旧石器时代至商周时期贵州遗址空间分布及其自然环境背景

根据对贵州230 处遗址的时空变化分析发现, 贵州旧石器时代遗址集中分布在中部、西北部和黔西南等喀斯特发育的高海拔区域。至新石器时代, 遗址仍集中分布在中部、西北部和黔西南地区, 但南部、东部等沿河地带和中西部的山间坝子开始有遗址分布。到商周时期, 遗址主要分布在沿河地带和山间坝子里。其中, 东部和南部海拔低于1000 m的地区遗址多分布在沿河地带, 而西部和北部海拔高于1000 m的地区遗址则分布在山间坝子。贵州位于亚热带湿润气候区, 气候环境的冷暖干湿波动对从事渔猎、采集及原始农业生产的古人类影响不大, 人类居住空间变化更多的与贵州特殊的自然地理背景有关, 特别是喀斯特地貌发育及适宜农业生产地方的空间差异, 对贵州旧石器至商周时期的遗址分布影响显著。旧石器时代人类以采集和渔猎为生, 临近水源的天然溶洞是人类居住的首选。随农业的出现和发展, 便于农耕的沿河地带和山间坝子成为人类的生活居住地。故新石器时代, 贵州先民居住呈现洞穴和河流阶地或山间坝子并存;至商周时期, 农业成为人类的主要经济生产方式, 人类主要居住在沿河地带和山间坝子里。     

贵州高原北部河流阶地发育与喀斯特地貌演化

贵州高原北部发育平缓丘丛和深切峰丛2种喀斯特地貌组合,保存于喀斯特山间盆地的河流阶地对区域地貌演化具有指示意义。本文根据阶地发育特征和光释光（OSL）测年,分析阶地形成的时代和动力,结合区域地质背景,探讨构造抬升和河流侵蚀对黔北喀斯特地貌演化的驱动作用。结果显示,绥阳盆地T1阶地时代18.8~8.2 ka,T2时代144.4~104.1 ka;旺草盆地T1年龄为5.5 ka,T2年龄为45.1 ka。绥阳盆地阶地以漫滩相沉积物为主,旺草盆地阶地则多切割了白云岩基岩。分析认为,气候条件影响了阶地的沉积过程,但差异性构造抬升应为区域河流阶地差异发育的主要因素。阶地测年显示,旺草盆地的河流平均下切速率明显高于绥阳盆地,表明芙蓉江流域构造抬升和河流下切强度明显高于洋川河。在差异性构造抬升和河流侵蚀综合作用下,北部大娄山区形成了深切的喀斯特峰丛-峡谷地貌,南部乌江中游流域则发育以平坦盆地和宽缓丘丛为主的地貌组合。     

鄱阳湖流域史前人类遗址时空分布及其环境响应（英文）

The temporal-spatial geographic distribution of archaeological sites and its feature between 10.0–2.8 ka BP(ka BP= thousands of years before 0 BP, where "0 BP" is defined as the year AD 1950) were determined, based on GIS spatial analysis in the Poyang Lake Basin. The relationship between geographic distribution of sites of different periods under subsistence existence of ancient civilizations, climate and environmental change was investigated. The results revealed numerous archaeological sites of the Neolithic Age(10.0–3.6 ka BP). The sites were mainly located in the northern part of the Poyang Lake Basin, a hilly and mountainous area with many river terraces suitable for the development of human civilization. The number of archaeological sites rapidly increased during the Shang and Zhou dynasties(3.6–2.8 ka BP) and spread widely on the floodplains of the middle and lower reaches of Ganjiang River and onto the west, south, and southeast beach areas of the Poyang Lake. Holocene records of climate change suggested that it was possible that climate fluctuations had a great impact on human evolution in the study area. Before 3.6 ka BP, westward and northward expansion of Neolithic cultures in the Poyang Lake watershed occurred under the background of climate amelioration(becoming warmer and wetter). The ancient people lived in the hilly areas with high elevation. The simple mode of a fishing and gathering economy was mostly suited to this area in the early Neolithic Age. The scope of human activities was expanded and cultural diversity developed in the late Neolithic Age. However, with population growth and increasing survival pressure in a dry-cold climatic stage after 3.6 ka BP, this simple living mode had to be abandoned, and various forms of economy, the majority being agriculture, were developed on flood plains of the lower reaches of numerous rivers around Poyang Lake. This promoted flourishing of the Bronze culture of South China.     

