喀斯特高原湖泊生物地球化学过程中的锌同位素特征

采用多接收电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(MC-ICP-MS)对喀斯特高原湖泊红枫湖、阿哈湖水体及其主要支流水体悬浮物和一些生物样品中的锌同位素进行了测定,测试精度小于0.11‰(2SD).结果显示,红枫湖水体与其主要支流水体悬浮物中的δ66Zn变化范围分别为-0.29‰～0.26‰和-0.04‰～0.48‰,阿哈湖水体与其主要支流水体悬浮物中的δ66Zn变化范围分别为-0.18‰～0.27‰和-0.179‰～0.46‰,均表现出支流中的锌同位素组成较重的特点.两湖生物样品中的δ66Zn变化范围较大,为-0.35‰～0.57‰,说明湖泊生态系统中各端员的锌同位素组成存在一定差异.根据同位素组成分析,湖泊主要入湖河流及所携带的陆源物质是阿哈湖泊水体中锌的主要来源,锌同位素是一种较好的物源示踪工具.红枫湖夏季δ66zn与Chla(叶绿素)呈显著的正相关(R=0.97),主要是藻类对锌的有机吸附和吸收过程导致锌同位素组成发生变化.此外,湖泊水体悬浮物中的锌同位素组成均在夏季较轻,表明大气的干湿沉降可能是一个较负的锌同位素源.水体悬浮物中的δ66Zn变化范围小于生物样品中的δ66Zn变化范围,说明由于生物作用过程导致的锌同位素分馏大于非生物过程.     

贵州红枫湖硫酸盐来源及循环过程的硫同位素地球化学研究

红枫湖是云贵高原上一个中等富营养化的季节性厌氧湖泊。对红枫湖流域湖水及其入湖河流河水一年内四个季节的水体硫酸盐硫同位素组成进行了系统研究,结果表明,红枫湖湖水硫酸盐的δ^34S值介于-8．7‰-4．9‰之间,平均-6．8‰,入湖河流的δ^34S值变化范围为-14．7‰-＋0．8‰。湖水的硫同位素组成主要受煤以及大气降水的控制,硫化物和蒸发岩的贡献较小。全年内湖水的δ^34S值季节性变化明显,表现为夏季〉秋季〉冬季、春季的特征,反映了大气降水对湖水硫酸盐贡献的季节性差异。此外,湖水垂直剖面上呈现出明显的季节性差异,冬季、春季湖水的剖面上下δ^34S值几乎没有变化,而夏季、秋季湖水表层和底层相对较高,呈规律性变化,这与湖水冬季混合、夏季分层的特点有关;夏季湖水分层期间雨水在湖泊表层的滞留,以及湖泊底层的硫酸盐细菌还原等相关生物地球化学过程是水体垂直剖面上δ^34S值规律性变化的主要原因。     

达里诺尔湖水体稳定氢、氧同位素组成变化对结冰过程的响应

利用自然界中广泛分布的环境同位素进行湖泊水体演化过程分析已经成为现代湖泊科学的重要研究方向.通过采集内蒙古达里诺尔湖(简称"达里湖") 2013年1月份的湖冰、湖水, 2012年夏季湖水与湖区大气降水等, 共分析了77个样品中稳定氢(H)、氧(O)同位素值的变化情况, 在此基础上对达里湖水体稳定H、O同位素组成变化及其对结冰过程的响应进行了详细分析, 结果显示: (1)伴随结冰过程的完成, 各站点深层冰体(厚度~65 cm)中δD、δ18O值比表层冰体(厚度~15 cm)中的值出现不同幅度的偏重.而冰下水体中δD、δ18O平均值则比冰体中的平均值分别偏轻约13.85‰、2.23‰.在冰层形成的快速与稳定阶段, δD、δ18O值的变化幅度也存在差异.同时, 冬季外源水体的输入对各站点间同位素值差异的影响比夏季更明显; (2)夏季湖水、冬季湖水与湖冰的同位素值均落在全球大气降水线与湖区大气降水线之外, 显示湖泊冰封之前, 蒸发对湖泊水体同位素偏移存在一定程度的影响; 而冬季湖水与湖冰的同位素值基本位于同一斜率区间, 且全部落在夏季湖水同位素值的右侧, 显示两者之间并不存在明显的蒸发分馏作用, 造成上述现象的因素只能归结于结冰过程.      

