论南京娘娘山碱性岩浆房的梯度及基成因机制

本文详细研究了娘娘山碱性火山杂岩体中矿物斑晶和化学成分的变化情况，发现它们 定位前在岩浆房中就存在着物质成分的梯度和分带性。提出并论证矿物的分离结晶是该岩浆房中 梯度形成的主要机制，但由对流所控制的热重力扩散作用对岩浆房中成分梯度的形成也具一定的 影响。     

西昆仑普鲁新生代火山岩的矿物化学特征及其对岩浆演化过程的约束

对西昆仑普鲁新生代火山岩的矿物学进行了系统的研究。结果表明：该地区火山岩主要由橄榄石、单斜辉石和斜长石组成,并有少量的斜方辉石、黑云母、角闪石、碱性长石和铁钛氧化物。其矿物学特征指示了岩浆的性质有点类似于碱性岩浆,但与典型的碱性玄武岩又有明显的区别,属于橄榄安粗岩系列。利用橄榄石-熔体平衡原理估算了进入高位岩浆房中的熔体的MgO含量约为6．2％,Mg^#为0．57,说明其不是地幔熔融形成的原始岩浆,而是经历了深部岩浆房的分离结晶过程。由单斜辉石估算的高位岩浆房的深度约7～9km。岩浆在高位岩浆房中发生了较长时间的强烈分离结晶作用,分离结晶相主要为橄榄石、单斜辉石和斜长石以及少量的斜方辉石、黑云母、角闪石、碱性长石和铁钛氧化物。不同时期形成的铁钛氧化物指示了分离结晶过程由相对高温高氧逸度向相对低温低氧逸度演化。与此相对照的是岩浆在深部岩浆房中可能只发生了橄榄石和辉石等铁镁矿物的分离结晶作用,且分异作用时间较短。深部岩浆房可能存在于岩石圈地幔或壳幔过渡带中,岩浆由深部岩浆房上升到高位岩浆房中的过程是近绝热的,从浅部岩浆房到地表是快速上升的过程。     

岩浆房持续的时间:矿物内元素扩散年代学研究进展及展望

岩浆房持续的时间尺度对认识岩浆房的稳定性、评估活动火山的活跃程度具有重要意义。扩散计时法将具有元素浓度梯度的矿物作为计时器,由于矿物中的元素扩散再平衡过程符合菲克第二定律,与时间有关,从而可以限定岩浆作用过程的时间尺度,进而指示岩浆房持续的时间。该方法目前已广泛应用于不同火山岩矿物,如橄榄石和辉石Fe-Mg元素扩散、斜长石Mg元素扩散、石英Ti元素扩散以及锆石Li元素扩散等,可以记录持续仅数小时至几百万年的岩浆过程。未来,随着原位分析测试技术的不断发展、与岩浆作用有关的扩散系数的可用性和精度的增加、扩散模型的完善将极大地推动矿物内元素扩散年代学的发展。     

长白山天池火山粗面岩成因与岩浆房系统演化

长白山天池火山是典型的大陆板内碱性火山,岩石组合以玄武岩盾和粗面岩、碱流岩等碱性岩为主。为厘清天池火山粗面岩的形成过程,本文在综合前人研究的基础上,结合本文新发表数据,检验了粗面岩的成因。研究结果显示天池火山粗面岩不可能由古老的华北克拉通下地壳部分熔融形成,也不符合造盾玄武岩部分熔融的模式。通过主量元素、微量元素定性和定量计算后认为粗面岩是由进化玄武质岩浆(玄武粗安岩)经历了分离结晶作用所形成,粗面岩形成过程中岩浆遭受了地壳混染,并且具有高n(~(87)Sr)/n(~(86)Sr)和低n(~(87)Sr)/n(~(86)Sr)两种截然不同的混染趋势。结合岩相和层序信息,作者认为两种演化趋势是上地壳岩浆房系统变化的反映。早期玄武质岩(头道白山期)上侵至上地壳演化,因与上地壳直接接触,沿高n(~(87)Sr)/n(~(86)Sr)趋势演化。随着岩浆房接受补给,岩浆房逐渐增大,新侵入的岩浆与地壳被早期岩浆房结晶形成的岩浆房壁所隔挡,使得年轻粗面岩和碱流岩只与早期粗面质岩浆的残留体等进行物质交换,最终沿着低Sr同位素比值趋势演化。     

