煤中常量元素的赋存特征与研究意义

煤中常量元素 (包括Na、Mg、Al、Si、K、Ca、Ti、P和Fe)是煤的重要无机组成,也是影响煤物理化学性质及加工利用的主要影响因素。本文结合华北鄂尔多斯盆地、开滦矿区和峰峰矿区晚古生代煤、贵州西部晚二叠世煤的具体实例,对煤中常量元素的赋存状态、地质成因和指相意义进行了总结,并对煤中常量元素在煤加工利用过程中的影响做了简要陈述。      

五家沟矿区5号煤中伴生元素地球化学特征

为了研究大同煤田南部煤中伴生元素的地球化学特征,运用矿物学、煤地球化学以及岩石学等学科的理论和研究方法,利用X射线荧光光谱分析(XRF)、电感耦合等离子质谱分析(ICPMS)、X射线衍射分析(XRD)、扫描电镜+能谱分析(SEM-EDS),对五家沟矿区5号煤中伴生元素的含量及赋存特征进行研究。结果表明,五家沟5号煤中常量元素Al、Si、Ca、Fe含量较高,占到灰分总量的95%以上。Al主要以高岭石的形式存在,Si以黏土矿物和石英的形式赋存于煤中,煤中Ca的主要载体是方解石,Fe在煤中主要以黄铁矿的形式存在。煤中微量元素Li富集,Ga、Sr、Zr、Nb、Hf、Ta轻度富集。锂和镓主要赋存于高岭石中;铌和钽赋存于黏土矿物中,部分可能赋存于伊利石中;锆和铪赋存于黏土矿物中,还有部分赋存于金红石内。     

贵州小牛井田煤的地球化学特征及古海平面变化

基于贵州水城小牛井田晚二叠世煤样的全硫分、微量元素、常量元素等测试数据,探讨了煤中元素富集特征及其与陆源碎屑的关系,重点是全硫分、微量元素对古海平面变化的反演。结果表明,小牛井田煤中常量元素Si、Ca、Mg、Ti、K含量高于中国煤均值,Al、Fe、Na含量低于中国煤均值;与地壳克拉克值相比,煤中微量元素只有B和Mo相对富集;煤中微量元素的富集在一定程度上受控于陆源碎屑,常量元素对陆源碎屑也有一定的继承性。煤中全硫分及微量元素B、Co、Cr、Cu、Ga、Ge、Mo、Ni、Pb、Sr、V、Zn的纵向变化规律可以用来反演古海平面变化,海退时形成的煤层全硫分及微量元素含量较低,海侵时形成的煤层全硫分及微量元素含量较高。      

“巫山黄土”常量元素地球化学特征

为了研究"巫山黄土"的地球化学特征,利用X射线荧光光谱仪对"巫山黄土"样品的常量元素进行测试分析,结果表明:(1)常量元素SiO2、Al2O3、TFe2O3、Fe2O3和TiO2含量随着剖面中细颗粒粘土含量的变化呈现明显的旋回变化特点,该特点对"巫山黄土"沉积时的气候演化规律具有一定的指示意义;(2)在化学风化过程中,元素Si、Al、Fe、K、Mn、Ti之间具有很好的相似性,表现为明显的正相关,而它们与元素Ca、P却具明显的差异性,表现为明显的负相关;(3)沉积物的粒径对部分常量元素地化特征具有一定的控制效应,Al、Fe、Ti等元素主要富集于0.8~2.0μm黏土粒级沉积物中,而在40~100μm的粗粉砂和极细砂粒级中的含量极少;(4)"巫山黄土"常量元素UCC标准化后分布曲线近于平坦线型且靠近UCC分布曲线,指示其可能为风积成因.     