基于孢粉的中全新世以来共和盆地人类活动探讨

采用1310个中国北方表土孢粉,共和盆地达连海化石孢粉数据,利用现代类比法,重建7.0cal kaBP共和盆地的人类活动指数(HI),结果显示:7~5.4 cal kaBP,人类活动非常微弱,盆地内主要为细石器狩猎采集活动,对自然环境影响非常有限;5.4~4.6 cal kaBP人类活动开始显现,宗日文化的定居、农业活动,已经开始对自然环境产生影响;进入3.8~2.0 cal kaBP的青铜时代,HI指示人类活动显著增强,这与当时社会及自然环境背景紧密相关,当时卡约文化遗址数量多达260余处,人口增长,畜牧业确立与普及,风沙活动较弱;1.8~1.2 cal kaBP HI达到峰值,此时汉—唐时期盆地内出现了城址,聚落建制和规模大大提高,人口数量较为稳定,畜牧业发展达到鼎盛,风沙活动较为微弱,人类活动强度达到顶峰;1.0 cal kaBP之后,人类活动相对减弱,这与盆地内风沙活动开始增强,聚落和人口减少,及其畜牧业衰落有关。重建的HI阶段性变化特征与盆地内人类活动的考古和历史记录较为吻合,揭示共和盆地人类活动强度变化,主要受聚落、人口、经济活动形式和沙地变化等自然—社会因素共同驱动,也说明采用孢粉记录来指示过去人类活动变化是可行的。     

青海东部高庙盆地史前文化聚落演变与气候变化

高庙盆地内史前文化遗址密集, 史前文化聚落的分布和自然环境关系密切, 受河流地貌影响尤其显著, 绝大部分连续性文化遗址都分布在T3 阶地上。5~4 ka BP 本区气候暖湿, 对应马家窑到马厂时期, 盆地内聚落分布由T3 阶地向T2 转移, 聚落分布模式由均匀到凝 聚, 数量和规模持续扩大, 到马厂时期, 聚落发展到鼎盛, 并出现了中型遗址, 成为聚落的中心, 聚落等级上升为两级; 4 ka BP 时气候突变, 急剧的降温, 使得从齐家文化到卡约-辛 店文化, 盆地内的聚落形态倒退。因此, 气候变化对盆地内聚落演变影响显著, 聚落对气候变化的响应明显。     

湖北旧石器至战国时期(1.15MaBP-278BC)古文化遗址分布与环境演变(英文)