基于钻井温的长白山天池火山北坡浅部岩浆房赋存深度研究

长白山火山区地壳热结构尚未建立, 目前基于地球物理探测手段获得的天池火山浅部岩浆房赋存深度存在差异. 通过对天池火山北坡CZK07钻孔测温情况的研究, 在资料评价与地温梯度计算的基础上, 结合全新世岩浆房温度资料, 估算了北坡浅部岩浆房的赋存深度. CZK07钻孔位于地球物理探测所推测的浅部岩浆房正上方, 靠近历史时期火山喷发火口, 在孔深约610 m处地温较高且稳定(102.5~106.8℃). 连续测温资料显示, 钻孔地温随深度呈一次正相关变化, 地温梯度主要变化于134~178℃/km之间(平均为153℃/km), 可大致代表浅部岩浆房上覆地壳的地温梯度. 基于前人浅部岩浆房的温度研究, 本次定量估算的天池火山北坡浅部岩浆房的赋存深度, 为天池水面下5.25~7.21 km, 与地球物理探测的反演结果相近.     

江苏南京浦口猪头山滑坡成因机制与防治措施

浦口猪头山北坡出现滑坡迹象以来,滑坡险情不断加大,范围达到1km2,滑坡已由初始蠕变阶段发展到等速蠕滑阶段。为做好地质灾害防治工作,在系统分析研究滑坡成因的基础上,提出地质灾害防治措施,供开展地质灾害预防和治理工作中参考。     

江西岩背火山-侵入杂岩的微量元素协变关系及其岩浆房成分分带形成机制的探讨

以根据岩背斑岩锡矿区火山－侵入杂的微量元素Ｓｒ,Ｒｂ,Ｅｒ,Ｈｆ,Ｎｂ等协变关系,探讨了岩浆房成分分带的形成机理,认为初始岩浆的形成主要是经过两次聚集熔融作用（第一次熔出酸性岩浆,第二次熔出中酸性岩浆）。酸性岩浆未喷邮地表的部分在中溶部位经过平衡结晶作用（非理想）,使Ｆ,Ｈ２Ｏ和成矿元素明显集中于晚期岩浆中。     

