连续弯道水流模拟中二次流修正效果评价

为了选择适用于复杂连续弯道的二次流修正方法,选取了线性方法中两种典型的计算模式,通过在正交曲线坐标系二维浅水动量方程中增加扩散应力项开发了考虑二次流影响的平面二维水流模型。基于不同复杂度的4个连续弯道试验的水位和流速分布资料,通过理论分析和数值试验对比定量评估了传统二维模型和两种二次流修正方法在连续弯道水流模拟中的效果。测试结果表明,Delft3D模型的二次流修正方法自由度较高,适用于不同复杂度的连续弯道水流模拟,而Lien模型二次流修正方法适用于微弯或中弯,应用于中弯时需要慎重选用,不适用于急弯连续弯道模拟。两种方法比较,建议连续弯道水流模拟中优选Delft3D模型的二次流修正方法。     

河型转化机理及其数值模拟——Ⅰ.模型建立

为研究河型转化过程机理,建立了考虑弯道二次流影响与边岸崩塌过程的平面二维河流数学模型,包括水流模型、泥沙模型和边岸崩塌模型。通过在水流动量守恒方程中增加弥散应力项以考虑弯道二次流的影响,并采用室内水槽实验结果对水流模型进行了验证;利用上荆江沙市至石首天然长河段的水沙过程和河道演变资料,对泥沙模型进行了验证;结果表明本模型数值计算量合适,有较好的适应范围。模型中提出了边岸崩塌过程的模拟技术,相对于传统平面二维水沙模型而言,可以更好地模拟天然河道的横向摆动以及洲滩消长过程。     

变态对河工模型中弯道水流相似性的影响

河工模型采用变态模型,其相似性会受到影响。采用平面二维模型,在数学模型的基础上,计算变率使河工模型弯道水流在相似性上产生的影响。在河工模型的条件下,选取不同变态模型,对环流进行了计算,研究了变率对弯道水流的相似的影响,并给出了初步分析。最后得出结论为在变态的河工模型中,弯道的水流动力轴线在弯顶附近会变缓,而且横向水面比降会减小。     

大区域地下水流数值模拟研究现状及存在问题

在分析大区域地下水流数值模型构建缘起的前提下,系统论述了近年来地下水流数值模拟在大区域地下水资源评价、水文地质参数确定、地面沉降、溶质运移、海水入侵、盐渍化、风险评估、地下水管理及地表水与地下水的联合开发利用等方面的国内外研究应用现状;归纳、总结了目前大区域地下水流数值模型在灵敏度分析、裂隙和岩溶介质中模型建立、基于地下水流数值模拟的溶质运移模型建立、地下水流数值模型构建所需工作量等理论和方法研究及实际建模过程中存在的一些问题;展望了今后大区域地下水流数值拟在研究范围、模拟技术与方法以及与其它模型耦合等方面的发展趋势。      

方腔回流区水流运动特性三维数值分析

建立了一个三维水动力学模型,对方腔回流区水流运动特性进行了模拟分析。数学模型以三维浅水环流方程为基础,在垂向空间引入σ坐标变换,采用高分辨率半隐有限元离散格式。计算结果与解析解及水槽试验数据吻合良好。应用该模型对方腔回流区的水流运动特性进行了计算分析,进一步揭示了方腔回流运动的非定常非对称不封闭特性、流动结构表现为竖轴环流与立面环流相叠加、流速沿垂线分布相对均匀等流动规律。     

地下水流场三维可视化研究进展与前景

在系统回顾近10年来地下水流场三维可视化主要研究成果的基础上,结合笔者的研究实践,综述了地下水流场三维可视化研究进展。从三维表现形式上,把地下水流场的三维可视化表达方法分为5类：准三维写意可视化、准三维制图可视化、三维体视化、混合可视化和立体可视化。分别论述了每种方法的几何模型、空间分析和绘制技术等,并分析了三维可视化技术在地下水流场研究中的应用前景。     

