河北省北部地震次生灾害预测

在收集大量调查资料的基础上,对河北省北部地震次生灾害做了预测,认为地震火灾、毒气泄漏和地震水灾是震后可能发生的较为严重的地震次生灾害。张家口、宣化、唐山和秦皇岛市具备发生大型地震火灾的条件,张家口市、怀来县和唐山市有可能发生地震引发的毒气泄漏、官厅、密云、陡河及山西省的册田水库大坝震后出现险情引起的地震水灾将对我省北部造成危害。地震造成的剧毒物质、腐蚀性物质及人工放射源的泄漏的散落也应引起高度重视     

《地震对策》各篇章编写稿之五 第二篇 地震对策各论 第七章 地震次生灾害对策

地震次生灾害一般指地震强烈震动后,以震动的直接或间接破坏后果为导因而引起的一系列其他灾害。在地震灾害中,次生灾害是极其普遍的、严重的。目前,地震的次生灾害主要有:火灾,毒气、细菌和放射性污染,“盲目避震”造成的摔、挤、踩等伤亡,崩塌、滑坡和泥石流,水灾,海啸等。随着城市生产力的发展,一些新的次生灾害可能出现,如高层建筑的“玻璃雨”灾害,信息储存系统的“记忆毁灭”灾害等。本文在总结我国一些地震的经验和教训的基础上,参考国外一些地震资料,按城市地震次生灾害,崩塌、滑坡和泥石流灾害,地震水灾和地震海啸灾害四个部分,概括分析了各种次生灾害的成因及特点,阐述了震前预防、震时紧急处理、震后救治的各项对策。     

地震次生毒气泄漏与扩散数值模拟的参数分析

本文在破坏性地震中可能发生的次生毒气泄漏与扩散灾害的数值模拟与动态仿真研究的基础上，分析了影响毒气扩散的主要参数。在设定的几种工况下，给出相应的图表结果，直观地描述了各参数对扩散过程的影响。进一步验证了所采用毒气扩散简化模型的准确性，对大震应急和防御与减轻城市和大型企业的地震次生毒气泄漏与扩散灾害都有重要的意义。     

应用ArcGIS实现地震次生毒气泄漏与扩散的模拟演示

主要针对破坏性地震中由次生灾害引发的毒气泄漏和扩散进行研究,采用国内普遍应用的数据模型进行计算,并通过ArcGIS软件实现毒气泄漏与扩散的模拟演示,该成果是城市防震减灾信息管理系统的重要组成部分,能够对事故应急决策提供参考依据,对城市综合防御与减轻城市和大型企业的地震次生毒气泄漏与扩散灾害都具有重要的意义。     

地震次生毒气泄漏与扩散的数值模拟与动态仿真

文章对破坏性地震中可能发生的次生毒气泄漏与扩散灾害进行了数值模拟与动态仿真研究，设定了几种有实际意义的数值分析模型，分别进行了结构地震破坏，有毒有害气体泄漏，在一定泄漏和气象条件下的向周围空间扩散的动态仿真研究，给出了典型毒气扩散过程中可致人员死亡，严重危险和有感区域的范围的动态变化结果，作者认为地震次生毒气泄漏与扩散研究对大地震应急、城市和大型企业防灾都有重要的意义和广阔的应用前景。     

冕宁县地震次生灾害预测

一、地震次生灾害发生条件地震次生灾害,一般指地震强烈振动后,振动的直接或间接破坏后果造成工程震害和场地震害所引起的一系列其它灾害,如火灾、水灾、爆炸、溢毒、化学污染、细菌传播、放射性辐射以及场地效应、斜坡效应等引发的各种体态的次生灾害。随着现代城市化。高层建筑物林立,震时因玻璃破坏而造成“玻璃雨”;生命线系统工程的管线、网络设施破坏,对社会,经济活动和人民     

