洋底热液喷口系统的微生物成矿研究进展

现代洋底热液喷口系统的微生物成矿研究进展是地球自身发展、生命演化、洋底下的生物圈层以及天文微生物探索工作得以有效开展的重要保障.近10余年来,随着微电子和分子生物学技术的发展,热液系统微生物成矿研究得以拓展和深入,逐渐成为地质微生物学研究的一个热点领域.当前在全球的热液喷口系统已经发现微生物在包括Fe、Mn、S、Si的...     

Lost City低温热液场--一种新的海底热液活动类型

综述了新近发现的海底热液活动的新类型——Lost C ity低温热液场。该低温热液场坐落于距洋中脊15 km远的轴外洋底上,下伏的橄榄石经蛇纹石化反应所产生的热能是驱动该热液场的热源。低温热液场烟囱结构的矿物组分主要为方解石、文石和水镁石,热液流的温度为40~75℃,并以高pH值以及高氢、高甲烷含量为特征。Lost C ity低温热液场,为研究者们了解早期地球热液过程与它们所支撑的生命系统关系,探讨蛇纹石化、碳酸盐沉淀、微生物活动之间关系提供了天然实验室。     

现代海底热液硫化物矿体微生物风化的几个重要研究方向

与现代海底热液系统所伴生的金属硫化矿床是人类未来矿产资源的可靠储备。热液硫化物矿体形成后,在相对漫长的后期改造过程中,金属硫化物成为深海微生物群落可靠而稳定的能量来源,并遭受着微生物的风化蚀变作用。而这种微生物与矿物之间的相互作用,已经逐渐成为目前地球科学与生命科学交叉研究的重要方向之一。简述了现代海底硫化物堆积体的微生物风化过程研究现状,从当前现存待解决的问题出发,展望了未来几个重要的研究方向:包括矿体尺度上微生物因素对风化作用的贡献程度及矿物蚀变次序、细胞尺度上的微观成矿机理、氧化蚀变过程中元素迁移富集及同位素分馏规律,以及涉及到蚀变作用中的微生物种属与有机生物标志物的特征等几个方面,以期加深人们对深海热液环境中微生物与矿物相互作用的理解,同时,为陆地环境中类似矿体的演化规律的研究提供现代视角上的有益思考。     

深海热液喷口微生物群落研究进展

1977年在太平洋上的加拉帕戈斯群岛附近深2 500 m的深海热液区首次发现了独立的生命体系,它被认为是海洋生物学研究领域中最为重大的发现之一[1-2]。自此,对深海热液喷口生物群落的调查研究吸引了无数科学家的眼球,成为了海洋生物学研究领域的热点之一。30余年来,随着海洋生物学研     

西南印度洋中脊表层沉积物中存在热液组分的地球化学证据

Hydrothermal materials in deep-sea sediments provide a robust tracer to the localized hydrothermal activity at mid-ocean ridges. Major, trace and rare earth element(REE) data for surface sediments collected from the ultraslow spreading Southwest Indian Ridge are presented to examine the existence of hydrothermal component.Biogenic carbonate oozes dominate all the sediment samples, with CaO content varying from 85.5% to 89.9% on a volatile-free basis. The leaching residue of bulk sediments by ~5% HCl is compositionally comparable to the Upper Continental Crust(UCC) in SiO_2, Al_2O_3, CaO, MgO, alkali elements(Rb, Cs) and high field strength elements(Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf, Ti). These detritus-hosted elements are inferred to be prominently derived from the Australian continent by means of eolian dust, while the contribution of local volcaniclastics is insignificant. In addition, the residual fraction shows a clear enrichment in Fe, Mn, and Ba compared with the UCC. Combining the positive Eu anomaly of residual fraction which is opposed to the UCC but the characteristic of hydrothermal fluids and associated precipitates occurred at mid-ocean ridges, the incorporation of localized hydrothermal component can be constrained. REE mixing calculations indicate that more than half REE within the residual fraction(~55%–60%) are derived from a hydrothermal component, which is inferred to be resulted from a diffuse fluid mineralization. The low-temperature diffuse flow may be widely distributed along the slow-ultraslow spreading ridges where crustal faults and fissures abound, and probably have a great mineralization potential.     

冲绳海槽南部热液区附近柱状沉积物中微生物的垂直分布多样性及其对环境因子的响应

近年来,海底热液环境中的微生物及其环境适应机制已经成为海洋科学研究的热点。目前,相关的研究主要集中在表层沉积物及微生物的水平分布多样性方面,而对柱状沉积物中微生物垂直分布多样性研究却很少。本文基于西太平洋冲绳海槽南部热液区附近S2站位的柱状沉积物样品,通过对其不同层位的样品进行分离培养和16S rRNA基因高通量测序,揭示了样品中可培养微生物和总体微生物的垂直群落分布特征,同时结合对样品主量元素、微量元素、碳氮含量等指标的评估和冗余分析等统计学方法,讨论了微生物群落结构及其对环境因子的响应。研究发现该位点的柱状沉积物有机质含量较为贫乏,存在两个富含Cu-Zn-Pb的层;各个层位的沉积物中微生物类群均以变形菌为主要类群,同时表层沉积物表现出更高的微生物多样性。此外研究还表明柱状沉积物中有机碳含量与其微生物的群落组成有着更为密切的关系。总之, 本研究的结果和获得的菌种资源为进一步深入研究海底热液环境中微生物参与元素地球化学循环的过程提供了一定的基础。     

深海热液区化能自养菌Caminibacter profundus氢酶对环境因子的响应特点

以深海热液区化能自养菌Caminibacter profundus为对象,采用扫描电镜和化学能谱分析,研究了菌株表面形态和矿物元素沉积;同时研究了菌株生长、甲基紫精(MV)还原的氢酶活性及膜结合的类型I NiFe氢酶基因(hynL)表达对盐度、pH和温度几种环境因子变化的响应特点。结果表明,菌株表面被Si、Ca、S和Fe等多种元素组成的矿物质层所包裹。不同条件下,菌株生长、MV还原的氢酶活性和hynL的表达趋势相一致,其最适条件为盐度30、pH5.5和55℃培养温度。研究结果表明,在环境改变时,C.profundus通过调控hynL的表达,以调整菌株的能量代谢,维系菌株的生长繁殖。     

Research on the Effects of in-Line Oscillatory Flow on the Vortex-Induced Motions of A Deep Draft Semi-Submersible in Currents

A Deep Draft Semi-submersible (DDS) under certain flow conditions could be subjected to Vortex-Induced Motions (VIM), which significantly influences the loads on and life fatigue of the moorings and the risers. To investigate the VIM of a DDS with four rectangular section columns in waves coupled with a uniform current, a numerical study using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method was conducted. The issues of the VIM of multi-column floaters can be conveniently converted to the issues of oscillating cylinders in fluid cross flows. This paper looks into the CFD numerical simulation of infinite cylinders having rectangular sections in a two-dimensional sinusoidal time-dependent flow field coupled with a uniform current. The resulted hydrodynamic forces and motion responses in different oscillatory flows plus currents both aligned in the same direction for the incidence of 135° of the DDS relative to the flow are compared with the ones in current only cases. The results show that the VIM response of this geometric arrangement of a DDS with four rectangular columns in a current combined with oscillatory flows is more evident than that in the current only case. The oscillatory flows and waves have the significant influence on the VIM response, forces and trajectory, in-plane motions of the DDS.