北淮阳地区不同变形-变质煤的元素分布及其影响因素

通过对大别造山带前陆北淮阳地区石炭纪高煤级煤的X射线荧光光谱分析,探讨了不同变形-变质类型煤中常量元素的分布规律及其影响因素。结果表明:构造-热作用具有使Al3+、K+、Si4+、Ti4+在煤体中富集,P5+、Fe2++Fe3+、Mn2+Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+向煤体外迁移的趋势;在弱应力带富集Al3+、K+、Ti4+、Na+、Ca2+;在强应力带富集Si4+、P5+、Fe2++Fe3+、Mg2+。岩浆热变质类型煤和构造-热变质类型煤的w(SiO₂)/w(Al₂O₃)和w(K₂O)/w(Na₂O)值显著增大,与岩浆岩中SiO₂及K₂O质量分数偏高有重要的成因联系。      

鄂尔多斯盆地东北部直罗组砂岩型铀矿床常量元素指示意义探讨

鄂尔多斯盆地东北部砂岩型铀矿与古层间氧化带具有密切的联系。文章通过对直罗组不同蚀变分带砂岩的常量元素含量的统计与分析,揭示了各常量元素的变化规律。其中,Si、Al、Fe、Ca的活动性较为强烈;Na、Mg、K的活动性相对较弱;Mn、Ti、P则比较稳定。通过研究,认为成岩作用、水-岩作用、油气二次还原作用、铀成矿作用以及环境的变化是常量元素含量变化的主要影响因素。     

滇中富碱斑岩风化成土过程中元素地球化学行为及其主控因素

富碱斑岩带分布较广,目前对其风化过程中的元素地球化学行为研究较少。笔者等以滇中姚安富碱斑岩为例,通过对其化学风化过程的研究,有助于了解富碱斑岩成土过程中元素富集贫化控制因素,丰富碱性岩浆岩风化成土理论。笔者等分析了富碱斑岩风化过程中的矿物风化特征、元素含量分布特征、化学风化趋势、元素迁移富集特征及主控因素,结果表明：富碱斑岩各风化层元素含量与基岩具有继承性,体现了原位风化的特征,符合北亚热带季风气候下云南境内上扬子地块岩石的风化特征;与大陆上地壳组成（UCC）相比,风化成土过程中Ca、Na、K等阳离子强烈淋失亏损,Fe、Al富集;化学风化过程主要发生脱Ca、Na、K、Mg、Si与富Al、Fe作用,风化早期主要为去Ca、去Na过程,风化中、晚期为去K、去Mg、富Al、富Fe过程,并伴随着强烈的脱硅作用;结合迁移系数,常量元素活动性强弱顺序为：Ca>Na>K>Mg>Si>Al>Fe;微量元素地球化学行为一方面主要受地球化学性质相似的常量元素行为控制,另一方面Al、Fe氧化物/氢氧化物和受黏土矿物吸附作用的影响,Sm、Nb、Sc、Th、Ti、U、Y、Cu、Cr、Ni随风化原地残余富集,Ba、Rb、Sr与K、Na、Ca、Mg等常量元素行为一致,随风化而淋失迁出。     

贵州织金县大明矿区龙潭组煤中元素地球化学特征及其沉积环境指示意义

为研究煤炭中地球化学元素特征与沉积环境的关系,通过对研究区大明矿区龙潭组钻孔煤样的分析测试,总结了煤炭地球化学元素特征,并探讨了常量元素、微量元素特征与沉积环境之间的关系,研究表明:Al2O3、TiO₂、K2O、S均为陆源元素,煤中的S元素主要以无机硫的形式富集;CaO、MgO、MnO₂呈正相关,其含量对古气候的变迁具有重要的指示意义,MgO/Al2O3、Mg/Ca、Mn的变化规律反应了研究区经历了温湿-干热-温湿-干热-温湿的变化过程;U/Th、δU反应了研究区的沉积环境经历了氧化-还原-弱氧化的变化过程。综合分析,研究区沉积环境主要受古水深、古气候、氧化-还原环境控制。     

淮北煤田煤中常量金属元素特征及其对煤成烃的影响

煤中常量金属元素是煤的重要组成,也是影响煤物理化学性质及加工利用的主要因素。通过测试淮北煤田16个煤样的4种常量金属元素（Fe、Ca、K和Ti）含量,分析其含量和赋存特征,并在此基础上,对去除铁元素的煤样和原煤样进行了热模拟实验。实验结果表明,4种元素含量的变异系数较大,元素来源具有多样性;钾元素主要以无机状态存在,其他元素以无机和有机结合态存在;去除铁元素的煤样热解烃含量的降低幅度较大。      

