Temporary Array Data for Studying Seismic Anisotropy of Variscan Massifs – The Armorican Massif,French Massif Central And Bohemian Massif

We present the first results of a comparison of deep lithosphere structure of three Variscan massifs - the Armorican Massif, French Massif Central and Bohemian Massif, as revealed by recent tomographic studies of seismic anisotropy. The data originate from several field measurements made in temporary arrays of stations equipped with both short-period and broadband seismometers with digital recording. The study is based on teleseismic body waves and a joint inversion of anisotropic data (P-residual spheres, the fast shear-wave polarizations and split times) and demonstrates that the three Variscan massifs appear to consist of at least two parts with different orientation of large-scale fabric derived from seismic anisotropy. The boundaries of anisotropic lithospheric domains are related to prominent tectonic features recognised on the surface as sutures, shear zones or transfer fault zones, as well as grabens, thus indicating that some of them extend deep through the entire lithosphere.     

<Emphasis Type="Bold">Non-Reviewed Contribution:</Emphasis> Ongoing passive seismic experiments unravel deep lithosphere structure of the Bohemian Massif

Research on high-resolution tomography, three-dimensional anisotropy modelled from shear-wave splitting and P-residual analysis, as well as receiver function interpretation, are in progress with the aim to image the crust and uppermost mantle velocities in the Bohemian Massif. Structure of the deep lithosphere and location of boundaries of mantle domains will be compared with tectonics of the crust and limits of terranes derived by geologic and palaeomagnetic methods.     

Seismic Anisotropy and Velocity Variations in the Mantle beneath the Saxothuringicum-Moldanubicum Contact in Central Europe

—We report on results of a passive seismic experiment undertaken to study the 3-D velocity structure and anisotropy of the upper mantle around the contact zone of the Saxothuringicum and Moldanubicum in the western margin of the Bohemian Massif in central Europe. Spatial variations of P-wave velocities and lateral variations of the particle motion of split shear waves over the region monitor changes of structure and anisotropy within the deep lithosphere and the asthenosphere. A joint interpretation of P-residual spheres and shear-wave splitting results in an anisotropic model of the lithosphere with high velocities plunging divergently from the contact of both tectonic units. Lateral variations of the mean residuals are related to a southward thickening of the lithosphere beneath the Moldanubicum.     

Regional fabric of the deep lithosphere in central Europe from seismic anisotropy

Summary The large scale anisotropic structures with plunging symmetry axes in the subcrustal lithosphere of central Europe were derived from independent observations of teleseismic P-residual spheres and polarizations of the split SKS waves. The dipping structures are interpreted as remnants of palaeo-subduction systems which retain olivine orientations from ancient oceanic lithosphere. Values of k_P and k_S estimated from observed teleseismic P and SKS data are within the range of anisotropies found for the upper mantle rocks. The Variscides of central Europe may thus be characterized by two palaeo-subduction systems, with symmetry axes divergent relative to the suture between the Moldanubicum and Saxothuringicum.     

CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC PREFERRED ORIENTATION(CPO) OF ANISOTROPIC MINERALS IN THE LITHOSPHERE AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE TO THE STUDY OFLITHOSPHERE DYNAMICS