A total of 1362 archaeological sites from the Paleolithic Age to the Warring States time in Hubei Province increase gradually from west to east and from high land to low land.The number of Paleolithic sites with altitude of 50-500 m account for 78% of the whole,while 71%-95% of sites from the Neolithic Age to the Warring States time mainly distribute at the areas of 0-200 m.The temporal-spatial distribution of archeological sites in this area is affected by two factors.For one thing,the human beings of every period need to choose the first or the second terrace as living sites which are near water source and are easy to withstand flood.Additionally,affecting by the regional tectonic uplift since the Holocene,down cutting of rivers can form new river valley,and lateral erosion and accumulation of river in stable time of tectonic movement can result in increasing of many new terraces.So,the human beings migrated to adapt to the change of terrace location,leading to the sites increase gradually in the lower areas of the central and eastern parts of this province.For other things,the temporal-spatial distribution of archeological sites in this area is affected by the climate condition.The Paleolithic sites mostly distribute in the Hanshui River Valley in northeastern Shiyan,southeast of Jinzhou and east of Jinmen,which is because rivers distributed in higher areas in this period.During the Chengbeixi Culture period,the sites are rare in the quondam Paleolithic sites distribution area,but increase obviously along the Yangtze River near the southwest Yichang.The spore-pollen record of Dajiuhu Basin indicates that only 23 Chengbeixi cultural sites may be related to more precipitation and flood during the Holocene wet and hot period.The Daxi Culture,Qujialing Culture and Shijiahe Culture are corresponding to middle and top of the Dajiuhu spore-pollen Zone Ⅳ,during which the climate is in order as a whole and is propitious to agricultural development.In the Qujialing Culture period,32 of original 34 Daxi cultural sites disappeared,while 90 sites increase abruptly in the higher highlands in the north of Xiangfan-Jinmen-Xiaogan,which may respect with enlarging of water areas.The Chu Culture period is corresponding to Dajiuhu spore-pollen Zone V,which is in warm and dry Holocene phase,but it seems that the climate condition is still propitious to agricultural cultivation and the number of archeological sites increase heavily to 593.In addition,there are the least archaeological sites in the lake areas of southeast Hubei Province because of low-lying topography with altitude of 0-50 m and the severest flood.     

黄土不同指标的古环境意义探讨

在确认“黄土也是古土壤”的前提下,对新近发现的位于黄土高原西北部沙漠黄土边界带的彭阳剖面进行了烧失量、色度、磁化率、粒度、CaCO3等环境变化代用指标的系统测试。通过建立土壤发育指数和红化指数,探讨了各指标与古土壤发育强度之间的关系。根据古土壤的发育强度,初步建立了800 ka BP生态脆弱区的高分辨率环境图谱。此图谱与公认的海洋氧同位素曲线、洛川剖面可以进行良好的对比,并揭示出更多的环境变化信息。     

Holocene environmental changes around Xiaohe Cemetery and its effects on human occupation,Xinjiang, China

The Xiaohe Cemetery archaeological site (Cal. 4–3.5 ka BP) is one of the most important Bronze Age sites in Xinjiang, China. Although the surrounding environment is an extremely arid desert now, abundant archaeological remains indicate that human occupation was common during certain periods in the Holocene. Field investigations and laboratory analyses of a sediment profile near the Xiaohe Cemetery indicate that while the regional environment was arid desert throughout the Holocene there were three episodes of lake formation near the site in the periods 4.8–3.5 ka BP, 2.6–2.1 ka BP and 1.2–0.9 ka BP. Geomorphic and hydrological investigations reveal that a lake or lakes formed in a low-lying area when water was derived initially from the Kongque River and then shunted into the Xiaohe River basin. Low amounts of active chemical elements in lacustrine sediment between 4.8–3.5 ka BP indicate abundant and continuous water volume in the lake; the content of active chemical elements increased between 2.6–2.1 ka BP but was still at a relatively low level, suggesting a declining amount of water and diminished inflow. Between 1.2–0.9 ka BP there was a very high content of active elements, suggesting decreased water volume and indicating that the lake was stagnate. In contrast, the general climate condition shows that there had a warm-humid stage at 8–6 ka BP, a cool-humid stage at 6–2.9 ka BP and a warm-dry stage at 2.9–0.9 ka BP in this region. The hydrological evolutions around Xiaohe Cemetery did not have one-to-one correspondence with climate changes. Regional comparison indicates that broad-scale climatic conditions played an important role through its influences on the water volume of the Tarim River and Kongque River. But, the formation of the lakes and their level were controlled by geomorphic conditions that influenced how much water volume could be shunted to Xiaohe River from Kongque River. Human occupation of the Xiaohe Cemetery and nearby regions during the Bronze Age and Han-Jin period (202 BC–420 AD) corresponded to the two earlier lake periods, while no human activities existed in the third lake period because of the decreased water volume.     