几类地震灾害致灾环境、速度、分布与对策的对比研究

对比研究了强烈震动、断层错动撕裂所产生的灾害,包括地震所触发的地质灾害及堰塞湖溃坝造成的地震水灾、地震火灾、地震海啸等几类主要地震灾害发生的环境、致灾的速度、灾害的分布等特点,指出了在震前防御、应急救援以及预警等对策方面的区别。     

珠江三角洲地震次生灾害初步研究

介绍了地震后可能引发的地震火灾、爆炸等次生灾害；讨论了地震火灾及损失的影响因素；根据次生灾害源的分布，初步定性预测它们可能带来的损失及影响。     

地震:从影视到生活 从灾害到工具

<正>在各类地质灾害中,地震破坏性大,预报困难,往往造成重大人员伤亡和财产损失。以地震为题的电影,也不断向人们展示地震的残酷。电影《唐山大地震》中,除了感人至深的方大强一家的坎坷经历之外,震时房屋坍塌,居民伤亡的场景,让很多观众时隔多年仍然历历在目。除了造成房屋倒塌外,地震还可能形成山体崩塌、滑坡、泥石流、砂土液化、水灾等自然灾害和火灾、通讯中断、饮用水源污染、瘟疫,以及工厂毒气、医院细菌、放射性物质导致的污染等社会性灾害,深海区的强烈地震还会引起海啸。     

日本地震灾害死者死因分析与思考

地震中的人员死亡人数是评价地震灾害受灾程度的重要参数。地震往往引起多灾种的复合灾害。地震人员死亡原因归纳为直接死亡和间接死亡。建筑倒塌、家具翻倒以及海啸、火灾等次生灾害是直接死亡的主要原因;而应激反应、病情恶化、孤独死亡等属于间接死亡。依据建筑法规建造安全建筑,树立复合灾害理念,重视灾害医疗救护等是减少直接死亡与间接死亡的有效对策。     

Tsunami Source of the 2010 Mentawai, Indonesia Earthquake Inferred from Tsunami Field Survey and Waveform Modeling

The 2010 Mentawai earthquake (magnitude 7.7) generated a destructive tsunami that caused more than 500 casualties in the Mentawai Islands, west of Sumatra, Indonesia. Seismological analyses indicate that this earthquake was an unusual “tsunami earthquake,” which produces much larger tsunamis than expected from the seismic magnitude. We carried out a field survey to measure tsunami heights and inundation distances, an inversion of tsunami waveforms to estimate the slip distribution on the fault, and inundation modeling to compare the measured and simulated tsunami heights. The measured tsunami heights at eight locations on the west coasts of North and South Pagai Island ranged from 2.5 to 9.3 m, but were mostly in the 4–7 m range. At three villages, the tsunami inundation extended more than 300 m. Interviews of local residents indicated that the earthquake ground shaking was less intense than during previous large earthquakes and did not cause any damage. Inversion of tsunami waveforms recorded at nine coastal tide gauges, a nearby GPS buoy, and a DART station indicated a large slip (maximum 6.1 m) on a shallower part of the fault near the trench axis, a distribution similar to other tsunami earthquakes. The total seismic moment estimated from tsunami waveform inversion was 1.0 × 10²¹ Nm, which corresponded to M_w 7.9. Computed coastal tsunami heights from this tsunami source model using linear equations are similar to the measured tsunami heights. The inundation heights computed by using detailed bathymetry and topography data and nonlinear equations including inundation were smaller than the measured ones. This may have been partly due to the limited resolution and accuracy of publically available bathymetry and topography data. One-dimensional run-up computations using our surveyed topography profiles showed that the computed heights were roughly similar to the measured ones.     