Seismic anisotropy has been widely used to constrain deformation and mantle flow within the upper mantle of the Earth's interior, and is mainly affected by crystallographic preferred orientation(CPO)of anisotropic mineral in lithosphere. Anisotropy of peridotites caused by deformation is the main source of seismic anisotropy in the upper mantle. Olivine is the most abundant and easily deformed mineral to form CPO in peridotite, thus the CPO of olivine controls seismic anisotropy in the upper mantle. Based on simple shear experiments and studies of natural peridotites deformation, several CPO types of olivine have been identified, including A, B, C, D, E and AG-type. Studies on the deformation of olivine have shown that the CPO of olivine is mainly related to stress, water content, temperature, pressure, partial melting and melt/fluid percolation. Most of the seismic anisotropy has been explained by the A-type olivine CPO in the upper mantle, which is commonly found in upper-mantle peridotites and produced by the simple shear in dry conditions. Previous studies showed that anisotropy was attributed to the CPO of mica and amphibole in the middle-lower crust. The comparison between mantle anisotropy calculated from mineral CPO and regional anisotropy deduced from geophysical methods is therefore particularly useful for interpreting the deformation mechanisms and geodynamic processes which affect the upper mantle in different tectonic units such as subduction system, continental rift and continental collision zone in the world. The paper summarizes the characteristics of CPO and anisotropy of major anisotropic minerals in the upper mantle. Taking the lithosphere mantle xenoliths in the southeastern Tibetan plateau as an example, we perform detailed studies on the microstructures and seismic anisotropy to better understand the deformation mechanisms and upper mantle anisotropy in this region. Results show that the CPO of olivine in peridotite xenoliths in southeastern Tibetan plateau are A-type and AG-type. The mechanisms proposed for the formation of AG-type are different from that for the A-type. Therefore, the occurrence of AG-type olivine CPO pattern suggests that this CPO may record a change in deformation mechanism and tectonic environment of the lithosphere in southeastern Tibetan plateau. Provided that the strong SKS(shear wave splitting)observed in southeastern Tibetan plateau results from lithosphere mantle, the lithosphere mantle in this region is expected to be at least 130km thick and characterized by vertical foliation. Considering that the thickness of lithosphere in southeastern Tibetan plateau is much less than 130km and the lithosphere mantle cannot explain the anisotropy measured by SKS, other anisotropy sources should be considered, such as anisotropy in the asthenosphere and the oriented melt pockets(MPO)in the upper mantle. Therefore, detailed study of CPO of anisotropic mineral is essential for constraining geophysical measurements and analyzing the dynamic process of the lithosphere reasonably.     

南北构造带北段上地幔各向异性特征

对布设在南北构造带北段的中国地震科学探测台阵项目二期674个宽频带流动台站和鄂尔多斯台阵21个宽频带流动台站记录的远震XKS(SKS、SKKS和PKS)波形资料作偏振分析,采用最小切向能量的网格搜索法和"叠加"分析方法求得每一个台站的XKS波的快波偏振方向和快、慢波的时间延迟,并结合该区域出版的122个固定台站的分裂结果,获得了南北构造带北段上地幔各向异性图像.快波方向分布显示青藏高原东北缘、阿拉善块体和鄂尔多斯块体西缘的快波方向主要表现为NW—SE方向,秦岭造山带的快波方向为近E—W方向,鄂尔多斯块体内部的快波方向在北部为近N—S方向,南部表现为近E—W方向.时间延迟分布来看,鄂尔多斯块体的时间延迟不仅明显小于其周缘地区,而且小于其他构造单元,特别是在高原东北缘、阿拉善块体和鄂尔多斯块体的交汇地区的时间延迟很大,反映了构造稳定单元的时间延迟小于构造活跃单元.通过比较快波方向的横波分裂测量值与地表变形场模拟的预测值,并结合研究区地质构造和岩石圈结构特征分析表明,在青藏高原东北缘、阿拉善块体和鄂尔多斯块体西缘各向异性主要由岩石圈变形引起,地表变形与地幔变形一致,地壳耦合于地幔,是一种垂直连贯变形模式;秦岭造山带的各向异性不仅来自于岩石圈,而且其岩石圈板块驱动的软流圈地幔流作用不可忽视;鄂尔多斯块体内部深浅变形不一致,具有弱的各向异性、厚的岩石圈和构造稳定的特征,我们认为其各向异性可能保留了古老克拉通的"化石"各向异性.     