河北武安坦岭多斑斜长斑岩的成因:冻结岩浆房活化机制

流变学实验表明,当岩浆中晶体体积分数达到约50vol%时,岩浆体实际上处于冻结状态,不再具有整体迁移的能力。但在自然界中仍存在含大量斑晶的浅成火成岩和火山岩。因此,富晶体岩浆的上升过程和侵位机制是近年来地球科学领域关注的热点之一。目前,冻结岩浆房的活化机制主要有二种:升温活化机制和流体活化机制。河北武安坦岭地区新发现的多斑斜长斑岩为揭示冻结岩浆房的活化提供了契机。野外观察和晶体粒度分布(CSD)分析表明,坦岭斜长斑岩中斜长石斑晶高达70vol%,基质为显微晶质结构。斜长石斑晶粒径分布均一,大小约为3.1×1.7mm;显微镜观察和背散射图像揭示,斜长石斑晶具环带结构,由宽广的斜长石核部+宽度可变的条纹长石边部组成,且无熔蚀现象;电子探针成分剖面分析表明,斑晶核部成分为更长石(An_(27)Ab_(71)Or_2),幔部为更长石(An_(13)Ab_(83)Or_4),边部为条纹长石。边部条纹长石的成分有一定变化,从内侧到外侧,主晶钠长石成分由Ab_(53)Or_(47)变为Ab_(99)Or_1,客晶钾长石成分由Ab_(48)Or_(51)变为Ab3Or97。斑晶斜长石核部存在细长条状或斑点状钾长石,且越靠近中心,钾长石斑点的数量越少。这些特点表明,边部条纹长石为交代成因。稀土和微量元素分析则显示,边部条纹长石具弱正Eu异常,相对富集LREE和K、Rb、Ba、Sr等大离子亲石元素,亏损Th、Zr、Nb的特点。CSD相关图解及以上特征表明,斜长石斑晶形成于稳定,封闭的结晶环境,并受到晚期碱交代作用的改造。基质主要由微粒钙质角闪石,条纹长石,石英,钾长石和钠长石组成,含少量自形-半自形磁铁矿和钛铁矿、磷灰石、榍石、金红石和锆石等11种矿物组成。11种矿物相和结构特征暗示基质形成于极端不稳定的结晶环境,与斜长石斑晶形成条件鲜明对照。根据基质的矿物组成,推测形成基质的岩浆具有富含K、Na、Fe、Si和挥发分的特征。这种特征与上述关于条纹长石环边形成条件的判断一致。据此,本文认为:产生斜长石斑晶的岩浆曾经在地壳深部作过长时间滞留,导致了斜长石的稳定结晶,增加了岩浆的粘度和密度,使岩浆处于冻结状态;富碱高铁熔体-流体流的注入大幅降低了岩浆的总粘度,并提高了岩浆的浮力,从而促使冻结岩浆房迅速活化和上升侵位;同时,富碱高铁熔体-流体流强烈交代了先存的斜长石斑晶,使其边部形成条纹长石;这种熔体-流体流则在快速排气,冷却过程中迅速结晶,形成了具有不平衡矿物组合的显微晶质基质。在岩浆侵入体较深部位,富碱高铁熔体-流体经历了很缓慢的固结过程,而相分离产生的流体有可能萃取携带岩浆中的铁质,形成富Fe流体流,后者可能对区内"铁矿浆"型铁矿的形成具有重要的贡献。     

地幔平衡部分熔融与岩浆分离结晶两种成因模式的微量元素判别式讨论

本文用数学方法讨论了地幔平衡部分熔融与岩浆分离结晶关系式随D_A变化的相对大小,进而对这两种成因作出判别。最后对最优判别元素的选择作了讨论。     

宁芜盆地娘娘山组钾质火山岩的岩相学和矿物学特征及其地质意义

宁芜盆地娘娘山组钾质火山岩为盆地内中生代最晚期火山喷发形成的火山岩,其矿物成分中钾长石主要为透长石;辉石均为透辉石;黑云母为镁质黑云母,黑云母结晶温度为650℃～750℃,氧逸度(logfo2)约为-12～-10。这些矿物的化学特征与庐枞钾质火山岩中矿物的化学特征非常接近,综合其全岩地球化学、同位素年龄数据,表明娘娘山组钾质火山岩形成于造山后的构造环境。对黑云母的成分分析表明其岩浆来源较深,应为幔源岩浆分异演化的产物,并推测与地壳发生了较弱的同化混染作用,同时娘娘山组钾质火山岩的岩相学和矿物化学特征揭示了其岩浆演化的过程。     

云南腾冲火山构造区马站—固东岩浆囊的地球物理模式

位于青藏高原东南边缘的云南腾冲火山构造区岩浆活动频繁强烈,火山活动规模宏大.为配合国家深部探测专项科学钻探选址,在腾冲盆地北部马站到固东、曲石乡一带进行了大地电磁测深、可控源音频大地电磁测深、反射地震和重磁测量的工作.本文依据电磁法取得的成果划分出了盆地地壳内的2个低阻低速层,其中浅部的低阻层由含水(热水)的火山岩下部、花岗岩上部与花岗砂砾岩组成,构成了腾冲盆地的地热资源的热储层,其主要层位在300到1500 m范围内;深部的低阻体是作为热源的岩浆囊,位于马站—固东—曲石乡三镇的深12~30 km,东西宽25 km以上,向南可能与腾冲北的岩浆囊相连.小空山、大空山和黑空山火山口具有典型的火山口重磁场特征,特别是由于喷发造成物质亏损形成的重力负异常与火山地形呈清晰的镜像对应关系.     

