四川盆地J地区志留系龙马溪组页岩裂缝地震预测与评价

利用三维地震资料进行相干体分析﹑应力场分析﹑P波各向异性分析,对四川盆地J地区龙马溪组优质页岩层段不同规模裂缝的优势发育带进行预测,对比分析表明,对于大型裂缝的预测,相干体分析相对较好;对于中小型裂缝的检测,采用P波各向异性技术的效果相对较好。龙马溪组页岩段底部在构造主体部位上主要发育中小型裂缝,是优质页岩储层的主要分布层段。JY1井区两口水平井的测试结果证实,对龙马溪组优质页岩段开展三维地震裂缝预测是可行的,预测结果可有效地指导该区的页岩气勘探。     

湘西桑页1井页岩弹性波速实验研究

随着页岩气勘探开发工作的不断深入,地震相关勘探技术在页岩气钻井部署和页岩气富集带或"甜点"区评价中发挥重要作用。不同应力环境下岩石的弹性波速及其各向异性实验数据是地震资料叠前反演的重要约束性基础资料,对深部页岩气地球物理探测、储层评价及甜点预测具有重要意义。本文以湘西桑页1井龙马溪组页岩、五峰组页岩及底板泥灰岩钻孔岩芯为研究对象,实验测量了不同应力条件下岩芯的弹性波速特征,计算了应力环境下的波速差异,并对比了页岩与泥灰岩的波速各向异性。结果表明,在5~100 MPa应力环境下,粉砂质、硅质和含粉砂页岩的纵波速度分别为4.8~5.1 km/s、5.1~5.3 km/s和5.2~5.5 km/s,泥灰岩的纵波速度在5.9~6.4 km/s之间;原位应力环境下,页岩与泥灰岩的纵波速度差异介于14.9%~21.7%之间;受微裂缝和层理面的影响,页岩垂直层理方向纵波速度明显低于平行层理方向,而泥灰岩的纵波速度为平行层理方向明显高于垂直层理方向。     

四川盆地东南缘下志留统龙马溪组页岩基本特征

下志留统龙马溪组是四川盆地东南缘最为重要的烃源岩和页岩气勘探层位之一.在岩石学研究的基础上,利用岩石热解、色谱-质谱等分析技术,对研究区龙马溪组页岩地球化学特征进行了系统分析.龙马溪组厚为60 ～ 420 m,主要由8种岩性构成:层状-非层状泥/页岩、白云质粉砂岩、层状钙质泥页岩、泥质粉砂岩、层状-非层状粉砂质泥/页岩...     

川南地区龙马溪组页岩有机质特征及其对页岩含气量的影响

四川盆地南部地区广泛发育下古生界寒武系、志留系等多套海相页岩层,其中龙马溪组是该区页岩气勘探开发的重点目标层。根据钻井岩心资料,通过有机碳、热解、碳同位素、等温吸附等地球化学实验分析,对川南地区下志留统龙马溪组页岩的有机质特征及其对页岩含气量的影响进行了研究。结果表明,川南地区龙马溪组页岩有机碳含量较高(平均1.53%),有机质类型较好(Ⅰ型和Ⅱ1型),热演化程度高(Ro为1.94%~2.42%),且页岩含气量较高(平均1.85m3/t)。页岩有机质特征是影响页岩含气量的主要因素,有机质丰度、有机质类型和热演化程度三者共同决定了川南地区龙马溪组页岩的含气量。     

滇黔北坳陷五峰组-龙马溪组下段页岩岩相与沉积环境

滇黔北坳陷为南方海相地层的有利研究区域,发育多套海相页岩。上奥陶统五峰组与下志留统龙马溪组地层,尤其是五峰组-龙马溪组下段页岩作为优质烃源岩而备受重视。通过岩芯观察、薄片鉴定、X衍射分析及微量元素地球化学指标判识,对其进行页岩岩相划分与沉积环境分析。结果显示:滇黔北坳陷五峰组-龙马溪组下段地层共划分出六种页岩岩相:硅质页岩、黏土质页岩、钙质页岩、黏土质硅质混合页岩、黏土质钙质混合页岩、钙质硅质混合页岩,其中硅质页岩和黏土质页岩的TOC含量明显高于其余四种岩相。V/（V+Ni）、V/Cr、Ni/Co和U/Th指标指示五峰组-龙马溪组下段总体处于低能、滞留、局限条件,与深水陆棚环境匹配,Mo元素含量与四川盆地均值相当。五峰早期与龙马溪早期海侵的发生形成了以深水陆棚占主导的沉积格局,低能、滞留、局限的厌氧环境与快速海侵是有机质富集与保存的重要条件。     