Seismic anisotropy in granite at the Underground Research Laboratory, Manitoba

The Shear-Wave Experiment at Atomic Energy of Canada Limited's Underground Research Laboratory was probably the first controlled-source shear-wave survey in a mine environment. Taking place in conjunction with the excavation of the Mine-by test tunnel at 420 m depth, the shear-wave experiment was designed to measure the in situ anisotropy of the rockmass and to use shear waves to observe excavation effects using the greatest variety of raypath directions of any in situ shear-wave survey to date. Inversion of the shear-wave polarizations shows that the anisotropy of the in situ rockmass is consistent with hexagonal symmetry with an approximate fabric orientation of strike 023° and dip 35°. The in situ anisotropy is probably due to microcracks with orientations governed by the in situ stress field and to mineral alignment within the weak gneissic layering. However, there is no unique interpretation as to the cause of the in situ anisotropy as the fabric orientation agrees approximately with both the orientation expected from extensive-dilatancy anisotropy and that of the gneissic layering. Eight raypaths with shear waves propagating wholly or almost wholly through granodiorite, rather than granite, do not show the expected shear-wave splitting and indicate a lower in situ anisotropy, which may be due to the finer grain size and/or the absence of gneissic layering within the granodiorite. These results suggest that shear waves may be used to determine crack and mineral orientations and for remote monitoring of a rockmass. This has potential applications in mining and waste monitoring.     

青藏高原北部异常SKS分裂成因的初步探讨——被熔体强化的岩石圈各向异性

当人们试图解释青藏高原异常的剪切波分裂成因时,以下的问题让人们感到困惑:(1)为什么异常大的SKS分裂延时(1.91-2.4s)出现在青藏高原北部Sn波缺失区;(2)为什么分裂延时突变(1.47s和1.09s)出现在Sn波缺失区的边缘;(3)为什么快波极化方向(FPD)与地表大规模的构造走向之间存在约20°-30°的偏差. 本文在综合分析流变学实验和岩石物理学实验研究成果、青藏高原地质和地球物理资料的基础上,提出青藏高原北部地震波各向异性受岩石圈地幔主要矿物的晶格优选方位(LPO)和熔体的定向分布(MPO)的双重控制,并模拟计算了MPO对青藏高原北部岩石圈地幔各向异性强度的贡献. 研究结果表明,由MPO强化的青藏高原北部岩石圈地幔各向异性强度可达10髎,相应的各向异性层厚度平均为94km. 该结果为研究区SKS分裂的成因解释以及造山带深部地质过程的研究提供了新的约束条件.     

青藏高原东南缘地震各向异性及其深部构造意义

青藏东南缘是青藏高原物质东流的通道,为了更全面了解复杂的岩石圈结构和强烈的变形特征,本文介绍了青藏东南缘岩石圈各向异性的形态,综合其他研究者得到的该区域壳幔各向异性结果,增加了部分新的资料,更新了青藏东南缘岩石圈方位各向异性图像,探讨了区域深部构造意义.
基于近场小震、远震和背景噪声资料计算结果,青藏东南缘地震各向异性展现出独特的区域空间分布和垂向层次性分布形态,展现了3个主要特征.（1）青藏东南缘上地壳各向异性与地表变形测量结果相符,快剪切波偏振方向（即快波方向）呈现与地表运动特征一致的发散性,与主压应力方向一致,但受到地质构造的影响.（2）青藏东南缘下地壳方位各向异性展现了更好的方向一致性,但方位各向异性程度相对较弱,在红河断裂带西北端部和小江断裂带下方有两个下地壳低速区,其方位各向异性程度与上地壳相当.（3）青藏东南缘岩石圈方位各向异性,呈现南、北分区特征,南北分界线大致在26°20'N,快波方向在北部近似为NS方向,在南部近似为EW方向.
本文推测：（1）在26°20'N北侧的上地幔有较厚的高速体,高速体南侧边缘呈现出近EW走向的直立墙形构造,其南侧软弱的上地幔物质在EW方向上流动,导致了岩石圈方位各向异性特征在空间发生突然的变化,快波方向由北部的NS变为南部的EW方向;（2）小江断裂带是现今的华南地块的地壳西边界,但岩石圈尺度的方位各向异性展现出的趋势性表明,华南地块的上地幔物质越过了小江断裂带到达其西侧,揭示了华南地块与青藏地块接触碰撞造成的岩石圈物质变形和上地幔软流圈物质运移的深部图像.地震各向异性能揭示区域深部构造与介质变形的信息,不同观测资料的综合分析有助于获得更清晰的各向异性三维图像.     

