江汉平原江陵地区9ka以来古气候演化的沉积记录

从一起自然发病的中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis H．Milne-Edwards)肝胰腺中,分离做纯培养的6株(HQ010516A-1至HQ010516A-6)鳗利斯顿氏菌(Listonella anguillarum),进行了形态特征、主要理化特性等方面的检验．同时择代表菌株(HQ010516A-1)测定了16S rRNA基因序列、构建了系统发育树．另外,以代表菌株(HQ010516A-1)对健康蟹进行了人工感染试验,结果表明了该菌株在所检病例的病原学意义;用37种抗菌类药物对3株菌所做的药敏试验,结果均表现对头孢噻肟等29种药物呈现敏感或高度敏感(抑菌圈直径在16-40 mm)、对头孢唑啉等3种药物呈低度敏感(抑菌圈直径在10-12 mm)、对青霉素G等5种药物耐药(无抑菌圈形成)．     

中华绒螯蟹"颤抖病"病原、病理学初步研究

本文对健康和患“颤抖病”中华绒螯解（Ｅｒｉｏｃｈｅｉｒ ｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）进行了微病理学研究,在病蟹中发现类立克次体生物大量寄生。该微生物多呈球状或棒状,直径在０．２２－０３５μｍ之间,具细胞壁和细胞膜,但无典型的细胞核,该微生物在发病初期主要出现于血细胞中,发病晚期大量出现于鳃腔中和心脏、附肢肌肉、消化道、消化腺和生殖腺中的结缔组织及神经胶质中。回感实验表明该生物是江苏淮阴地区河蟹“主贺抖病：的     

中华绒螯蟹鳃的组织及超微结构

中华绒螯蟹鳃详细的组织和超微结构研究结果显示,每条鳃由一扁平的鳃轴及其向两边发现片状鳃叶组成,鳃壁由角质层、上皮细胞和基膜构成。上皮细胞向角质层伸出指状突出以扩大表面积。上皮细胞向鳃腔突出延伸形成鳃腔隔。鳃腔内的膨大细胞实际上是上皮细胞向鳃腔内分裂形成突起,然后生长膨大而成,膨大细胞将鳃腔隔成迂回的通道,更有利于气候的交换和物质的吸收。     

长江中华绒螯蟹的资源与养殖现状及其种质保护

根据中华绒螯蟹的资源及其养殖现状,分析了我国目前各水系河蟹的种质变异及其河蟹幼蟹培育和成蟹养殖中存在的问题,针对中华绒螯蟹 种质保护的要求,就防止河蟹幼蟹性早熟及和蟹养殖的遗传污染与种质混杂等问题,提出了对长江河蟹品质保持的初步设想。     

中华绒螯蟹幼蟹蜕壳的生态学观察

本文对河蟹幼蟹蜕壳过程及蜕壳后的特征进行了比较详细的观察,并初步探讨了蜕壳与光照、温度及生境的关系对于0.5-2g的幼蟹,蜕壳期大约需要3-6h,软壳期需要2h,薄壳期需要15h．幼蟹特别喜欢选择有草的生境作为蜕壳地点,也喜欢在池塘浅水区蜕壳,但是在2m以内水深对蜕壳成功率没有影响．蜕壳存在明显的昼夜节律,白天蜕壳的数量显著高干夜间(F(1.30)=13.4,P=0.0009),蜕壳高峰发生在上午(07:00-11:00),低谷一般发生在夜间(23:00-03:00)．协方差分析（昼夜为协变量）表明：水温的昼夜变化(28-35℃)对蜕壳并没有显著的影响(F_7,11=1.99,P=0.1467),在水温高达 35℃时蜕壳仍然能顺利进行,蜕壳下限温度在14℃左右。     

长江水系中华绒螯蟹工厂化养殖

长江水系中华绒螯蟹,在满足其营养及较适水质环境的前提下,用工厂化恒温条件饲养,从大眼幼体起经１４１ｄ可养成成蟹,个体大小达到或超过池养的２秋龄蟹,性成熟熟率达到８９％,可作为亲本进行人工繁殖。     