Reconstruction of Tsunami Inland Propagation on December 26, 2004 in Banda Aceh, Indonesia, through Field Investigations

This paper presents the results from an extensive field data collection effort following the December 26, 2004 earthquake and tsunami in Banda Aceh, Sumatra. The data were collected under the auspices of TSUNARISQUE, a joint French-Indonesian program dedicated to tsunami research and hazard mitigation, which has been active since before the 2004 event. In total, data from three months of field investigations are presented, which detail important aspects of the tsunami inundation dynamics in Banda Aceh. These include measurements of runup, tsunami wave heights, flow depths, flow directions, event chronology and building damage patterns. The result is a series of detailed inundation maps of the northern and western coasts of Sumatra including Banda Aceh and Lhok Nga. Among the more important findings, we obtained consistent accounts that approximately ten separate waves affected the region after the earthquake; this indicates a high-frequency component of the tsunami wave energy in the extreme near-field. The largest tsunami wave heights were on the order of 35 m with a maximum runup height of 51 m. This value is the highest runup value measured in human history for a seismically generated tsunami. In addition, our field investigations show a significant discontinuity in the tsunami wave heights and flow depths along a line approximately 3 km inland, which the authors interpret to be the location of the collapse of the main tsunami bore caused by sudden energy dissipation. The propagating bore looked like a breaking wave from the landward side although it has distinct characteristics. Patterns of building damage are related to the location of the propagating bore with overall less damage to buildings beyond the line where the bore collapsed. This data set was built to be of use to the tsunami community for the purposes of calibrating and improving existing tsunami inundation models, especially in the analysis of extreme near-field events.     

港湾中海啸流的模拟及其时空演变特征对输入条件不确定性的响应分析

一直以来,海啸波特征作为表征海啸潜在破坏性的参数指标得到了广泛应用,特别是针对近场极端海啸事件造成的灾害来说,这种表征具有较好的适用性.然而总结分析历史海啸事件造成的损失发现：在远场近岸及港湾系统中,海啸诱导的强流却是造成损失的主要原因.陆架或港湾振荡导致海啸波幅快速升降诱发强流,可能促使港工设施受到威胁及损害,进而对海啸预警服务及海事应急管理提出了新的挑战.因此,全面理解与评估海啸在港湾中诱发的灾害特征,探索港湾中海啸流的数值模拟方法,发展针对港湾尺度的海啸预警服务指导产品尤为迫切.受限于海啸流验证数据的缺乏及准确模拟海啸流技术方法的诸多不确定性,大部分海啸数值模拟研究工作主要是针对水位特征的研究及验证,可能导致对港湾中海啸灾害危险性认识的曲解与低估.本研究基于非线性浅水方程,针对夏威夷群岛三个典型港湾建立了精细化海啸数值模型（空间分辨率达到10 m）,并联合有限断层破裂模型计算分析了日本东北地震海啸在三个港湾及其邻近区域的海啸特征,波、流计算结果与实测结果吻合较好,精细化的海啸港湾模型模拟结果可信.模拟发现港湾中较小的波幅,同样可以产生强流.综合分析日本东北地震海啸波、流特征对输入条件不确定性的响应结果发现：港湾中海啸波-流能量的空间分布特征差异较大,这与港湾系统中海啸波的驻波特性相关;相比海啸波幅空间特征,海啸流特征具有更强的空间敏感性;海啸流时空分布特征对输入条件的不确定性响应比海啸波幅对这些不确定性的响应更强,海啸流的模拟与预报更有挑战性;不确定性对海啸流计算精度的影响会进一步传导放大港湾海啸流危险性的评估及对港工设施产生的应力作用的误差,合理的输入条件对海啸流的精确模拟至关重要.最后,希望通过本文的研究可以从海啸波-流特征角度更加全面认识近岸海啸灾害特征,拓展海啸预警服务的广度与深度,从而为灾害应急管理部门提供更加科学合理的辅助决策产品.     