Upper mantle seismic anisotropy beneath a convergent boundary: SKS waveform modeling in central Tibet

This study used SKS waveforms from the International Deep Profiling of Tibet and the Himalayas (INDEPTH) III dataset and a new 2D method for modeling seismic waves in anisotropic media to construct an image of anisotropic structures beneath central Tibet. A preferred model revealed three-segment anisotropic structures in the upper mantle beneath the study region. Waveform modeling demonstrated that the anisotropy was mainly generated by the lithosphere but not the asthenosphere, and that an anisotropic model with a flatter axis of symmetry provides a more consistent interpretation of the observations than models having steeply dipping symmetry axes. A relatively low velocity zone may underlie or intermingle with the anisotropic structures in the northern portion of the region. Synthetic tests also indicate that variations in the elastic constants and depth extent of the anisotropy assumed by the calculations do not affect the general conclusions, although trade-offs exist among certain model parameters. The modeling results suggest that the complex seismic structures in central Tibet were associated with underthrusting of the Indian lithosphere beneath the Asian lithosphere; the inferred flat symmetry axis of the anisotropy was likely generated during this collision process. If this were not the case, the inherited anisotropy would exhibit a steeply dipping axis of symmetry, parallel to the direction of underthrusting.     

中天山及邻区S波分裂研究及其动力学意义

本文利用天山及其邻区布设的37个宽频带地震台站记录到的远震波形数据,分别采用最小能量法和旋转相关法对SKS和SKKS波震相进行了偏振分析,计算出了台站下方介质的S波分裂参数：快波的偏振方向（φ）和慢波延迟时间（δt）.本文研究结果表明：中天山内部大多数台站的各向异性快波方向呈NEE-SWW向,与天山走向平行,慢波时间延迟为0.4～1.7 s,这是塔里木、哈萨克斯坦的南北双向俯冲及其导致的天山地区岩石圈地幔南北向缩短变形的直接反映.本文研究发现中天山北部部分台站下方地震各向异性快波方向与慢波延时随方位角呈现规律性的变化,可能暗示该区上地幔各向异性不能仅用单层水平各向异性这一简单模式来解释.75°E以西的天山地区台站下方S波快波方向和延时具有强烈的横向变化,可能与研究区下方存在的小规模对流有关.中天山不同地段地震台站下方各向异性明显不同,进一步证实了天山地区构造变形的复杂性.     

ANISOTROPY DETECTED IN SHALLOW CLAYS USING SHEAR-WAVE SPLITTING IN A VSP SURVEY1

Shear waves can provide valuable information about seismic anisotropy. On entering an anisotropic medium, a shear wave generally splits (shear-wave splitting) into a fast and a slow quasi-shear wave with polarizations fixed by the elastic properties of the medium and direction of travel. If the medium contains planar discontinuities with common normals, the fast shear wave will be suitably propagated if its polarization lies in the plane of the discontinuities. Measuring this polarization, using a VSP geometry with oriented three-component geophones in the borehole, offers the possibility of monitoring the orientation and density of the discontinuities as a function of depth. Such a shear-wave VSP was carried out in an uncased 0.3 m diameter borehole drilled to a depth of 120 m in the north of The Netherlands. The upper 80 m of the sequence, consisting of a glacial till and sands and clays of Pleistocene age, was studied. The clays in this sequence have been subjected to glacial deformation and as a result are overconsolidated and locally fissured. In our shallow VSP experiment, shear-wave splitting and therefore anisotropy was identified at various geophone depths for one source offset. Hodograms showed a consistent polarization of the fast shear-wave component over a large depth interval. Under the assumption that the anisotropy was caused by planar discontinuities with common normals, this polarization direction gives the strike of the fissures in this interval. The polarization direction of the fast S-wave did not correspond exactly with the strike which was obtained from geological information on the fissures. The geological information was from undisturbed oriented 70 mm core samples taken at 3 m intervals in the borehole. The discrepancy, however, could be explained in terms of dipping fissures, and such a dip was confirmed by the geological and geotechnical information. The orientation of fissures is an important factor in the directional deformation and strength characteristics of clays as far as geotechnical behaviour is concerned. This study thus illustrates a practical application of shear-wave splitting observed in shallow shear-wave VSP for geology and geotechnical engineering.     