Magma Chamber Process of Post-collisional Magmatism: Insight from Textural and Elemental Characteristics of Plagioclase from the Tatun Volcanic Group, Northern Taiwan Volcanic Zone

The Taiwan mountain belt, one of the youngest orogenies in the world, is caused by the collision of the Luzon arc with the Eurasian margin, which leads to post-collisional extension and magmatism in the Northern Taiwan Volcanic Zone (NTVZ). The magma chamber process in this region has not previously been elucidated in detail. In this paper, the textural and compositional features of plagioclase phenocrysts in basalt from the Tatun Volcanic Group (TTVG) were studied to restrict the dynamics of magma system. Results show that the magma melts in TTVG are mainly sourced from the underlying MORB-like mantle wedge but influenced by incorporation of subduction components, causing the elevated Sr/Y and Ba/Y ratios in magma melts. The subduction components are mainly transported in the form of sediment melt. The plagioclase phenocrysts in the TTVG volcanic rocks are generally coarsely core-sieved with a clear rim. The An contents in the rims of plagioclase are much lower than those of cores, and elevated FeO concentrations are detected in the plagioclase rims. We propose there exists a double-layer magma chamber in this region. The core of the plagioclase was crystalized in the deeper quiescent magma chamber (~21 km), which was subsequently partially dissolved during the ascent of magma melt under H2O-undersaturated condition, forming the typical coarsely sieved texture and synneusis. When this crystal-rich melt migrates into the shallower chamber, water saturation is reached and more sodic plagioclase formed as the rim of phenocryst. Due to the considerably higher fO2 in the shallow chamber than in the deeper one, and the distribution of Fe between plagioclase and melt positively correlates with fO2, the FeO content in the plagioclase rim elevates in conjunction with increasing fO2.     

席状岩浆房中的岩浆冷却及动力稳定性

关于岩浆房中岩浆的结晶分异方式一直存在着争议,其基本矛盾在于对岩浆冷却历史及热不稳定性可能引起的对流形式的理解各不相同。本文在充分考虑席状岩浆房的基本物理特征的基础上,建立了稳定岩浆体系的动态冷却模型,并以攀枝花层状岩体为例,计算了相应的温度场、密度场及粘度场。同时,提出了一种基于能量守恒的、对热不稳定性进行分析的新方法。计算了热不稳定性可能引起的对流强度、对流区域及对流时间,并深入讨论了在一定的热不稳定状态下,不同的岩浆屈服强度对对流特征参量的影响。结果表明,在该岩体的整个固化过程中,如果曾发生过自发对流,其对流也是极微弱而短暂的,不会影响中下部岩浆房中岩浆的固化和结晶。这一结论与对该岩体的实际观察相符。     

Evolution of the Magma Chamber beneath Usu Volcano since 1663: a Natural Laboratory for Observing Changing Phenocryst Compositions and Textures

We have investigated the evolution of an active silicic magma-feedingsystem beneath Usu volcano, Japan, where eight eruptions havebeen recorded since AD 1663. All magmatic products contain similartypes of plagioclase and orthopyroxene phenocrysts that consistof homogeneous cores with uniform compositions, and a zonedmantle that increases in size with time. The compositions ofplagioclase and orthopyroxene phenocrysts vary gradually andregularly with time, as do the bulk-rock compositions. The textureof these phenocrysts also changes systematically, caused byprogressive crystal growth, dissolution and diffusion. On thebasis of these observations, we conclude that the same magma-feedingsystem has persisted at Usu volcano since AD 1663. Compositionalvariation of magnetite phenocrysts differs from that of plagioclaseand orthopyroxene, because magnetite has large diffusion coefficientsand should represent magmatic conditions immediately beforethe eruption. Most pumices from Usu volcano contain two typesof magnetite phenocryst, each with a different composition andcrystallization temperature, indicating that two magmas mixedbefore each eruption (approximately several days before). Theend-members changed with time: rhyolite + basaltic andesite(1663); dacite ± rhyolite (1769, 1822, 1853); dacite± dacite (1977, 2000). The temperature of the magma apparentlyincreases with time, and the increase can be explained by sequentialtapping from a magma chamber with a thermal and chemical gradientin addition to injection of high-temperature magma. KEY WORDS: continuous existence of magma chamber; dacite; dissolution and diffusion of phenocrysts; magma mixing; magnetite     