9.5–2.3 ka BP燕辽地区考古文化演变及其遗址的时空分布（英文）

With basic information from 8353 archaeological sites, this study describes a holistic spatial-temporal distribution pattern of archaeological sites of the prehistoric culture sequence from 9.5 ka BP (ka BP = thousands of years before 0 BP, where "0 BP" is defined as the year AD 1950) to 2.3 ka BP in the region that extends from the Yanshan Mountains to the Liaohe River Plain(i.e., the Yan-Liao region) in northern China. Based on spatial statistics analysis – including the spatial density of the sites and Geographic Information System nearest-neighbour analysis, combined with a review of environmental and climatic data – this paper analyses cultural evolution, the spatial-temporal features of the archaeological sites and human activities against the backdrop of climatic and environmental changes in this region. The results reveal that prehistoric cultural evolution in the Yan-Liao region is extensively influenced by climatic and environmental changes. The Xinglongwa, Zhaobaogou and Fuhe cultures, which primarily developed during a habitable period from 8.5 ka BP to 6.0 ka BP with strong summer monsoons, have similar maximum density values, spatial patterns and subsistence strategies dominated by hunting-gathering. Significant changes occurred in the Hongshan and Lower Xiajiadian cultures, with a significant increase in numbers and densities of sites and a slump in average nearest-neighbour ratio when the environment began to deteriorate starting in 6.0 ka BP. Additionally, with the onset of a weak summer monsoon and the predominance of primitive agriculture, sites of these two cultures present a different type of concentric circle-shaped pattern in space. As the environment continuously deteriorated with increasing aridity and the spread of steppe, more sites were distributed towards the south, and primitive agriculture was replaced by livestock husbandry in the Upper Xiajiadian culture. The most densely populated areas of the studied cultures are centralized within a limited area. The Laohahe River and Jiaolaihe River basins formed the core area in which most archaeological sites were distributed during the strong summer monsoon period and the first few thousand years of the weak summer monsoon period.     

良渚时期文化发展与海平面变化

浙沪苏地区良渚考古资料和海平面变化研究表明,良渚文化的兴、盛、衰与5.5-4 ka B.P.期间海平面升降密切关联。5.5-4.9 ka B.P.,浙沪苏地区海平面处于高海面之后的急剧下降期,降幅约3.9 m,陆地生存空间扩大,加之气候温暖,良渚文化开始兴起,良渚人择高地而居,盛行干栏式建筑,遗址分布相对分散,从事稻作农业生产。4.9-4.3 ka B.P.,浙沪苏地区进入低海面时期,良渚文化发展达到鼎盛,遗址数量增多,分布相对集中,并向外围地区扩展。此时气候干凉,水井大量出现、盛行地面建筑、稻作农业和手工业发展,社会等级分化,揭示出低海面促进了良渚文化的繁荣。4.3-4 ka B.P.,海平面回升,渐渐进入又一高海面时期,良渚先民生存空间缩小,文化分布范围相对压缩,且以台墩和坡地建筑为主,遗址数量较中期减少,海面回升的同时,洪涝灾害,异常降温等灾变加速了良渚文化的衰落。总体来讲,5.3-4.0 ka B.P.期间“海面下降-低海面-海面回升”的过程推动了良渚文化由兴起到繁盛再到衰落的演替过程。     

Beach Ridge Geomorphology at Cape Grinnell,northern Greenland: A Less Icy Arctic in the Mid-Holocene

Geografisk Tidsskrift—Danish Journal of Geography 110(2):337–355, 2010

In northern Greenland, the Cape Grinnell beach ridge plain offers a 9,000year multi-proxy record for isostatic recovery, storm history, and the hydrological changes related to precipitation and slope evolution. The chronology of uplifted beach ridges is constrained by ten geological 14C ages on shell and sea mammal bones and eleven upper limiting ages from archaeological sites that span the last 3,000 years. Beach ridges formed under the influence of open water storms with renewed frequency and intensity ca. 3 ka and 1 ka ago. A lack of shell may reflect cooler sea surface temperatures. The presence and absence of ice can be inferred by push-features. Three intervals of heightened precipitation produced extensive fan deltas: (a) after 9 ka BP (b) prior to 4.5 ka BP and (c) during the Little Ice Age (AD 1350–1900). Active solifluction lobes and colluvia cover beach ridge deposits that are between 9 and 7 ka old.     