Seismic, Structural and Petrological Models of the Subcrustal Lithosphere in Southern Germany: A Quantitative Revaluation

—Anisotropy in the subcontinental lithosphere becomes increasingly important, because it is observed in many seismic studies especially for P _n -waves. Typical rocks of the uppermost mantle are peridotites, which predominantly exhibit a pronounced elastic anisotropy. This anisotropy is mainly caused by the anisotropic elastic properties and the lattice preferred orientation (here referred to as texture) of olivine. To evaluate the elastic anisotropy of peridotites from the subcontinental lithosphere, specimens of the Northern Hessian Depression (Germany) and the Balmuccia Ultramafic Massif (Northern Italy) have been used. They comprise four olivine texture types, which are characteristic for olivine textures observed worldwide. The bulk rock elastic properties have been calculated using olivine and orthopyroxene textures, their single-crystal elastic constants at ambient pressure/temperature conditions and their volume fraction. Clinopyroxene and spinel are assumed to be randomly distributed. The effect of four different orientations of the foliation within the uppermost mantle has been evaluated, since this orientation is usually unknown.¶Two of the olivine textures have a pronounced azimuthal dependence of compressional waves when a horizontal foliation within the uppermost mantle is presumed. These variations cause significant azimuthal variations of the P-wave reflections coefficients at the Moho. Primarily, we predict a significant azimuthal dependence of the critical points where the reflected amplitude increases from approximately 15% to 95%. Possibly, these azimuthal variations can be detected by seismic reflection measurements carried out at earth surface.¶The remaining two texture types only manifest a small directional dependence. When anisotropy of compressional waves is observed in seismic studies, these latter types can only be of subordinate importance. However, all of the peridotites investigated are able to explain the seismically observed azimuthal variations of compressional waves when a vertical foliation is proposed. This ambiguity can be substantially reduced when shear waves (S-waves) are considered. The directional distribution of S-wave velocities and of the S-wave splitting exhibits characteristic patterns for the different olivine texture types. This could be used to discriminate between different texture types and orientations of the foliation within the uppermost mantle. A fundamental requirement for a more comprehensive interpretation is the availability of detailed S-wave observations. The maximum S-wave splitting in the peridotites investigated coincides with the maximum of the faster (leading) S-wave. This may be of importance to detect S-wave splitting in future seismic studies.     

利用横波分裂到时差确定北美夏洛特皇后群岛岩石圈各向异性分层参数

本文收集到北美夏洛特皇后群岛VIB和DIB台站2005年1月1日至2014年12月31日2700余条近震三分量横波观测记录.经严格筛选提取到55条35°横波窗内的快慢波到时差值.通过建立到时差与多界面横波分裂路径关系,实现了对横波不同深度分裂界面的可靠识别和深度确定.依据对横波到时差及归一化到时差的分析结果,确认地处俯冲带的夏洛特皇后群岛的地震各向异性分别存在于该地区的上层陆壳、中层洋壳俯冲带及俯冲带底部或下层岩石圈顶部附近.发现除地幔岩石圈外,上两个分层的各向异性强度由北向南减弱,同时向西运动的洋壳俯冲带向南加深.不仅如此,归一化到时差结果显示该地区2012年M7.8强震前后各向异性强度减弱,但在3个各向异性层存在较大差异.无论在分层界面较浅的北部格雷厄姆岛附近还是在分层界面较深的南部莫尔兹比岛附近,强震后最上层的陆壳和最下层地幔岩石圈的各向异性强度均没有变化.M7.8后各向异性减弱全部发生在中层洋壳俯冲带内.并且,距离强震震中越近各向异性强度减弱越大,在一定程度上揭示出强震前后应力变化的空间分布特征.表明该地区洋壳俯冲是引起M7.8强震和现今构造运动的主要动力源.     