患"颤抖病"中华绒螯蟹体内类立克次体生物的寄生

中华绒螯蟹（以下简答河蟹）“颤抖病”是近几年来我国河蟹养殖区危害最大的病害之一,对取自江苏省淮阴地区的病蟹进行的组织和超微结构研究显示,在所有病触体内均发现大量寄生的类立克次体生物,而在取自未发病区域的健康河蟹体内没有发现类立克次体生物,类立克次生物主要分布在河蟹的肌肉组织、结缔组织和血细胞内,它可以破坏河蟹肌细胞的肌纤维的肌纤维,损害运动系统,这与河蟹的颤抖现象相吻合,因此作者推断它有可能是引发     

长江口中华绒螯蟹亲体捕捞量现状及波动原因

对二十多年来抚仙湖表层湖水中藻类的第一手监测资料做了比较系统的分析研究,以揭示其发展趋势与成因.结果表明,抚仙湖浮游植物生物量增长了10.5倍,种群结构从45种增加到78种,主要原因是入湖TN、TP滞留率高达88.5%和93%,星云湖泄水高浓度藻量,为抚仙湖藻类增长提供了种源及营养源.     

利用湖泊内源性饵料饲喂中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)的养殖与净水效应

在东太湖网围养殖区进行不同放养密度(3000、6000、9000只/hm²)饲喂太湖水草与螺蛳的中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)养殖实验,各处理组均设投喂鱼肉与玉米等外源性饵料的对照,以获得不同养殖模式对中华绒螯蟹生长、品质及养殖水环境的影响,以及利用浅水草型湖泊内源性饵料养殖中华绒螯蟹的适宜放养密度.结果表明,规格和增肉倍数虽然均显著小于相同养殖密度下投喂外源性饵料的对照组,但是各实验组商品蟹体重均能达到150 g;低密度养殖组(3000只/hm²)的产量与对照组无显著差异,其余两组显著低于对照组;而低密度养殖组的河蟹回捕率显著低于对照组,其余两组则无显著差异.实验养殖区水质状况优于投喂外源性饵料的对照区,其TP含量显著低于对照区,投喂外源性饵料会增加水体N、P含量,导致水体富营养化.投喂太湖水草与螺蛳等内源性饵料进行中华绒螯蟹养殖不但可以有效地抑制浅水湖泊水草的疯长,还可通过中华绒螯蟹收获从水体输出N、P营养盐,起到净化水质的作用.不同密度养殖的生态与经济效益对比结果显示,利用草型湖泊内源性饵料养殖中华绒螯蟹的适宜放养密度为6000只/hm²左右.     

一秋龄性成熟中华绒螯蟹的生物学─2.生殖、越冬行为及脱壳的可能性

本文对池塘育成的一秋龄成熟中华绒螯蟹生殖行为的观察表明,其具有生殖洄游习性,当年１０月是其活动高峰期,而湖泊放流育成的早熟河蟹其活动高峰在当年１０月及翌年３月,在湖泊淡水水体中少数个体有交配的行为,翌年３月份发现部分雌蟹的纳精囊内有精液。     

洪泽湖鱼类群落结构及其资源变化

根据2017-2018年在洪泽湖湖心、成子湖湾、保护区湖湾和淮河入湖口进行的鱼类资源调查,结合历年渔业捕捞统计数据,分析了该水域的鱼类群落结构及资源变化趋势.调查共采获鱼类51种,隶属10目16科41属,其中鲤形目种类最多,占总数的62.7%;群落优势种为鳙（Aristichthys nobilis）、（Hemiculter leucisculus）、鲫（Carassius auratus）、刀鲚（Coilia nasus）等7种,鱼类群落的丰富度指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数处于一般至较丰富水平.不同类型湖区间鱼类种类及优势种组成存在一定差异,其中湖心、淮河入湖口的生物多样性指数整体高于成子湖湾、保护区湖湾.与历史资料相比,洪泽湖鱼类的物种数量下降,鱼类资源组成结构发生较大变化,鱼类个体小型化趋势明显,捕捞强度过大、水位波动和水质污染是洪泽湖渔业资源衰退的主要因素.     

