prevailing vertical deformation during co-seismic process of the Wenchuan earthquake, our near and far field ground motion records reflect the truth that the magnitude of ground motion is principally determined by slip type of earthquake and actual distance between the slipping source patches and stations. As a further interpretation, the uniqueness of high angle listric thrust results in that the ground motion effects of the Wenchuan earthquake are similar to that due to a common thrust earthquake in some components while differ in the others.     

Adaptation of the S-5-S pendulum seismometer for measurement of rotational ground motion

The Russian electrodynamic seismometer model S-5-S has been adapted for the measurement of rotational ground motion. The mechanical system of the original S-5-S seismometer consists of electrodynamic sensing and damping transducer coils mounted on an asymmetrical double-arm pendulum. This pendulum is suspended on a footing using two pairs of crossed flat springs, which operate as the axis of rotation. The pendulum is stabilised by an additional spring. The S-5-S can be used either as a vertical or as a horizontal sensor. The adaptation of the S-5-S seismometer described below involves removal of the additional spring and installation of an additional mass on the damping arm. Strain gauge angle sensors are installed on one pair of the crossed flat springs. The main dynamic parameters of the rotational seismometer created in this way, i.e. the natural period and damping, are controlled electronically by feedback currents proportional to the angular displacement and angular velocity, both fed to the damping transducer coil. This new seismometer, named the S-5-SR, enables measurement of the rotational component of ground motion around the horizontal or the vertical axes. The output signal from this S-5-SR seismometer can be proportional either to rotational displacement or rotational velocity.     

断层位置对三维盆地地震效应的影响

采用谱元法模拟了盆地模型和一维水平成层模型的地震动强度和放大系数的分布特征,探究了直下型断层与盆地的相对位置对盆地地震效应的影响.结果显示:盆地地震动受断层位置的影响显著,特别是当断层邻近且平行于盆地边缘时,盆地地表地震动的边缘效应更加明显,强烈地震动区域的位置随断层位置的移动而改变明显;不同分量放大系数的分布特征差别...     

与观测方向无关的水平地震动参数计算方法

强震动记录的使用通常不考虑观测方向对于水平地震动参数计算的影响。文中以2008年汶川Ms8.0级地震中绵竹清平台获取的强震动记录为研究对象,对记录进行水平向旋转以模拟观测方向的变化,分析水平向峰值加速度PGA、峰值速度PGV、相对持时DR、绝对持时DA及谱加速度PSA随观测方向的变化情况。结果表明,PGA、PGV及PSA的计算较大依赖于观测方向,而DR和DA则受观测方向影响较小。为此文中提出了一种与观测方向无关的水平地震动参数计算方法,对于计算诸如PGA、PGV等与周期无关的地震动参数时不考虑周期独立;而对于计算诸如PSA等与周期有关的地震动参数时考虑周期独立。     

Engineering characteristics of near-fault vertical ground motions and their effect on the seismic response of bridges

A wide variety of near-fault strong ground motion records were collected from various tectonic environments worldwide and were used to study the peak value ratio and response spectrum ratio of the vertical to horizontal component of ground motion, focusing on the effect of earthquake magnitude, site conditions, pulse duration, and statistical component. The results show that both the peak value ratio and response spectrum ratio are larger than the 2/3 value prescribed in existing seismic codes, and the relationship between the vertical and horizontal ground motions is comparatively intricate. In addition, the effect of the near-fault ground motions on bridge performance is analyzed, considering both the material nonlinear characteristics and the P~? effect.     

山地地形对地震动放大作用的机理探讨

从震后的调查和监测中发现,大地震会对山区地形形成的地质灾害,山地的局部位置,地震动加速度显著放大,甚至能使大型石块高速临空抛射,该文从地震波在介质中传播的角度,通过分析不同入射角度和不同反射界面地震波的反射叠加情况初步解释这一放大作用产生的机理,得出结论：（1）山地地形是产生地震动放大效应的主要原因;（2）放大效应与山体坡度密切相关（3）山脉走向会影响地震动水平分量的差异。并基于此对山区地形的震害防御工作提出建议。     

Hydrodynamic pressures and response of gravity dams to vertical earthquake component

Hydrodynamic pressures and structural response of concrete gravity dams, including dam-reservoir interaction, due to the vertical component of earthquake ground motions are investigated. The response of the dam is approximated by the deformations in the fundamental mode of vibration, and the effects of deformability of bed rock on hydrodynamic pressures are recognized in the analysis. Expressions for the complex frequency response functions for the dam displacement, dam acceleration and lateral hydrodynamic force are derived. These results along with the Fast Fourier Transform algorithm are utilized to compute the time-history of responses of dams of 100, 300 and 600 ft height, with full reservoir, for different values of elastic modulus of mass concrete: 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5 and 5.0 million psi, to the vertical component of El Centro, 1940, and Taft, 1952, ground motions. It is concluded that the hydrodynamic forces caused by vertical ground motion are affected substantially by damreservoir interaction and depend strongly on the modulus of elasticity of the dam. The dam response to the vertical component of ground motion is compared with that due to the horizontal component. It is concluded that because the vertical component of ground motion causes significant hydrodynamic forces in the horizontal direction on a vertical upstream face, responses to the vertical component of ground motion are of special importance in analysis of concrete gravity dams subjected to earthquakes.     

旋转地震合成及其在大跨度悬索桥中的应用

为探究旋转地震动在大跨度悬索桥中的应用,首先,从线弹性理论和功率谱角度基于随机振动理论提出了6维地震动加速度功率谱模型;其次,基于MATLAB编制旋转地震动人工地震合成程序,从反应谱角度对合成地震动进行了正确性验证和拟合精度迭代调整;最后,分析了旋转地震动与地震动入射角对桥梁结构地震响应的影响。研究表明：人工合成的地震动平动分量反应谱与实测地震动的平动分量反应谱吻合度较高;六维地震动的主梁跨中竖向位移越是三维平动地震动的3倍,而主缆轴力峰值接近2.25E+05kN,约是三维平动地震动的1.3倍;旋转地震动和地震动入射角将会加大桥梁结构的位移响应和内力响应,且会减小塔底截面和桩最不利截面的安全性。     

Orientation effect on ground motion measurement for Mexican subduction earthquakes

The existence of the principal directions of the ground motion based on Arias intensity is well-known. These principal directions do not necessarily coincide with the orientations of recording sensors or with the orientations along which the ground motion parameters such as the peak ground acceleration and the pseudo-spectral acceleration (PSA) are maximum. This is evidenced by the fact that the maximum PSA at different natural vibration periods for horizontal excitations do not correspond to the same orientation. A recent analysis carried out for California earthquake records suggests that an orientation-dependent ground motion measurement for horizontal excitations can be developed. The main objective of this study is to investigate and provide seismic ground motion measurements in the horizontal plane, including bidirectional horizontal ground motions, for Mexican interplate and inslab earthquake records. Extensive statistical analyses of PSA are conducted for the assessment, The analysis results suggest that similar to the case of California records, the average behavior of the ratio of the PSA to the maximum resulting PSA can be approximated by a quarter of an ellipse in one quadrant; and that the ratio can be considered to be independent of the value of the maximum resulting PSA, earthquake magnitude, earthquake distance and the focal depth. Sets of response ratios and attenuation relationships that can be used to represent a bidirectional horizontal ground motion measurement for Mexican interplate and inslab earthquakes were also developed.