Backazimuthal Variations of Splitting Parameters of Teleseismic SKS Phases Observed at the Broadband Stations in Germany

—SKS phases observed at broadband stations in Germany show significant shear-wave splitting. We have analyzed SKS and SKKS phases for shear-wave splitting from 13 stations of the German Regional Seismic Network (GRSN), from 3 three-component stations of the Gräfenberg array (GRF) and from one Austrian station (SQTA). The data reveal strong differences in the splitting parameters (fast direction φ and delay time δt from a single event at various stations as well as variations at the individual stations for events with different backazimuths. The backazimuthal variations of the splitting parameters at some stations can be explained by two-layer anisotropy models with horizontal symmetry axes. The best resolved two-layer model is the GRA1 model (upper layer φ = 40°, δt = 1.15s; lower layer φ = 115°, δt = 1.95s). The upper layer can be attributed to the lithosphere. Because of the magnitude of the delay time of the upper layer, the lower layer must lie within the asthenosphere. At other stations splitting parameters are consistent with an anisotropic one-layer model for the upper mantle. Stations near the Bohemian Massif show fast directions near EW. Throughout NE Germany the directions are oriented NW/SE. The reason for this direction is probably the nearby Tornquist-Teisseyre line. The observed fast axes are subparallel to this prominent Transeuropean suture zone. At stations in southern Germany near the Alps we observed ENE/WSW directions. Below some stations we also found indications of inclined anisotropic layers.     

D″ anisotropy inverted from shear wave splitting intensity

The D″ layer, located at the bottom of the mantle, is an active thermochemical boundary layer. The upwelling of mantle plumes, as well as possible plate subduction in the D″ layer, could lead to large-scale material transformation and mineral deformation, which could result in significant seismic anisotropy. However, owing to limited observations and immense computational cost, the anisotropic structures and geodynamic mechanisms in the D″ layer remain poorly understood. In this study, we proposed a new inversion method for the seismic anisotropy in the D″ layer quantitatively with shear wave splitting intensities. We first proved the linearity of the splitting intensities under the ray-theory assumption. The synthetic tests showed that, with horizontal axes of symmetry and ray incidences lower than 30º in the D″ layer (typical SKS phase), the anisotropy is well resolved. We applied the method to the measured dataset in Africa and Western Europe, and obtained strong D″ anisotropy in the margins of the large low shear-wave velocity provinces and subducting slabs. The new method makes it possible to obtain D″ anisotropy, which provides essential constraints on the geodynamical processes at the base of the mantle.     

Intraplate seismicity in the western Bohemian Massif (central Europe): A possible correlation with a paleoplate junction

Locations of the Eger Rift, Cheb Basin, Quaternary volcanoes, crustal earthquake swarms and exhalation centers of CO₂ and ³He of mantle origin correlate with the tectonic fabric of the mantle lithosphere modelled from seismic anisotropy. We suggest that positions of the seismic and volcanic phenomena, as well as of the Cenozoic sedimentary basins, correlate with a “triple junction” of three mantle lithospheres distinguished by different orientations of their tectonic fabric consistent within each unit. The three mantle domains most probably belong to the originally separated microcontinents – the Saxothuringian, Teplá-Barrandian and Moldanubian – assembled during the Variscan orogeny. Cenozoic extension reactivated the junction and locally thinned the crust and mantle lithosphere. The rigid part of the crust, characterized by the presence of earthquake foci, decoupled near the junction from the mantle probably during the Variscan. The boundaries (transitions) of three mantle domains provided open pathways for Quaternary volcanism and the ascent of ³He- and CO₂-rich fluids released from the asthenosphere. The deepest earthquakes, interpreted as an upper limit of the brittle–ductile transition in the crust, are shallower above the junction of the mantle blocks (at about 12 km) than above the more stable Saxothuringian mantle lithosphere (at about 20 km), probably due to a higher heat flow and presence of fluids.     