湖北旧石器至战国时期人类遗址分布与环境的关系

湖北旧石器时代至战国时期1362 处遗址时空分布的总趋势是从西往东、从高往低逐渐增加的。旧石器时代海拔50~500 m 的遗址数占当时遗址总数的78%, 而新石器时代至战国 时代71%~95%的遗址分布于0~200 m 的海拔区。该区遗址时空分布变化主要受两方面影响: 一是各时代人类都需要选择既靠近水源、又便于抵御洪水的河流1~2 级阶地为生存地点。而 全新世以来受区域构造抬升影响, 河流下切会形成新河谷, 且构造运动稳定期河流侧旁侵蚀与堆积也导致大量新阶地在低海拔区增多。因此, 人类为适应河流阶地位置变化的迁徙, 导致该省中东部低地区遗址逐渐增多。二是该区人类遗址时空分布变化还受气候条件影响。旧石器文化遗址主要分布在十堰东北部汉水流域以及荆州西南和荆门以东, 从河流地貌发育角度看, 该时期遗址分布在较高位置与此时期河流主要分布在较高地势区有关。城背溪文化时期原有的旧石器遗址分布区此时的遗址分布寥寥无几, 相反, 在西南部宜昌附近的长江沿岸却明显增多, 并成为该时期一个重要的分布区。大九湖孢粉谱的特征表明, 城背溪文化期遗 址数只有23 处主要与当时处于全新世湿热期降水量较大以及洪水较多有关。大溪文化、屈家岭文化和石家河文化对应于大九湖孢粉带Ⅳ的中上部, 这一阶段总体上气候适宜, 是有利于农业文明发展的全新世暖湿期, 在湖北中东部地区各时代遗址数递增显著, 但屈家岭文化时期, 原先分布在长江三峡地区的34 处大溪文化遗址有32 处消失, 而在襄樊-荆门-孝感一线以北的较高地势区却猛然增长了近90 处, 此种变化主要与当时水域范围扩大有关。楚文化时期对应于大九湖孢粉带V, 处于全新世温干气候阶段, 但当时的温湿条件仍有利于农业耕种, 故该时期遗址数骤增至593 处。湖北东南部海拔0~50 m 的湖群区因地势低洼, 洪涝严重, 所以成为历代遗址分布最少的地区。     

全新世中期西辽河流域聚落选址与环境解读

通过x2 检验等方式提出,全新世中期西辽河流域聚落对海拔400~500 m 高程区域选择倾向十分明显,在这一高程内又偏重于距河床10~40 m 的坡地,兴隆洼、赵宝沟以及红山文化期这一特征最突出,夏家店下层文化期聚落位置表现出以400~500 m 高程区为核心向高、低两个方位发展。针对上述聚落环境选择特征指出：① 根据人类生存方式可将西辽河流域划 出林地与草地两大地带,两者的交界处即400~500 m 高程区域内以坡地为主的林缘地带,兴隆洼、赵宝沟文化期人类的采集、渔猎活动主要集中在这里,随着红山、夏家店下层文化期 原始农业的发展,聚落选址从原来的林缘地带向草地甚至林地扩展,前后不同考古文化期的 聚落位置界定了自然环境的空间属性与地域差异。② 西辽河流域受地带性环境因素制约,即使在全新世大暖期林缘地带的动植物资源也并不丰富,仅能满足人口密度极低的兴隆洼、赵宝沟文化期人类获取食物的需求,红山文化以后随着人口增殖原始农业逐渐发展起来。③ 全新世中期西辽河流域聚落密度很低,人口规模在这一地区的环境容量之下,农业开发尚未对西辽河流域带来明显的环境扰动。     