青藏高原西北部班公湖流域夏季主要水体H-O同位素组成及其影响因素

作为高寒内陆区的青藏高原西北部班公湖流域水文数据资料较为匮乏,导致对区域水循环过程和气候环境的认识不够深入,氢氧稳定同位素示踪技术可为解决该问题提供理想途径。本文系统分析班公湖流域夏季含湖水、河水、冰川融水和地下水4种不同类型的水体中氢氧同位素的组成,阐释水体氢氧同位素、氘盈余参数沿程变化的特征及其与水体矿化度、高程、经纬度和全球大气降雨线之间的关系,并进一步剖析同位素组成变化的控制因素。结果显示,水体中δ²H和δ¹⁸O的波动范围分别为-112.37‰～-24.90‰和-14.84‰～2.01‰,平均值及标准差分别为-76.73‰±26.49‰和-8.43‰±5.24‰。湖水δ²H和δ¹⁸O相对其他水体富集,测定结果更偏正值,冰川融水δ²H和δ¹⁸O相对其他水体更为贫化。流域水体氢氧同位素的大陆效应总体不明显,部分水体有一定高程效应体现。水体氢氧同位素演化趋势表明,冰川融水与全球大气水线接近,易受大气降雨影响。同时其他水体线的较小截距和斜率值,表明大气降雨...     

中国西部、东北地区湖泊沉积物中碳酸盐碳、氧和有机碳同位素组成及与环境的响应

湖泊沉积物中碳酸盐碳、氧和有机质碳同位素组成受湖泊环境介质的控制,可以有效地指示环境演化过程。通过对中国东北和西部青藏高原、新疆现代湖泊表层沉积物的碳酸盐的碳、氧同位素组成(δ13C、δ18O)、有机碳同位素组成(δ13Corg),以及有机质含量(TOC)、C/N分析研究,发现当湖泊中以浮游植物来源有机母质为主时,其δ13Corg为-30‰~-23‰;以硅藻为主的藻类来源时,δ13Corg为-30‰~-16‰;以挺水植物来源,δ13Corg为-30‰~-24‰;沉水植物来源,δ13Corg为-24‰~-16‰;以水生植物和陆生植物来源为主时,δ13Corg为-30‰~-20‰;当以陆生植物来源为主时,其δ13Corg为-26‰~-24‰。当西北地区半封闭湖泊表层沉积物中碳酸盐含量大于30%时,湖泊表现出δ13C、δ18O之间较好的正相关性,TOC主要以内源有机质来源为主。     

BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLE OF RIVERINE CARBON IN THE GUIJIANG RIVER: TRACING WITH 14C AND 13C

基于一个水文年度的月周期性采样分析,用河流悬浮颗粒物的有机碳(POC)和溶解无机碳(DIC)的同位素信号探讨了桂江径流中碳的生物地球化学循环.桂江悬浮颗粒物中POC含量多介于1.70％～14.27％之间,平均为(4.54±2.94)％;河流POC的Δ14C值介于-235.8‰～ -26.7％之间,平均为(-135.38±57.27)‰,没有检出“核爆14C”信号,揭示了较为强烈的流域地表扰动和土壤侵蚀状况.桂江POC的稳定同位素组成(δ13C)变化于-29.92％ - -24.71‰之间,平均为(-26.86± 1.29)‰,这与以C3植物为主的流域生态系统的碳同位素组成一致.桂江颗粒有机质的C/N比多介于5.54 11.53之间,平均为7.97,低于全球河流的平均状况.一方面,土壤有机碳、岩石来源的地质碳及藻类生物量的混合比例决定了桂江河流颗粒有机质的C/N比和Δ14C值;另一方面,微生物群落对水体有机质的代谢分解作用也在一定程度上改变了有机质的元素和同位素比值.桂江河流DIC的δ13C值变化于-17.22‰～-10.65‰之间,平均为(- 12.95±1.94)‰.冬半年河流DIC(δ13C值平均为-11.47‰)几乎全部来自碳酸盐矿物的化学风化,夏半年土壤硅酸盐矿物的化学风化对DIC(δ13C值平均为- 14.73％)的贡献达28％.     