鄂尔多斯盆地延长组页岩吸附热力学特征

为了研究陆相页岩的吸附机理,以鄂尔多斯盆地甘泉地区延长组页岩为研究对象,开展了不同温度下页岩等温吸附实验,分析了延长组页岩的吸附特性及等量吸附热特征,实现了页岩等温吸附量的预测。结果表明:超临界条件下,页岩等温吸附曲线极大值的出现与实验压力、比表面积及吸附气有关;与龙马溪组页岩相比,延长组页岩等量吸附热与吸附量呈正相关关系,符合幂函数拟合,且在相同吸附量下,延长组页岩等量吸附热较低,具有较强的非均质性和较弱的吸附作用力;等量吸附热不能反映吸附性能的强弱;基于等量吸附热的页岩等温吸附曲线预测方法在低实验温度、低气体压力条件下具有较高的预测精度。      

钻井液水活度对页岩井壁稳定性影响的实验研究——以秀山龙马溪组页岩为例

通过压力传递实验,对秀山龙马溪组页岩进行了不同浓度和不同类型盐溶液影响下的渗流试验,确定不同水活度盐溶液对页岩渗流规律和井壁稳定影响机理。结果表明：（1）在相同浓度的盐溶液中,阻缓秀山龙马溪组页岩孔隙压力传递能力最强的盐类为HCOONa。（2）对于相同类型的盐溶液,最高的浓度并不总能具有最好阻缓能力。阻缓秀山龙马溪组页岩孔隙压力传递效果较好的前5种盐溶液是20% HCOONa、5% HCOONa、20% KCl、20% HCOOK和5% NaCl。（3）相对于人工压制页岩,在粘土矿物含量（20%）一致时,盐溶液贯穿龙马溪组页岩孔隙时间平均长90.11%,平均渗透率低99.14%。（4）在粘土矿物成分一致时,盐溶液在人工页岩中的渗流规律与龙马溪组页岩的一致性较好,但对于实际渗透率和渗流时间、表征系数与真实页岩相差大于90%。（5）针对龙马溪组页岩,提出了基于水活度的单位距离渗流时间模型,以及不同盐溶液的水活度-渗透率规律。研究成果可为适用于龙马溪组页岩钻进的水基钻井液体系遴选提供较好的理论和技术基础。     

龙马溪组层状页岩微观非均质性及力学各向异性特征

层状页岩的微观非均质性及力学各向异性对研究井壁稳定以及水力裂缝扩展形态具有重要意义.为了向页岩优化钻井、压裂工艺参数提供一定的理论和试验依据,对沿不同角度取心的页岩试样开展单轴压缩实验,配合场发射扫描电镜、原子力显微镜观测实验和波速测试等,研究龙马溪组层状页岩微观非均质性及力学各向异性特征,并讨论这些物理力学特征对水力...     

咸丰地区咸地2井上奥陶统五峰组-下志留统龙马溪组页岩岩石学特征分析

湖北咸丰地区咸地2井在上奥陶统五峰组-下志留统龙马溪组页岩获得较好的页岩气显示。咸地2井五峰组-龙马溪组页岩具有有机碳含量高、沉积厚度大、含气性高等特点。通过系统观察与描述咸地2井岩心,采集样品和开展薄片鉴定、X衍射实验,然后进行矿物成分和岩石学分析。研究结果表明,五峰组-龙马溪组岩性可划分为四段,即五峰组、龙马溪组一段、二段、三段。沉积水体由下往上在五峰组时期为快速海侵阶段,至龙马溪组一段处于稳定期,龙马溪组二段处于动荡期,龙马溪组三段处于海退期,水体变浅。五峰组-龙马溪组矿物组分以石英、长石和黏土矿物为主,其次为碳酸盐矿物和黄铁矿,总体上脆性矿物含量高。五峰组-龙马溪组岩相呈现由硅质岩-硅质页岩-炭质页岩变化规律,总体上具有硅质含量逐渐减少、炭质含量逐渐增加的特点。     