Intraplate seismicity in the western Bohemian Massif (central Europe): A possible correlation with a paleoplate junction

Locations of the Eger Rift, Cheb Basin, Quaternary volcanoes, crustal earthquake swarms and exhalation centers of CO₂ and ³He of mantle origin correlate with the tectonic fabric of the mantle lithosphere modelled from seismic anisotropy. We suggest that positions of the seismic and volcanic phenomena, as well as of the Cenozoic sedimentary basins, correlate with a “triple junction” of three mantle lithospheres distinguished by different orientations of their tectonic fabric consistent within each unit. The three mantle domains most probably belong to the originally separated microcontinents – the Saxothuringian, Teplá-Barrandian and Moldanubian – assembled during the Variscan orogeny. Cenozoic extension reactivated the junction and locally thinned the crust and mantle lithosphere. The rigid part of the crust, characterized by the presence of earthquake foci, decoupled near the junction from the mantle probably during the Variscan. The boundaries (transitions) of three mantle domains provided open pathways for Quaternary volcanism and the ascent of ³He- and CO₂-rich fluids released from the asthenosphere. The deepest earthquakes, interpreted as an upper limit of the brittle–ductile transition in the crust, are shallower above the junction of the mantle blocks (at about 12 km) than above the more stable Saxothuringian mantle lithosphere (at about 20 km), probably due to a higher heat flow and presence of fluids.     

用面波方法研究上扬子克拉通壳幔速度结构

本文研究采用单台法和双台法提取了穿越上扬子的基阶面波相速度和群速度频散;通过对提取的面波群速度和相速度频散进行联合反演,得到的1-D SV速度模型显示上扬子块体下地壳S波速度与典型克拉通区域相当,其上地幔顶部80~170 km深处存在高速的岩石圈盖层,较AK135模型要快2%~3%,其岩石圈厚度约为180 km.在上扬子地区,径向各向异性集中分布在300 km以浅的岩石圈与软流圈部分,其中岩石圈部分SH波比SV波波速要快2%~4%,软流圈部分SH波比SV波波速要快3%~5%;Rayleigh波相速度方位各向异性分析结果显示,上扬子块体周期为25~45 s（大致相当于30~70 km深度范围内）的Rayleigh波相速度存在1.8%~2.7%不等的方位各向异性,其快波方向介于147°~174°.我们认为上扬子块体径向各向异性集中分布在岩石圈、软流圈部分,且各向异性随深度变化, 其岩石圈部分各向异性为大陆克拉通化的遗迹,软流圈部分各向异性与现今板块运动相关.     

Are the crustal and mantle conductive zones isotropic or anisotropic?

One of the significant problems of modern deep magnetotellurics is the recognition of anisotropy in the crustal and mantle conductive zones. In the paper we perform numerical experiment comparing several 2D models of crustal and mantle isotropic and anisotropic prismatic conductors. Anisotropy is modeled by alternating horizontal or vertical thin layers of different resistivities (the vertical layers are parallel to the prism strike). Using these models, we examine conditions under which the magnetotelluric and magnetovariational response functions distinguish between isotropy and anisotropy. The resolution of MT and MV studies depends on the sediments conductance, lithosphere resistance and deep conductor width. Calculations show that the most favorable conditions for anisotropy studies are observed in the active regions characterized by small sediments conductance (10–20 S) and moderate lithosphere resistance (10⁸ Ohm·m²). However, in the stable regions, where sediments conductance exceeds 50–100 S and the lithosphere resistance comes up to 10⁹ Ohm·m², the crustal and mantle anisotropic and isotropic conductors manifest themselves in the equivalent magnetotelluric and magnetovariational functions, which cannot distinguish between anisotropy and isotropy and admit both the interpretations.