湿法消解-火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定煤中七种元素含量

煤中常量和微量元素是评价煤炭质量的重要指标之一.为了确定一种可操作性强的火焰原子吸收测定煤中常量及微量元素的方法,研究了硝酸-高氯酸湿法消解煤样,火焰法测定煤样中K、Na、Ca、Mg、Zn、Cu、Fe的最佳条件.实验证明,取样量0.01～0.05 g,140℃湿法消解煤样,火焰原子吸收测定煤样中K、Na、Ca、Mg、Zn、Cu、Fe七种元素的含量准确性高,重复性好,方法简便;适合实验室分析测试,消耗少用时短,操作性强,可供相关测试单位参考.     

阳泉矿区含煤地层沉积环境及其对煤层厚度分布控制

阳泉矿区煤系地层形成于海陆交互相的过渡环境,其煤层的形成、赋存、厚度变化、分布均受沉积环境的控制和影响。根据分析成煤环境、预测煤层赋存变化情况,为煤炭资源补勘和开采生产提供指导     

高瓦斯煤的渗透性试验

煤岩体变形和强度以及流体在多孔隙裂隙煤中的渗流规律,是高瓦斯煤层开采中关注的问题。阐述了高瓦斯煤力学介质属性、微结构模型、渗透特性及其孔裂隙和破碎块度的分形特征;利用电液伺服岩石力学试验系统,以数控瞬态渗透法进行了煤样全应力应变过程的电液伺服试验,研究了全应力应变过程中煤样渗透性的变化特征。试验结果显示:煤样的力学性能与其微结构和微孔隙特征密切相关,渗透率变化与试样内部裂隙发展变化过程密切相关。     

甘肃省灵台县灵1井延长组碎屑岩地球化学特征及对源区构造的示踪性

对灵1井延长组长9—长10油层组砂岩样品的岩石化学、微量元素及稀土元素特征进行了系统研究,并利用不同的常量、微量元素构造属性判别图解对灵1井区的源区构造属性进行分析和探讨,结果表明:灵1井区延长组砂岩样品稀土元素含量稳定,稀土元素配分曲线显示轻稀土明显富集、重稀土贫化的"右倾"型;利用常量和微量元素构造判别图,表明物源区构造背景主要为活动大陆边缘和大陆岛弧环境;位于泛鄂尔多斯盆地腹地的灵1井区,沉积物具有混构造源区的特点,受控于华北板块与扬子板块拼合作用下的秦岭造山带的整个演化过程,至晚三叠世,秦岭造山带成为该井区稳定的供屑区。     

Binary gas adsorption/desorption isotherms: effect of moisture and coal composition upon carbon dioxide selectivity over methane

The effect of coal moisture content and composition upon methane/carbon dioxide mixed gas adsorption characteristics is investigated. Separation factors are used to quantify the relative adsorption of carbon dioxide and methane. Experimental data indicate that carbon dioxide separation factors vary slightly between coal lithotypes, but the effects of variable coal composition and moisture upon selective adsorption are difficult to isolate. Model predictions based upon single-component isotherms show that although some variability in carbon dioxide selectivity exists for different coal types, there is no clear relationship between coal composition and carbon dioxide selectivity. Model predictions also indicate that coal moisture decreases carbon dioxide selectivity. The ideal adsorbed solution (IAS) theory and the extended Langmuir model differ substantially in their ability to predict binary gas adsorption behaviour. Comparison of model predictions to experimental data demonstrates that IAS theory, in conjunction with the Dubinin–Astakhov single-component isotherm equations are more accurate for the prediction of mixed gas desorption isotherms collected in this study than the extended Langmuir. IAS predictions, however, are strongly dependent upon the choice of pure gas isotherm equation.     