Growth pattern and maturation in arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus L.) of Lake Walenstadt,Switzerland

Within one decade the yield in arctic char fishery of Lake Walenstadt (Switzerland) has dropped from 1.7 kg · ha^–1 to 0.7 kg · ha^–1. In the same period growth decreased by about 15%. The fish considered as degenerated dwarfed chars by fishermen are supposed to mature in very young ages.The change of the growth pattern can be related to reoligotrophication of the lake and impoverishments of the food source. Compared to other arctic char populations in Switzerland maturation takes place at least one year later.     

太湖湖鲚渔获量变化与生物环境间相互关系

2003-2004年在汉江中游江段共监测654船次,统计渔获物6914．16 kg,生物学测定1682尾鱼,共采集鱼类78 种,隶属18科58属．目前汉江中游渔获物组成和结构与20世纪70年代相比发生了较大变化,翘嘴红鲌、瓦氏黄颡鱼、鲶、 鲢、黄尾鲴、大鳍蠖等在渔获物中比例已经很少;草鱼资源也明显下降;铜鱼、青鱼、蒙古红鲐、鳡、细鳞斜颌鲴、吻鮈 、长吻 鮠、拟尖头红鲌、鳙、鳜等在渔获物中已基本消失;而鲤、鲫、黄颡鱼、长春鳊、赤服鳟等中小型鱼类在渔获物中的比例却相 对上升;渔获物中个体大的鱼减少,低龄鱼及幼鱼个体比重增加．与70年代资料相比,汉江中游鱼类资源已呈衰退趋势．     

The exceptional growth of the Arctic charr,Salvelinus alpinus (L.) in Lake Geneva

The growth rate of the Arctic charr,Salvelinus alpinus (L.), is exceptionally high in Lake Geneva; one of the highest every recorded. This can be explained by three factors: (1) the Arctic charr of Lake Geneva is the most southerly indigenous population in the world, (2) the trophic resources are important because of the eutrophication of the lake, (3) the fish density is low.     

Low levels of aluminium causing death of brown trout (salmo trutta fario,L.) in a Swiss alpine lake

Several attempts to stock fish in acidified alpine lakes have so far proven unsuccessful. In an effort to investigate the problems associated with the stocking of fish, the Swiss alpine Lake Laiozza was chosen for experimentation. An analysis of Lake Laiozza water revealed low ion concentrations (0.5 mg Ca/L, 0.13 mg Na/L, 0.02 mg Cl/L), moderate aluminium concentrations (121 ± 28 µg Al/L), and a moderately low pH (5.41 ± 0.21). As in common practice, one and two year old brown trout were exposed in a closed keep-net in Lake Laiozza. The water of Lake Laiozza proved to be acutely toxic to the fish. Mucous clogging of the gills, gill epithelial damage, plasma electrolyte losses, and high hematocrits were the predominant symptoms observed. All symptoms observed are typical for an acute intoxication with aluminium. This stands in contrast to the generally accepted view that aluminium concentrations lower than 200 µg Al/L should not be toxic to brown trout at a pH 5.4. The low Na and Cl and low Ca concentrations in the Lake Laiozza water seem to have rendered the fish much more susceptible to aluminium intoxication.     