含水岩组概化的累积导水系数法

地下水流系统理论和数值模拟技术分别是水文地质学的基本理论和技术方法,含水岩组的概化是地下水流系统分析和地下水数值模拟的重要基础,直接影响着数值模拟和水流系统分析的精度和可信度.为提高含水岩组概化的精度和可信度,提出一种含水岩组概化的新方法,即累积导水系数法.依据岩层厚度与渗透系数乘积累积值随深度的变化,以及水文地质剖面岩性分布的整体特征,概化含水介质结构.以玛纳斯河流域为例,应用该方法概化流域内的岩性剖面,结合GMS软件中TINS模块构建水文地质结构模型.结果表明,应用该方法概化后的含水层结构具有较好的合理性和仿真性,建立的三维模型很好地显示了研究区含水介质的空间展布特征,为建立地下水流模型奠定了良好的基础.      

分层岸滩侧蚀坍塌过程及其水动力响应模拟

非均质岸滩广泛分布于冲积河流中,其侧蚀过程沿垂向具有分层特点。基于全三维水沙模型及河岸侧蚀坍塌力学模式,提出动态网格跟踪技术,构建了非均质岸滩侧蚀沿垂向差异的三维动力学模拟方法。以连续弯道概化水槽为例,模拟分析了非均质河岸侧蚀过程中三维水流结构的响应特征。研究结果表明:坡脚冲刷后,底部主流向凹岸偏移,在已有弯道环流的基础上,于坡脚处出现一反向次生流;上部粘性土层坍塌后,崩塌土体堆积于坡脚处,上部主流明显左偏,下部次生流消失;随着坡脚堆积体的冲刷搬运,下部主流进一步向凹岸偏移;如此循环,主流不断向凹岸偏移,致使岸坡持续崩退、河道摆动。     

基于Godunov格式的溃坝水流数学模型

为了更好地把握溃坝洪水风险,减小因溃坝洪水而造成的人员生命和财产损失,建立了基于Godunov格式的一维、二维溃坝水流耦合数学模型。一维溃坝水流模型采用HLL格式的有限体积法求解,二维溃坝水流模型采用基于非结构网格的Roe格式离散求解,在一维、二维模型的链接处采用重叠计算区域的方法实现一维模型和二维模型之间的水力要素信息交换。经弯道溃坝算例和断面突变溃坝算例验证,该耦合模型具有良好的可靠性和适用性,验证后的耦合模型为大尺度的溃坝水流数值模拟打下了基础。     

GIS在地下水流模拟系统中应用研究

本文在研究孔隙地下水流可视化模拟系统框架的基础上,较详细地阐明了基于GIS的孔隙地下水流模拟概念模型的构建、模型的时间与空间离散、计算参数的自动赋值、模型的可视化拟合、模拟结果的可视化表达等的技术路线与实现的具体方法,基本实现了GIS与孔隙地下水流模拟模型的紧密集成以及孔隙地下水流模拟过程的可视化,为其它类型的地下水流可视化模拟系统的研究与开发提供了一些探索性的思路。     

Limitations of Lattice Boltzmann Modeling of Micro‐Flows in Complex Nanopores

The multiscale transport mechanism of methane in unconventional reservoirs is dominated by slip and transition flows resulting from the ultra-low permeability of micro/nano-scale pores, which requires consideration of the microscale and rarefaction effects. Traditional continuum-based computational fluid dynamics (CFD) becomes problematic when modeling micro-gaseous flow in these multiscale pore networks because of its disadvantages in the treatment of cases with a complicated boundary. As an alternative, the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM), a special discrete form of the Boltzmann equation, has been widely applied to model the multi-scale and multi-mechanism flows in unconventional reservoirs, considering its mesoscopic nature and advantages in simulating gas flows in complex porous media. Consequently, numerous LBM models and slip boundary schemes have been proposed and reported in the literature. This study investigates the predominately reported LBM models and kinetic boundary schemes. The results of these LBM models systematically compare to existing experimental results, analytical solutions of Navier-Stokes, solutions of the Boltzmann equation, direct simulation of Monte Carlo (DSMC) and information-preservation DSMC (IP_DSMC) results, as well as the numerical results of the linearized Boltzmann equation by the discrete velocity method (DVM). The results point out the challenges and limitations of existing multiple-relaxation-times LBM models in predicting micro-gaseous flow in unconventional reservoirs.     

