2008年3月21日新疆于田7.1级地震近断层破坏作用

2008年3月21日新疆于田7.1级地震发生在青藏高原北缘东昆仑山、西昆仑山和阿尔金山交汇的地区。文中介绍了此次地震的近断层破坏作用。此次地震在阿尔金断裂西端近南北向谷地海拔4 900~5 600 m东坡形成了近31 km长的地震地表破裂带。破裂带主要显示正断层滑动性质,其总体走向近南北,但局部追索北北西和北北东向共轭断裂发育,走向变化很大。受地形及滑塌作用影响,断裂陡坎高度最大可达20 m,垂直位移为2 m左右,最大水平拉张量也接近1.8 m,此外局部还存在近1 m的左旋位移。沿断裂发育一个近10 hm2的滑坡体,以及大量中小规模的滑坡、崩塌,多为冰碛物、洪积物及残坡积物等松散堆积。虽位于陡峭的山坡上,也未见大规模基岩崩塌、滑坡。通过平地上巨石的翻滚推测,断层附近的最大加速度峰值可达1 g。同时根据不同坡度的边坡崩塌和滚石发育程度估算出距离断层不同距离地区的地震震动峰值加速度。地裂缝分布范围较宽,距断层1 km的地区仍可见到长度超过100 m的地裂缝。这些地裂缝可能是地震震动、谷地边坡变形及旁支断层地震触发滑动的综合产物。极震区最大烈度估计可达Ⅹ度,综合各方面资料文章提供了该次地震Ⅸ度、Ⅷ度、和Ⅶ度等震线;长轴方向呈NNESSW向,与余震方向大致一致。近断层破坏作用包括强地面运动、断层破裂带、地裂缝、滑坡、崩塌、滚石等。它们受到震级、断裂活动性质及场地条件等多因素控制。     

龙门山中段山前带浅层冲断系统的结构、形成与演化

本文依据断层相关褶皱几何学原理,对龙门山中段地震剖面进行了精细解释。研究发现,龙门山中段山前带浅层冲断系统存在多套滑脱层,具有上下分层变形特征。浅层滑脱层为上三叠统须家河组三段(T_3~x3)的碳质页岩夹煤层,其上发育双重构造和叠瓦构造;下三叠统嘉陵江组四、五段(T_1j~(4-5))的膏岩层,发育断层传播褶皱、冲起构造和构造楔;深层为下寒武统的泥页岩层,发育断层转折褶皱和滑脱褶皱。该区滑脱断层所控制的地层变形和缩短量各不相同,其中三叠系上统缩短量最大,大于30 km;三叠系下统至古生界地层缩短量约为14.5 km;侏罗系以上的地层缩短量则较小。研究区内的通济场断裂(F_3)为印支末期形成的一套逆冲断层组,其下部交于下寒武统滑脱层,深度约为10 km;关口断层(F_4)和彭县断裂(F_5)为晚侏罗世一早白垩世形成的逆冲断层,下部交与下三叠统嘉陵江组滑脱层,深度大约为8～10 km。这些断层以前展的方式破裂,并且长期活动。龙门山中段自中生代以来存在多期构造事件,主要发生诺利末期、印支晚幕、燕山期和喜马拉雅期。其中,燕山期和喜马拉雅期是龙门山活动最强烈的两个阶段,在龙门山中段山前带表现为大量断裂的长期活动,地壳缩短和龙门山快速隆升,并形成多种构造样式。     

马兰井田内断层发育规律的初步探讨

从井田内历次构造受力分析入手,结合统计资料,对井田内中小断层的形成机制及其延伸、分布和发育规律进行了初步探讨。指出,马兰井田以中小断层为主,走向多为北北东和北东向,次为北西向;断层与褶皱发育,延伸长度与落差成正相关关系。      

西藏江孜雅鲁藏布江结合带南缘断层带特征

雅鲁藏布江结合带南缘断层是雅鲁藏布江结合带与喜马拉雅地层区分区断层,大致呈东西向延伸。在西藏江孜县地区断层上盘为三叠系朗杰学群复理石沉积,表现为北东向褶皱和北东向逆冲断层组合;断层下盘为中生代地层褶皱冲带,以东西褶皱构造为主。断层带在江孜县白沙帕夏村以西出露宽约150m,划分出9个结构带,表现为强弱不等的韧脆性变形特征,断层面呈高角度"铲"式逆冲断层,断层倾向北西,走向北东东,断层性质为逆断层;断层微观运动方式以粘滑,断层最新的活动年龄中更新世。     