岩溶山地聚落人口空间分布与演化模式

中国西南山区人口与聚落的演化对岩溶山区乡村规划、新农村建设、生态系统的管理和石漠化土地的治理有着重要的参考意义。利用长时间序列的高精度航片与卫片,结合实地农户调查,从20世纪60年代至2010年的聚落与人口耦合变化过程出发,在村级景观尺度开展了贵州高原中部典型峰丛洼地及其周边地区聚落空间格局变迁的定量研究,以探讨岩溶山地人口与聚落演化的模式及其机制,揭示聚落变迁过程中的人地关系动态。结果表明：① 在研究区农村37年的发展过程中,尽管农村聚落总数在不断增多,但还是形成了一些规模相对发展较快的中心村、镇;② 自然条件、交通相对较好和原来规模相对较大的聚落得到了优先发展;③ 由于农户外迁,位于中部峰丛洼地区通达性较差的部分规模较小的聚落消失或逐渐空心化;④ 在聚落和人口的自发演变过程中,一方面使部分退化的石漠化土地得到了恢复,另一方面聚落扩展严重占用了相当的优质耕地。     

Erratic judgements: re-evaluating solutional erosion rates of limestones using erratic-pedestal sites, including Norber, Yorkshire

The re-interpretation of surface karst landforms in Northern England has led to a re-examination of well-known erratic-pedestal sites that were the origin for karst denudation rates applied extensively, on the supposition that erratics protect underlying limestone from rainwater solution. Height of the pedestal has been used to calculate long-term solutional-lowering, as much as 50 cm in 15 ka (33.3 mm/ka) from UK sites. The sites include Norber and Scar Close, Yorkshire, UK. This paper shows that the sites have been misinterpreted, in particular at Norber where the erratics lie on a pre-existing structurally stepped surface. Norber and several other sites also experience much mechanical weathering, in relatively weak, well-fractured limestones, a process which must be distinguished from solution. Sites in strong, less-fractured limestones demonstrate lower rates, which are sounder indications of land surface lowering. Some pedestals have been confirmed as partly resulting from solutional weathering in surrounding soil and vegetation. Re-evaluation reduces solution rates to 3–13 cm in 15 ka. Applying such rates has profound implications for understanding limestone landscapes, challenging orthodox views.     

中国西南山区公路沿线乡村聚落景观格局演变

山区乡村聚落演化机制是聚落地理学研究的热点,为探究山区公路对乡村聚落变化的驱动机理,以贵州省麻江县为研究对象,基于1992,2012年乡村聚落数据,运用GIS技术和景观分析软件,对山区不同地貌的公路沿线乡村聚落景观格局变化进行研究。结果表明:(1)与整个研究区(行政单元)相比,公路影响范围内乡村聚落景观快速增加,景观趋于破碎化和形状复杂化。乡村聚落景观演变速度呈现岩溶槽谷区低山丘陵区中山峡谷区的特点。(2)距公路越近的缓冲区,景观格局变化更加剧烈。在3个公路距离缓冲区,乡村聚落景观演变速度都呈岩溶槽谷区低山丘陵区中山峡谷区的特点。(3)在0~1 500 m距离缓冲区,低坡度的乡村聚落景观格局变化速度明显快于中坡度与高坡度地区。低坡度的景观格局演变速度呈现出岩溶槽谷区低山丘陵区中山峡谷区的特点,而中坡度与高坡度的景观格局演变速度呈现出中山峡谷区低山丘陵区岩溶槽谷区的特点。这说明距公路远近和坡度的变化是影响山区公路影响范围内乡村聚落景观格局演变差异的重要因素。     

Late Quaternary Qaidam lake histories and implications for an MIS 3 “Greatest Lakes” period in northwest China