弯道水流对下游回水响应特征试验研究

弯道水面横比降及断面环流是弯道水流的显著特性。通过U形弯道水流壅水试验,对弯道水面横向比降、横向流速分布、环流强度、紊动能及纵向流速沿程的变化进行了试验研究。结果显示,随着下游回水的抬高,弯道水面横比降、横向流速分布、环流强度、紊动能及纵向流速将发生明显的改变。为深入探讨下游回水对弯道水流结构的影响提供了科学依据。     

基于弯道超高计算泥石流流速的探讨

泥石流流速是难以实测和准确推算的重要参数。在分析既有各类弯道超高计算公式的基础上,探讨适用于各类泥石流的弯道超高计算模式,进而改进基于弯道超高的粘性泥石流、稀性泥石流和泥流的流速计算公式,用实例加以验证。     

三维可视化技术在舟曲县城区灾后重建泥石流防治工程中的应用

结合舟曲县城区灾后重建泥石流防治工程相关数据, 采用3ds Max、 Maya等三维建模软件构建了泥石流防治工程三维模型, 基于Skyline三维GIS平台建立了灾后泥石流防治工程三维可视化场景.对三维可视化场景构建的关键技术、 三维空间数据处理、 三维模型制作和三维场景构建进行详细阐述, 最终建立的舟曲县城区灾后重建泥石流防治工程三维场景将直观、 逼真地显示舟曲县地形、 泥石流防治工程部署情况, 可为今后当地政府防灾减灾工作提供决策支持.此外, 应用目前先进的流体、 刚体动力学模拟软件对舟曲"8.8"特大山洪泥石流灾害过程进行三维动态模拟, 效果比较理想.     

A distributed parallel multiple-relaxation-time lattice Boltzmann method on general-purpose graphics processing units for the rapid and scalable computation of absolute permeability from high-resolution 3D micro-CT images

Digital rock physics (DRP) is a rapidly evolving technology targeting fast turnaround times for repeatable core analysis and multi-physics simulation of rock properties. We develop and validate a rapid and scalable distributed-parallel single-phase pore-scale flow simulator for permeability estimation on real 3D pore-scale micro-CT images using a novel variant of the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM). The LBM code implementation is designed to take maximum advantage of distributed computing on multiple general-purpose graphics processing units (GPGPUs). We describe and extensively test the distributed parallel implementation of an innovative LBM algorithm for simulating flow in pore-scale media based on the multiple-relaxation-time (MRT) model that utilizes a precise treatment of body force. While the individual components of the resulting simulator can be separately found in various references, our novel contributions are (1) the integration of all of the mathematical and high-performance computing components together with a highly optimized code implementation and (2) the delivery of quantitative results with the simulator in terms of robustness, accuracy, and computational efficiency for a variety of flow geometries including various types of real rock images. We report on extensive validations of the simulator in terms of accuracy and provide near-ideal distributed parallel scalability results on large pore-scale image volumes that were largely computationally inaccessible prior to our implementation. We validate the accuracy of the MRT-LBM simulator on model geometries with analytical solutions. Permeability estimation results are then provided on large 3D binary microstructures including a sphere pack and rocks from various sandstone and carbonate formations. We quantify the scalability behavior of the distributed parallel implementation of MRT-LBM as a function of model type/size and the number of utilized GPGPUs for a panoply of permeability estimation problems.     