1988年耿马地震断层几何结构,位移及力学性质

地震断层几何结构及位移分布特征,是地震断层研究的重要内容,对认识发震断层的破裂方式和过程、震源破坏机制和现代地壳应力及地壳运动状况具有实际意义。耿马7.2级地震(微观震中:Nф23°23′;Eλ99°36′;震源深度8km)形成的地震断层规模大,线性特征清晰醒目,长约18km,为地震断层研究提供了宝贵信息。笔者对该断层各段共实测并绘制平面形态图近2000m,发现该地震断层由NW向主地震断层和多组不同方     

冀北承德地区张营子-六沟走滑断层及其构造意义

笔者等运用构造解析的方法,在对冀北承德县一带的研究中鉴别出一条走向为北北西到北西向的右行走滑断层。断层将沿线太古宙古老变质岩、元古宇蓟县系、青白口系右行错断,它也将一个早期形成的短轴背斜构造带右行错断。位移距离沿断层向南南东方向逐渐减小,由15～16km逐渐减小到12～13km。断层截止于平泉—古北口断裂南侧元古宙逆冲岩片前缘,并将逆冲岩片南侧寒武系和奥陶系错动形成右行不对称牵引褶皱。由于断层使下三叠统丁家沟组变形而中三叠统胡杖子组却自西向东稳定延伸,所以笔者等认为断层形成的时代为早三叠世末。该走滑断层的存在表明,燕山板内造山带早期逆冲构造通过一些横向走滑断层的调节,呈板条状向南逆冲的。另外,前人所确定的“承德推覆体”上的元古宇与实际上在中三叠世以前与其东南侧的元古宇是连为一体的,由于北北西向右行走滑断层的错动使它们被右行错开。     

曼洞断层与牛角塘断层的主要特征及两者关系探讨

曼洞断层是燕山期形成的且具有多级断坪和断坡的逆冲断层,也是贵州东南部规模最大的逆冲断层,在其形成的早阶段,以加里东期形成的牛角塘断层的ＮＥ段为滑动面,自ＳＥ向ＮＷ逆冲,形成逆冲断层;晚阶段,牛角塘断层的ＮＥ段则成为期上盘走滑断层的走滑面,并与牛角塘断层的ＳＷ段连为一体,形成ＮＥ－ＳＷ向的走滑断层,同时切割曼洞断层。     

宝坻断层的几何学与运动学特征:兼论燕山褶皱带与渤海湾盆地的构造关系

宝坻断层是渤海湾盆地西北缘的边界正断层,地处燕山褶皱带与渤海湾盆地耦合的关键部位。宝坻断层处在古亚洲构造域与太平洋构造域的交叠部位,经历了复杂的构造演化过程,其在中生代-新近纪的构造活动控制了武清凹陷的沉积和构造演化。宝坻断层整体走向近EW向,延伸长度约68km,最大位移达14. 2km,滑脱面深度约10～15km。横向上其主体断面及滑脱面均存在较明显的分段性,通过3个垂向转折轴面可划分为4段。剖面上该断层大部分呈上陡下缓的犁式正断层特征,中段部分区域为"坡坪式"结构。宝坻断层整体位移在横向上的变化与其几何学上的分段有着较好的相关性,表明其现今多次转折的结构与其生长过程密切相关。古近系底面、东营组底面及新近纪底面位移-距离曲线特征表明,沙河街组沉积期,各个断层在相对独立发育后,因横向生长而逐渐发生硬连接,至东营组沉积期之前形成整体断面,其活动于新近纪逐渐减弱,所控断陷规模萎缩。中生代以来,武清凹陷-燕山褶皱带主要受三叠纪、早中侏罗世、中晚侏罗世、白垩纪、古近纪和新近纪-第四纪6个构造演化阶段的影响,其中,三叠纪-侏罗纪末期,武清凹陷与燕山褶皱带经历了相似的构造演化过程,而自白垩纪以来,两者的构造-沉积响应出现了明显的分异。因此对宝坻断层及武清凹陷的构造解析对厘定燕山构造带陆内变形的时空范围及其与渤海湾盆地的耦合关系有着重要意义。     

任楼煤矿小断层对瓦斯涌出的控制作用

断裂构造作用对煤层的瓦斯含量及煤层开采时瓦斯的涌出量都会产生影响。通过实际观测统计,分析了皖北任楼煤矿小型断层两侧瓦斯涌出的基本特征。研究表明,断层作用区与煤层瓦斯高涌出量具一致性;断层落差与最大瓦斯涌出区至断层点的距离具极好的相关性;瓦斯异常涌出范围与断层落差之间也呈现良好的线性关系。进一步分析表明,在研究区断层附近的瓦斯涌出量峰值出现的位置以及瓦斯涌出量异常的范围分别约为断层落差的35倍与60倍。      