太湖水体吸收系数与散射系数的特征研究

湖泊水体光学特性是进行湖泊水体光学及水体光学遥感研究的基础。计算了太湖冬、夏季水体的吸收系数和散射系数,并在分析水体吸收特性的基础上对水体的光学类型进行了分类。结果表明:冬季太湖水体的光学类型属PY型(悬浮粒和黄质共同作用型),即水体的吸收特性受悬浮质和黄质的共同作用,而夏季则属CPY型(浮游藻类、悬浮粒和黄质共同作用型),即水体的吸收特性受悬浮质、黄质和浮游藻类三者的共同作用;不论冬季还是夏季,非色素悬浮粒是影响太湖水体散射特性的主要因子。     

湛江湖光岩玛珥湖中长链烷基二醇类化合物的检出及可能的环境意义

通过对湛江湖光岩玛珥湖现代环境介质(水体和表层沉积物)中的长链烷基二醇类化合物的定性和定量分析,检测出了一系列的长链烷基二醇化合物,包括1,13-C28、1,13-C30、1,14-C30、1,15-C30和1,15-C32.表层水体中1,14-C30相对含量最高,中层水体中1,15-C30相对含量最高,而底层水体中1,13-C30相对含量最高.推测1,14-C30主要来源于硅藻,但也不排除异鞭藻来源.1,13-C28可能同时具有黄绿藻和硅藻来源.1,13-C30、1,15-C30和1,15-C32长链化合物主要来源于黄绿藻(Eustigmatophytes),但也存在其他藻类来源.表层沉积物中长链烷基二醇化合物的分布与中层水体颗粒物各二醇类化合物的分布相似,表明湖光岩玛珥湖沉积物中长链烷基二醇类化合物主要来源于浮游藻类.湖泊水体颗粒物中二醇指数(DIX)同实测的湖泊水体温度具有很强的线性相关性,而表层沉积物中DIX一致,表明湖光岩玛珥湖中二醇指数能够用来作为水体温度的替代性指标.此研究结果为长链烷基二醇类化合物在湖泊古环境重建应用中提供了现代过程证据.     

可可西里地区中新世湖相叠层石成因及其古气候意义

青藏高原北部可可西里地区新发现湖相叠层石,它们集中分布在中新世五道梁群地层中.这些叠层石形态以穹隆状最为常见,局部地区甚至形成叠层石藻丘礁,根据显微镜和扫描电镜观察,其纹层构造和显微结构与现代海洋叠层石和前寒武纪时期的叠层石十分相似.根据对采集的叠层石样品进行微量元素分析、碳氧同位素分析.并与藻团块灰岩、生物碎屑灰岩和泥质灰岩以及少量白云岩进行对比研究,结果表明:叠层石灰岩、藻团块灰岩具有相似的地球化学特点,表现为低Sr/Ba、高Fe/Mn的特点,判断这些叠层石碳酸盐沉积在低盐度湖泊环境,建造叠层石的蓝绿藻生长在滨浅湖地带.它们的δ18O值变化于-6.63‰～-7.63‰之间,接近一般湖相淡水灰岩的范围内,指示入湖水量增加、湖水向淡化方向发展.湖泊中蓝绿藻类繁盛和叠层石的出现指示高湖面湖泛事件,说明青藏高原中新世时期曾出现过气候异常湿润期,这为判别区域气候的干湿变化提供了一个沉积标识.     

热分层效应控制的水库水体氢氧同位素特征

为掌握水库热分层与氢氧同位素空间分布的关系,研究了广西兴安县五里峡水库夏季氢氧同位素空间分布特征及影响因素。研究表明:①五里峡水库夏季出现明显的热分层,库表层至-5 m为表水层,-5 m至-20 m为温跃层,-20 m以下为底温层;②五里峡水库δ18O、δD值沿大气降水线分布,但均落在桂林市大气降水线右下方,其线性方程为δD=4.66δ18O-10.85（R2=0.76）,其斜率与全球大气降雨线（GMWL）和桂林市降雨线（CLMWL）的斜率和截距差异明显,表明五里峡水库主要由降水补给,但在补给五里峡水库前已经过了强烈的蒸发作用和水岩作用;③ δ18O、δD随水深的增加逐渐偏负,具有表水层 > 入库水体 > 温跃层 > 底温层 > 出库水体（>表示偏正）的垂向分布特征。分析认为入库水体氢氧同位素的季节变化和蒸发作用随深度增加而降低是五里峡水库夏季分层期间水体氢氧同位素垂向变化的主要影响因素。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。