渝东南残留向斜发现高压致密砂岩气

<正>1研究目的(Objective)黔北地区安页1井在志留系石牛栏组发现了高压海相致密气藏,储层岩性为海相泥质灰岩与灰质泥岩薄互层,压力系数高达2.27,是四川盆地外残留向斜油气勘探历史性、里程碑式重大发现。与黔北地区相邻且地质条件相似的渝东南地区,具有类似安场向斜的逆断层封堵构造,同样发育下志留统龙马溪组黑色页岩,且残留向斜内龙马溪组页岩气在彭水、南川均获得了常压工业产能。龙马溪组页岩及上覆地层     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

混凝剂处理钻井废泥浆液的研究

通过烧杯搅拌实验对混凝剂处理钻井废泥浆液进行研究,从混凝剂适应p H值范围、混凝效果、沉降速度三方面研究比较,找出一种较为理想的混凝剂,并分析了影响混凝剂性能的主要因素,确定了混凝剂的最佳投放剂量。      

黄河源区水环境变化及黄河出现冬季断流的原因

自1954年有水文观测资料以来，黄河曾在青海省玛多县黄河沿水文站发生过3次断流。本文在分析黄河源区水环境特征及其影响因素的基础上指出，鄂陵湖、扎陵湖的环湖融区调节能力低，当遇到连续干旱、冬季其调节水量不足以维系黄河径流时便会发生断流，这是断流的主因。湖水位降低、开采沙金、过度放牧等自然和人为因素也会对黄河发生断流产生影响。鄂陵湖口附近黄河上修建的水电站开始蓄水，提高了两湖及环湖融区的调节能力，今后黄河冬季出现断流的可能性将大为降低。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the     

天山南坡科其喀尔冰川表碛区小气候特征研究

利用天山南坡科其喀尔冰川3号观测站2009年全年的气象观测资料,分析研究了科其喀尔冰川表碛区的小气候特征. 结果表明：总辐射和净辐射夏秋季较高、冬春季较低;反射辐射和地表反照率反之. 与其他地区不同,该区主要受积雪物理性质和下垫面状况的影响,冬春季地表反照率日变化表现为由大到小的变化过程,夏秋季表现为倒U型. 温度年变化表现为夏秋季高、冬春季低,最高月均值出现在8月,为9.4℃,最低月均值出现在1月,为-9.6℃. 受山谷风和冰川风的影响,全年的风向以西北风和西北偏西风为主,风向的日变化以11：00为界发生转向. 受降水和冰川消融等的影响,比湿夏秋季月均值较大,冬春季月均值较小.     

The evolution of the magmatism in the external zones of the Betic Cordilleras during the mesozoic

Abstract

The Mesozoic igneous rocks from the External Zones of the Betic Cordilleras extend for some 300 km along the Subbetic Zone. They are poorly differentiated basic rocks which, altogether, correspond to a transitional series containing tholeiitic and sodium-alkaline terms. They crop out as small ophite stocks and dykes intruded into middle- and upper-Triassic rocks, or as submarine flows and sills interlayered with Jurassic materials.

Geological and radiometric evidence points to an upper-Triassic-Liassic age for the ophite-generating magmatism, while the fissure volcanism began locally in the early-Liassic and extended throughout the Dogger. It reached its climax in the Tithonian and ceased abruptly in the lowermost Cretaceous.

The magmas that generated the two groups of rocks originated within the mantle. During the ascent through a continental crust they were contaminated by deep-crust granitoid rocks and by the assimilation of pelites from the basement. The chemical composition and fractional-crystallization differentiation trends of the ophites belong to the tholeiitic series, while those of the middle-uppermost Jurassic magmas to the sodic-alkaline series. This magmatic evolution may be attributed to a geodynamic change from distensive in the Triassic to transtensive from the middle-Jurassic onwards.