云南临沧花岗岩的冲断叠瓦构造与推覆构造

 云南省西部沿澜沧江分布的临沧花岗岩,呈SN向延伸,长达500km,但平均宽度只有25km,系逆冲与推覆叠置变形缩短的结果。岩片冲断和推覆的方向普遍为自西向东,临沧花岗岩带向东推覆的距离为30-80km,最大距离120km,冲断叠瓦构造和推覆构造形成的时代主要为中、新生代。糜棱岩的同位素年龄为15.43Ma、25.55Ma和179Ma.新生代沿冲断层发生了近SN向水平走滑运动和沿NE、NW向断层的剪切运动。     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

龙门山地区关口断裂形成与演化分析

根据大量野外露头剖面资料与钻井数据,系统分析了关口断裂形成过程与演化特征。认为关口断裂在印支早、中期为张性大力构造背景下形成的同沉积正断层,在晚三叠世卡尼克期为生长性正断层;印支晚期构造事件中该断裂改变为逆冲断层。关口断裂活动性较强,其中在燕山晚期活动性最强。关口断裂在喜马拉雅期有多期次的、长时期的强烈活动;并且目前仍是一条活动性的断层。     

Fault-Growth Pattern of the South Margin Normal Fault of the Yuguang Basin in Northwest Beijing and its Influencing Factors

Based on high-resolution remote sensing image interpretation, digital elevation model 3-D analysis, field geologic field investigation, trenching engineering, and ground-penetrating radar, synthetic research on the evolution of the Yuguang Basin South Margin Fault (YBSMF) in northwest Beijing was carried out. We found that the propagation and growth of faults most often occurred often at two locations: the fault overlapping zone and the uneven or rough fault segment. Through detailed observation and analysis of all cropouts of faults along the YBSMF from zone a to zone i, we identified three major factors that dominate or affect fault propagation and growth. First, the irregularity of fault geometry determine the propagation and growth of the fault, and therefore, the faults always propagate and grow at such irregular fault segments. The fault finally cuts off and eliminates its irregularity, making the fault geometry and fault plane smoother than before, which contributes to the slipping movement of the half-graben block in the basin. Second, the scale of the irregularity of the fault geometry affects the result of fault propagation and growth, that is, the degree of the cutting off of fault irregularity. The degree of cutting off decreases as irregularity scale increases. Third, the maximum possible slip displacement of the fault segment influences the duration of fault propagation and growth. The duration at the central segments with a large slip displacement is longer than that at the end segments with a smaller slippage value.     

同沉积断裂构造对沉积相展布的控制——以黄河口凹陷沙三中亚段沉积相研究为例

研究表明,黄河口凹陷沙河街组三段中亚段发育的沉积相类型有辫状河三角洲相、扇三角洲相、湖底扇相和湖泊相。同沉积断裂特征对沉积具有控制作用,陡坡带活动盆缘断裂控制扇三角洲的分布,缓坡带活动盆缘断裂控制辫状河三角洲分布;二级断裂对湖底扇和深水沉积区有明显的控制作用,东部断阶带中部发育的F20东西向同沉积断裂,控制了物源的主要注入通道——沟谷,对东部物源的注入具有长期影响。     

华熊地块马超营断裂走滑特征及演化

对华熊地块南部的马超营断裂带的几何样式、组成特征及其变形特点等研究结果表明,马超营断裂带经历了韧性变形和脆性变形期。韧性变形分布于该断裂带的南侧,并发生了绿片岩相的动力变质作用,其中的S-C组构特征所指示的运动方向在其南北两侧,分别为向南和向北逆冲,呈现正花状特点,反映了该断裂带具有走滑逆冲性质的断裂。韧性变形主要发生于前印支期。燕山期,全面陆-陆碰撞期间其主要表现为脆性变形特征。脆性变形主要发育于其北侧,北东向的康山-七里坪断裂、红庄-陶村断裂是其次一级的派生断裂。通过对北东向断裂运动方向和前人的成果分析,以及这些构造的平面分布样式对比认为该断裂为一条左行走滑特征的断裂带。在此基础上,结合区域动力学背景,进而讨论了它的演化特征。     

蒲江地区熊坡断层特征及活动性研究

四川蒲江地区熊坡断层带（区域上称蒲江-新津断裂带）在第四纪还有强烈活动,是一条活动断层。该断层在新津地区被第四系覆盖,往北东通过成都市主城区。通过野外地质调查发现：该断层无强烈地震所具有的高滑动速率;在构造方面该断层未断入地壳深部的高能干岩层中,断层的岩性强度较低,因此该断层积蓄较大的能量是不容易的,发生较大地震的可能性也不大。     

Distribution, migration and derivation of Mesozoic-Cenozoic regional fault systems in the central continental margin of eastern China