Mechanism of Crystal Redistribution in a Sheet-like Magma Body: Constraints from the Nosappumisaki and Other Shoshonite Intrusions in the Nemuro Peninsula, Northern Japan

Processes of crystal separation in a magma heavily laden withcrystals without phase change are investigated from observationson frozen magma systems: Nosappumisaki and other shoshoniteintrusions in the Nemuro peninsula, Japan, for which the originof the crystals and the initial conditions are well constrained.The Nosappumisaki intrusion is 120 m in thickness and extendsfor more than 1·5 km. It exhibits a wide range of lithologicalvariation, principally as a result of crystal redistributionafter intrusion. Crystals in each lithology can be clearly dividedinto two kinds according to their composition and texture: thosepresent before the intrusion of the magma (‘phenocrysts’)and those that crystallized in situ after intrusion. From thevertical change in mode and size of ‘phenocrysts’,it is shown that (1) augite ‘phenocrysts’ were rapidlydeposited, with little overgrowth after intrusion, by significantcoagulation or clustering on a time-scale of more than a fewyears, and (2) plagioclase ‘phenocrysts’, definitelydenser than the melt but concentrated in the upper level, floatedby counter flow of massive deposition of augite ‘phenocrysts’.These results indicate that in a magma heavily laden with crystalsof a few millimeters in size (>20 vol. %), crystal–crystaland crystal–melt interaction play an important role inthe separation of crystals from the host melt. KEY WORDS: magma chamber; sill; crystal settling; plagioclase flotation; Nosappumisaki     

娘娘山碱性火山-侵入岩特征及成岩定量模拟

本文通过对铜井娘娘山旋回中生代火山-侵入岩系岩石化学、微量、稀土元素以及铷锶、钐钕等同位素详细研究,认为这套岩石具高碱、硅不饱和、强烈富集不相容元素和轻稀土特征。岩石的~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr初始比值为0.7070—0.7073,∈_(Nd)值为-3.4—3.3,利用二元混合模式计算得出蓝方石响岩和霓辉正长岩源区物质成分相当41%、42%上部陆壳和59%、58%亏损地幔组成的混合物,源区物质经6.4%、6.6%部分熔融形成初始岩浆,表明娘娘山旋回碱性火山-侵入岩系是壳幔混合物经部分熔融后所形成的产物。     

赛马—柏林川碱性火山-侵入杂岩体岩浆成因

呈岩席产出的赛马—柏林川碱性火山侵入 杂岩体由正长岩类及响岩霞石正长岩类组成。两类岩浆来源于统一的富集地幔源区。源区中镁铁云母、单斜 辉石等的熔融生成了贫镁铁富碱铝的碱性岩浆。地幔富集作用增强生成正长质岩浆,经一个时期的间隔,从更深位的更加富集的地幔产生了响岩霞石正长质岩浆。 岩浆中有上地壳组分的参予。     

Rates of Thermal and Chemical Evolution of Magmas in a Cooling Magma Chamber: a Chronological and Theoretical Study on Basaltic and Andesitic Lavas from Rishiri Volcano, Japan