大型泄洪洞有压弯道水力特性

为系统研究泄洪洞有压弯道的水力特性,结合大比尺物理模型,采用三维Reynolds应力数学模型(RSM)对不同来流流速、弯曲半径和转角的有压弯道进行了计算,用模型试验资料对弯道的压力和流速分布进行了验证,计算值和试验值吻合良好。给出了弯道的内外压差和最低压力的规律、二次环流的发生和发展过程,弯道的水力特性和弯曲半径关系较大,并提出了一些工程措施。     

Effect of macropore tortuosity and morphology on preferential flow through saturated soil: A Lattice Boltzmann study

Unlike micropores where water moves upward or downward based on hydraulic gradient, in macropores, water flows predominantly downward due to the gravity. Therefore, models based on capillary flow are not capable of simulating macropore flow. There are attempts to model the macropore flow using two domains, one for capillary flow and another one for macropores. These models use Richard’s equation for capillary flow and Poiseuille’s law for macropores in which the macropore is approximated to be cylindrical or planar. This study quantifies the magnitudes of the errors induced by this assumption. Influence of macropore shapes and tortuosity was quantified by using a 3D Lattice Boltzmann model, which is capable of simulating fluid flow in micropores as well as macropores of cracked clays. Artificial macropores of constant sectional area and volume, but different shapes were generated in 3D and the influence of macropore shapes, shape related parameters, and tortuosity were systematically investigated. Macropore flow rate decreases with different shapes compared to cylindrical macropores and increase in aspect ratio of sectional shape leads to decrease in macropore flow rate. The maximum effect of bends/turnings along the tortuous macropore was about 25% on overall decrease of flow rate due to tortuosity. However, more detailed study is required on the influence of bends on macropore flow rate. The macropore flow rate reduces by about 70% for tortuosity of 1.41. A prediction equation is verified to predict the flow rate of different shapes and tortuous macropores based on straight cylindrical macropore using aspect ratio and tortuosity factor.     

Visualizing complex pore structure and fluid flow in porous media using 3D printing technology and LBM simulation

Pore structures of porous media and properties of fluid flow are key factors for the study of non-Darcy groundwater flow. However, it is difficult to directly observe pore structures and flow properties, resulting in a “black box” problem of porous media. This problem has hindered the in-depth study of the groundwater flow mechanism at the pore scale. In recent years, 3D rapid prototyping technology has seen tremendous development. 3D printing provides digital models and printing models of porous media with clear internal structure. Thus, Lattice Boltzmann Method can be used to simulate the flow processes at the pore scale based on real pore structures. In this study, 3D printing cores and Lattice Boltzmann Method were coupled to conduct both laboratory and numerical experiments in spherical porous media with different sphere diameters and periodic arrays. The LBM simulation results show a good agreement with laboratory experimental results. With the advantages of LBM and 3D printing, this approach provides a visualization of the complex pore structure and fluid flow in pores, which is a promising method for studies of non-Darcy groundwater flow at the pore scale.     

长白山火山次生泥石流灾害危险范围预测

长白山火山次生泥石流是由长白山火山喷发引起的火口湖中的水沿长白山北坡缺口,以类似水库溃坝的形式突然溢出而形成的短时间、大体积的水流,是携带着地表的松散堆积物,沿着沟谷和山坡向下快速流动的一种类似洪流的特殊泥石流.笔者在野外地质调查和室内模拟试验的基础之上,采用FLOW-3D数值模拟软件,对长白山火山喷发引起的次生泥石流灾害进行大范围的数值模拟,并着重研究其对二道白河镇地区的影响程度,旨在为政府决策和防灾提供依据.结果表明:泥石流总体积为30.27亿m³时,二道白河镇将完全被泥石流淹没;不论哪种泥石流体积假设情况,泥石流都将到达二道白河镇,并对其造成危害;一旦火山爆发,二道白河镇居民可逃生时间只有30~42 min.