Da Qaidam and Xiao Qaidam are two of a number of lakes in northwestern China whose lake histories have been used to support the notion of a “Greatest Lakes” period in the region during marine isotope stage (MIS) 3. Reappraisal of the basins’ geomorphology, however, suggests that both lakes are highly problematic proxies for past climate. Xiao Qaidam has a low overflow threshold, only ~10–12 m above the lake surface, well below previously estimated high stands, and until about 17–23 ka BP Da Qaidam was occasionally fed by a river whose flow into the lake basin was geomorphically, rather than climatically controlled. Based on limited optically stimulated luminescence dating of shoreline and alluvial sediments it appears that highstands in the basins occurred ~100 ka BP or earlier. The two lakes are thus part of an increasing number of lake records that suggest, at least in northwestern China, (1) some lake histories may not record climate events, and (2) that the “Greatest Lakes” high stands occurred much earlier than previously recognized.     

Late Devensian and Holocene landscape change in the uplands of the Isle of Man

The Late Glacial and Holocene geomorphology of the Manx uplands has received scant attention in previous researches. Solifluction deposits and terraces provide the earliest evidence for geomorphic activity after deglaciation. Fluvial incision into drift-choked valleys is correlated with the formation of the large mountain front alluvial fans that flank the Manx uplands. Formation of these alluvial fans is constrained to 15,000–10,500 cal. years BP by ¹⁴C dates on organic deposits beneath and above the alluvial fan gravels. Alluvial fan and river terraces along four valleys postdate this incision. Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) and ¹⁴C dating provide a tentative chronology for these landforms. The higher terraces are Late Glacial fluvial surfaces that were probably occupied by rivers into the Holocene. Incision during the Late Holocene led to the abandonment of the higher surfaces, producing a suite of younger river terraces and alluvial fan surfaces. Independent dating constrains this fluvial activity to post-Bronze Age (3500–2800 cal. years BP). Increased human activity and climatic change during the Late Holocene are possible causes for this increased geomorphic activity.     

长江中游新石器时代遗址规模的分布特征

运用ArcGIS软件建立了长江中游地区9.0~4.0 ka BP文化遗址的空间数据库,采用叠加分析和统计学方法,对文化遗址的规模、海拔分布、坡度、距河流远近等特征进行了系统分析。结果表明：① 由新石器时代早期到晚期,遗址的数量、规模和分布范围等均呈现增长或扩大趋势,叠置型遗址个数增加;② 遗址一般具有低海拔、平缓地形和距河流较近的选址倾向,晚期的文化遗址大体保持该倾向,但对海拔、坡度及距河流远近等的选择开始出现分化。③ 新石器时代晚期不同规模的文化遗址在选址上存在一定分异。小型遗址多分布在坡度为6°~15°的缓坡地,中型及以上规模的遗址更倾向于坡度为2°~6°平缓地;中小型至大型遗址的海拔分布均以30~50 m为主,特大型遗址的海拔分布以50~100 m为主;特大型遗址在距河流1000 m以内的分布比例高于其他规模遗址;④ 新石器文化在早中期受气候、水源、地形等自然环境因素影响较大,晚期文化的适应能力有所增强。     

基于RBFN模型的贵州省石漠化危险度评价

西南喀斯特山区石漠化已成为当地发展的重大障碍,国内诸多学者对此做了大量研究工作。本文在前人研究成果的基础上,选取影响喀斯特石漠化演化的相关指标,运用GIS技术提取各指标数据,建立RBFN模型 (Radial Basis Function Network,径向基函数网络模型),根据不同石漠化危险程度标准,选取12个市县相关数据进行训练,确定网络模型参数,进而对贵州省82个市、县 (自治州) 的喀斯特石漠化危险度进行了评价,结果显示：贵州省西南部的西南-东北沿线为喀斯特石漠化发生的极强危险区、整个西南部为强危险区,北部地区为中度危险区,而东南部地区为轻度危险区,并利用他人研究成果进行了对比验证,发现结果较为理想。