太湖渔业资源现状(2009-2010年)及与水体富营养化关系浅析

根据2009-2010年的太湖鱼类资源调查,结合历年渔业资料和水环境监测数据,分析太湖渔业资源的发展趋势和结构特征.结果表明:本次调查共采集到鱼类47种,隶属10目14科37属,原常见鱼类种类数明显减少,鲤科等定居性鱼类成为主体;同时,太湖渔业产量近年来增长迅速,渔获物中湖鲚等小型鱼类比重增加,渔业资源的单一化和小型化趋势加剧.根据湖泊水体环境特征的空间差异,对太湖东部湖区、北部湖区和湖心区3个不同类型湖区间的渔业资源特征进行比较.其中在北部湖区和湖心区,浮游食性的湖鲚成为绝对优势种,2008年其产量分别占湖区总产量的70.7％和80.4％,其他主要鱼类所占比重仅为0.2％ -3.0％;而东部湖区草食性和肉食性鱼类的比例较高,鱼类结构相对合理,不同湖区间渔获物的组成差别反映出湖区鱼类组成与环境特征相适应的特点.针对太湖渔业资源与水体富营养化关系进行探讨,提出需加强渔业与湖泊环境功能之间关系的研究,重视水生植被在太湖渔业可持续发展中作用的建议.     

武汉南湖三种摇蚊幼虫生物学特性及其种群变动的研究

通过周年15次野外定量取样结合室内培养,对武汉南湖中的中国长足摇蚊Tanypus chinensis Wang、六附器德永摇蚊Tokunagayusurika sezpapilosus(Yan ＆ Ye)和半褶皱摇蚊Chironomus plumosus f.semireduclus Lenz的种群动态和生物学特性(食性、筑巢、羽化期、世代数、越冬幼虫等)进行了研究,并得出半褶皱摇蚊和六附器德永摇蚊有垂直迁移习性,且这种迁移明显地影响了取样的结果.象六附器德永摇蚊在高温季节下迁、寒冷季节上移的现象罕见,它可作为一种热敏感指示生物。另外,计算出了三种摇蚊幼虫体长和体重的回归方程式。     

Cloud water interception in the high altitude tree heath forest (Erica arborea L.) of Paul da Serra Massif (Madeira,Portugal)

Cloud water interception (CWI) occurs when cloud droplets are blown against the forest canopy, where they are retained on the vegetation surface, forming larger water droplets that drip into the forest floor. CWI was measured from 1 October 1997 to 30 September 1999, on a first‐line tree heath (Erica arborea), at Bica da Cana, Madeira Island. Rainfall was corrected for wind‐loss effect and compared with throughfall and other climatological normals. The CWI depletion rate along a forest stand transect was also analysed during three distinct fog events in 2008. Cloud water was 28 mm day^?1, corresponding to 68% of total throughfall and 190% of the gross precipitation. Cloud water correlates directly with monthly normals of fog days and wind speed and correlates inversely with the monthly air temperature normal. CWI has an exponential correlation with monthly relative humidity normal. Cloud water capture depletion along the stand shows a logarithmic decrease. Although a forest stand does not directly relate to a first‐line tree heath, this study shows that CWI is a frequent phenomenon in the Paul da Serra massif. Restoration and protection of high altitude ecosystems in Madeira should be a priority, not only for biodiversity, ecological and economical purposes but also for its role in regional water resources. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Prediction of the consumption rates for juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) on the scale of habitat patches: Development of empirical models based on stomach contents

Rivers and streams are unstable environments in which estimation of energetic costs and benefits of habitat utilization are the daunting exercise. Empirical models of food consumption may be used to estimate energetic benefits based on abiotic and biotic conditions in patches of habitat. We performed thirty daily surveys of fish stomach contents to estimate the consumption rates for juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in a river. The data were used to assess whether variations of daily consumption rates existed within the river, and to develop empirical models that could predict fish consumption rates using abiotic and biotic conditions as independent variables. Daily consumption rates based on stomach content surveys in the field (range: 0.15–1.49 g dry/(100 g wet day)) varied significantly depending on habitat patch (500–1000 m²), summer period, and sampling year. Variables such as water temperature, numerical density of salmon, water depth and moon phase explained 83–93% of the variations in daily food consumption rates. Daily consumption rates tended to increase with water temperature and depth, and were also higher near a full moon. However, they tended to decrease with the numerical density of salmon. Our work suggests that empirical models based on independent variables that are relatively simple to estimate in the field may be developed to predict fish consumption rates in different habitat patches in a river.