Rates of magmatic processes in a cooling magma chamber wereinvestigated for alkali basalt and trachytic andesite lavaserupted sequentially from Rishiri Volcano, northern Japan, bydating of these lavas using ²³⁸U–²³⁰Th radioactive disequilibriumand ¹⁴C dating methods, in combination with theoretical analyses.We obtained the eruption age of the basaltic lavas to be 29·3± 0·6 ka by ¹⁴C dating of charcoals. The eruptionage of the andesitic lavas was estimated to be 20·2 ±3·1 ka, utilizing a whole-rock isochron formed by U–Thfractionation as a result of degassing after lava emplacement.Because these two lavas represent a series of magmas producedby assimilation and fractional crystallization in the same magmachamber, the difference of the ages (i.e. 9 kyr) is a timescaleof magmatic evolution. The thermal and chemical evolution ofthe Rishiri magma chamber was modeled using mass and energybalance constraints, as well as quantitative information obtainedfrom petrological and geochemical observations on the lavas.Using the timescale of 9 kyr, the thickness of the magma chamberis estimated to have been about 1·7 km. The model calculationsshow that, in the early stage of the evolution, the magma cooledat a relatively high rate (>0·1°C/year), and thecooling rate decreased with time. Convective heat flux fromthe main magma body exceeded 2 W/m² when the magma was basaltic,and the intensity diminished exponentially with magmatic evolution.Volume flux of crustal materials to the magma chamber and rateof convective melt exchange (compositional convection) betweenthe main magma and mush melt also decreased with time, from 0·1 m/year to 10^–3 m/year, and from 1 m/yearto 10^–2 m/year, respectively, as the magmas evolved frombasaltic to andesitic compositions. Although the mechanism ofthe cooling (i.e. thermal convection and/or compositional convection)of the main magma could not be constrained uniquely by the model,it is suggested that compositional convection was not effectivein cooling the main magma, and the magma chamber is consideredto have been cooled by thermal convection, in addition to heatconduction. KEY WORDS: convection; magma chamber; heat and mass transport; timescale; U-series disequilibria     

金川铜镍硫化物矿床成矿物质深部预富集过程探讨

金川矿床为世界第三大在采铜镍硫化物矿床,该矿床赋矿岩体出露面积仅为1.34km2,主要由超镁铁质岩石组成,岩体矿化率高达47%.不同岩相和矿石类型之间呈明显的突变接触关系.这些典型特征暗示成矿物质在侵入现存空间之前发生了明显的预富集.成矿物质的深部预富集过程主要探讨深部岩浆房内硫化物的熔离机制、硫化物熔离的相对时限及熔离量的大小、硫化物熔离后的迁移聚集及分离结晶过程.金川岩体不同岩石类型中橄榄石Fo变化范围小(Fo=80.11～85.68),暗示深部岩浆房是开放的岩浆系统,存在多期次后续新鲜岩浆的贯入.依据橄榄石-液相平衡原理,计算得到金川岩体母岩浆MgO含量为10.8%～12.6%,为高Mg拉斑玄武质岩浆,表明岩浆源区发生了较高程度的部分熔融,其为硫化物的大量熔离提供了丰富的成矿元素.金川岩体Sr-Nd-Os同位素和微量元素地球化学特征表明,金川岩体原生岩浆遭受明显的地壳物质混染,混染程度约为5%～10%,Th-Ta、Th-Nb和(Th/Ta)PM-(La/Nb)PM图解表明,部分混染物为下地壳组分,下地壳物质的混染可能是导致深部岩浆房内硫化物熔离的主要机制.金川矿床赋矿岩石类型主要为二辉橄榄岩和纯橄岩,为金川岩体中基性程度最高的岩石类型,同时"Melts"模拟计算也表明,硫化物的熔离发生在岩浆演化的早期阶段,并随着后续新鲜岩浆的持续贯入熔离出的硫化物含量不断增加.熔离后的硫化物在重力作用下下沉至岩浆房底部或中下部,形成矿浆和富矿岩浆.金川矿床中块状矿石相对富集IPGE,富Cu矿体中则相对富集Cu和PPGE.这种成矿元素的分异现象表明,随着温度的降低,硫化物在深部岩浆房内发生了明显的分离结晶作用.同时研究表明,硫化物分离结晶程度与硫化物之间的连通性呈正相关关系.