Deep-large faults in the central continental margin of eastern China are well developed. Based on the regularity of spatial and temporal distribution of the faults, four fault systems were divided: the Yanshan orogenic belt fault system, the Qinling-Dabie-Sulu orogenic belt fault system, the Tanlu fault system and the East China Sea shelf basin-Okinawa trough fault system. The four fault systems exhibit different migration behaviors. The Yanshan orogenic belt fault system deflected from an EW to a NE direction, then to a NNE direction during the Indo-Chinese epoch-Yanshanian epoch. The thrust-nappe strength of the Qinling-Dabie orogenic belt fault system showed the tendency that the strength was greater in the south and east, but weaker in the north and west. This fault system faulted in the east and folded in the west from the Indo-Chinese epoch to the early Yanshanian epoch. At the same time, the faults also had a diachronous migration from east to west from the Indo-Chinese epoch to the early Yanshanian epoch. On the contrary, the thrust-nappe strength was greater in the north and west, weaker in the south and east during the late Yanshanian epoch-early Himalayan epoch. The Tanlu fault system caused the basin to migrate from west to east and south to north. The migration regularity of the East China Sea shelf basin-Okinawa trough fault system shows that the formation age became younger in the west. The four fault systems and their migration regularities were respectively the results of four different geodynamic backgrounds. The Yanshan orogenic belt fault system derived from the intracontinental orogeny. The Qinling-Dabie-Sulu orogenic belt fault system derived from the collision of plates and intracontinental subduction. The Tanlu fault system derived from the strike-slip movement and the East China Sea shelf basin-Okinawa trough fault system derived from plate subduction and retreat of the subduction belt. Translated from Journal of Jilin University (Earth Science Edition), 2005, 35(5): 554–563 [译自: 吉林大学学报 (地球科学版)]     

Multistage deformation of linked fault systems in extensional regions: An example from the northern Perth Basin,Western Australia

Linked fault systems identified in the northern portion of the onshore Perth basin comprise north‐striking normal faults, the dominant structures in the basin, and hard linkages—east‐striking transfer faults. The former are either divided into segments of distinctive character by, or terminate at, the transfer faults. The fault systems were initiated by west‐southwest‐east‐northeast extension in the Early Permian but were reactivated by subsequent rifting with approximately east‐west extension in the Jurassic. They were also reactivated by the oblique extension of northwest‐southeast orientation associated with Gondwana continental breakup in the Late Jurassic ‐ earliest Cretaceous. In addition to reactivation, older structures of the linked fault families controlled the development of younger fractures and folds. During the oblique extension, the linked fault systems define releasing bends, characterised by a rollover anticline in the hangingwall of the Mountain Bridge Fault, and restraining bends where contractional folds are sites of major commercial hydrocarbon fields in the basin.     

三峡库首区仙女山等断裂活动性同位素测年研究

在仙女山、九湾溪两断层形变监测洞室中,通过对断裂带进行地质编录和对构造岩进行微观分析,挑选出断层泥与方解石两类样品进行热释光(TL)测年。同时对洞外披覆跨仙女山断层上的第四纪河流冲积物、断层一侧周坪河谷底上第四纪湖相纹泥夹碳化木及披覆跨九湾溪断层上的第四纪崩滑堆积体中滑带土进行测年。综合分析表明,仙女山断层与九湾溪断层新活动年龄与三峡地区区域断层基本一致,为距今22～23万年左右。最新活动年龄仙女山断层为16～19万年、九湾溪断层为14万年左右。最新活动年龄的下限值仙女山断层为14～16万年、九湾溪断层为13万年左右。晚更新世以来,两断层均没有活动迹象。九湾溪断层上的滑坡为外动力作用所致,并非该断层活动作用的结果。     

The role of pre-existing discontinuities in the development of extensional faults: An analog modeling perspective

Several mountainous regions are currently affected by syn- or post-orogenic active extension. We investigate how a newly-formed normal fault interacts with structures inherited from a previous contractional phase. To this end, we use analog models that adopt an innovative technique for performing a precut that mimics such inherited structures into a clay layer; this clay layer is laid on top of a master fault simulated by two rigid blocks sliding along an inclined plane. We carry out six experiments with variously oriented precuts and compare the results with those obtained in a reference isotropic experiment. All other conditions are identical for all seven realizations. Fault evolution is monitored by taking closely-spaced snapshots analyzed through the Digital Image Correlation method. We find that the upward propagation of the normal fault can be either accelerated or decelerated depending on the presence of a precut and its orientation. Such precuts can also promote or inhibit the formation of bending-moment faults. These interactions between master fault and precut also affect the shape of the fault-related syncline–anticline pair.