The 11 March 2011 Tohoku Tsunami Survey in Rikuzentakata and Comparison with Historical Events

On 11 March 2011, a moment magnitude M _w = 9.0 earthquake occurred off the Japan Tohoku coast causing catastrophic damage and loss of human lives. In the immediate aftermath of the earthquake, we conducted the reconnaissance survey in the city of Rikuzentakata, Japan. In comparison with three previous historical tsunamis impacting the same region, the 2011 event presented the largest values with respect to the tsunami height, the inundation area and the inundation distance. A representative tsunami height of 15 m was recorded in Rikuzentakata, with increased heights of 20 m around rocky headlands. In terms of the inundation area, the 2011 Tohoku tsunami exceeded by almost 2.6 times the area flooded by the 1960 Chilean tsunami, which ranks second among the four events compared. The maximum tsunami inundation distance was 8.1 km along the Kesen River, exceeding the 1933 Showa and 1960 Chilean tsunami inundations by factors of 6.2 and 2.7, respectively. The overland tsunami inundation distance was less than 2 km. The tsunami inundation height linearly decreased along the Kesen River at a rate of approximately 1 m/km. Nevertheless, the measured inland tsunami heights exhibit significant variations on local and regional scales. A designated “tsunami control forest” planted with a cross-shore width of about 200 m along a 2 km stretch of Rikuzentakata coastline was completely overrun and failed to protect the local community during this extreme event. Similarly, many designated tsunami shelters were too low and were overwashed by tsunami waves, thereby failing to provide shelter for evacuees—a risk that had been underestimated.     

Tsunami damage to coastal defences and buildings in the March 11th 2011 M w 9.0 Great East Japan earthquake and tsunami

On March 11th 2011 a M _w 9.0 mega-thrust interface subduction earthquake, the Great East Japan Earthquake, occurred 130 km off the northeast coast of Japan in the Pacific Ocean at the Japan Trench, triggering tsunami which caused damage along 600 km of coastline. Observations of damage to buildings (including vertical evacuation facilities) and coastal defences in Tōhoku are presented following investigation by the Earthquake Engineering Field Investigation Team (EEFIT) at 10 locations in Iwate and Miyagi Prefectures. Observations are presented in the context of the coastal setting and tsunami characteristics experienced at each location. Damage surveys were carried out in Kamaishi City and Kesennuma City using a damage scale for reinforced concrete (RC), timber and steel frame buildings adapted from an earlier EEFIT tsunami damage scale. Observations show that many sea walls and breakwaters were overtopped, overturned, or broken up, but provided some degree of protection. We show the extreme variability of damage in a local area due to inundation depth, flow direction, velocity variations and sheltering. Survival of many RC shear wall structures shows their high potential to withstand local earthquake and significant tsunami inundation but further research is required into mitigation of scour, liquefaction, debris impact, and the prevention of overturning failure. Damage to steel and timber buildings are also discussed. These observations are intended to contribute to mitigation of future earthquake and tsunami damage by highlighting the key features which influence damage level and local variability of damage sustained by urban coastal infrastructure when subjected to extreme tsunami inundation depths.     

山东沿海地区地震海啸研究

地震海啸是一种极其严重的地震次生灾害。山东是世界上最早记录地震海啸的地区。收集整理了山东沿海地区记载的7次地震海啸史料,对每次地震海啸进行了信度评级,认为仅有一次可能是海啸。根据山东沿海地区历史地震海啸、地震类型、沿海地理环境、现代地震海啸记录资料等分析,表明山东沿海未来遭受破坏性地震海啸的可能性较小。     

Tsunami and its Hazard in the Indian and Pacific Oceans: Introduction

The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami caused an estimated 230,000 casualties, the worst tsunami disaster in history. A similar-sized tsunami in the Pacific Ocean, generated by the 1960 Chilean earthquake, commenced international collaborations on tsunami warning systems, and in the tsunami research community through the Tsunami Commission of International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics. The IUGG Tsunami Commission, established in 1960, has been holding the biannual International Tsunami Symposium (ITS). This volume contains selected papers mostly presented at the 22nd ITS, held in the summer of 2005. This introduction briefly summarizes the progress of tsunami and earthquake research as well as international cooperation on tsunami warning systems and the impact of the 2004 tsunami. Brief summaries of each paper are also presented.