基于热力学模型的煤孔隙结构分形表征

煤的孔隙结构复杂,难以用传统的欧氏几何理论描述其复杂性,而分形理论可定量表征孔隙结构的复杂程度。通过对渭北煤田韩城矿区10个煤样进行的压汞实验,采用热力学分形模型,获得了煤的渗流孔的分形维数,定量表征了煤的孔隙特征,并探讨了分形维数与渗透率的关系。研究表明:对于同等变质程度的煤来说,煤中吸附孔越多,孔隙分形维数越大;煤孔隙分形维数与渗透性呈负相关关系。由此可见,煤的渗流孔分形维数可作为煤储层渗透性评价的定量指标之一。      

Petrographic properties of major coal seams in Turkey and their formation

Most types of coal in Turkey are generally low in rank: lignite, and subbituminous. Most of the coal was formed during the Miocene, Eocene, and Pliocene ages. There are only a few thin Jurassic-age coal occurrences in Turkey. Pennsylvanian age bituminous coal is found on the Black Sea coast. General implications of the petrographic properties of Turkey's coal seams and coal deposits have not yet been taken into consideration comparatively or as a whole.For this study, about 190 channel samples were collected from different locales. The composite profile samples of the seams were taken into considerations. The content and depositional properties as well as some chemical and physical properties of the main coal seams are compared. All coal samples tend to have similar coal petrographic properties and were deposited in intermontane lacustrine basins. Later, they were affected by faulting and post-depositional volcanic activity. As a result, there are variations in the properties and rank of the coal samples. The most abundant coal maceral group is huminite and the most abundant maceral is gelinite. The liptinite and inertinite contents of the coal are low and the maceral contents of the coals show great similarity. The depositional environments of the all coals are lacustrine dominated.     

The detection of weathering in coal by petrographic,rheologic and chemical methods

This study examines petrographic, rheologic, proximate and ultimate analyses techniques, to investigate the effects of natural weathering on coal. The applicability of such tests to both the detection of weathering and to the prediction of the properties of a fresh coal, based upon analyses of a weathered sample, is discussed.Rheologic parameters and a petrographic staining technique showed the most sensitive response to weathering. The latter test is considered the most suitable of these for the detection of weathering, as it is independent of prior knowledge of the properties of the fresh coal and of the petrographic composition. A petrographic approach is also considered most suitable for estimation of fresh coal characteristics from weathered samples. Rank may be closely approximated and petrographic type determined microscopically, even on highly weathered samples, and these two parameters may be used to estimate properties such as volatile matter, calorific value and dilatation. Minor modification should be made to vitrinite reflectance measurements, according to the degree of weathering as revealed by selective staining.     

鄂尔多斯盆地优质煤的分类与评价

鄂尔多斯盆地赋存有侏罗纪优质煤炭资源。从成煤地质条件出发,结合煤岩、煤质和煤的工艺性质进行资源分类评价。选择4项分类要素、12项分析指标和19个技术参数,构建起系统的分类评价方法体系,给出分类评价方案。提出“首选利用方案”新理念,为优质煤高效洁净利用提供技术保障。      

A review of coal properties pertinent to carbon dioxide sequestration in coal seams: with special reference to Victorian brown coals

This paper presents reviews of studies on properties of coal pertinent to carbon dioxide (CO₂) sequestration in coal with specific reference to Victorian brown coals. The coal basins in Victoria, Australia have been identified as one of the largest brown coal resources in the world and so far few studies have been conducted on CO₂ sequestration in this particular type of coals. The feasibility of CO₂ sequestration depends on three main factors: (1) coal mass properties (chemical, physical and microscopic properties), (2) seam permeability, and (3) gas sorption properties of the coal. Firstly, the coal mass properties of Victorian brown coal are presented, and then the general variations of the coal mass properties with rank, for all types of coal, are discussed. Subsequently, coal gas permeability and gas sorption are considered, and the physical factors which affect them are examined. In addition, existing models for coal gas permeability and gas sorption in coal are reviewed and the possibilities of further development of these models are discussed. According to the previous studies, coal mass properties and permeability and gas sorption characteristics of coals are different for different ranks: lignite to medium volatile bituminous coals and medium volatile bituminous to anthracite coals. This is important for the development of mathematical models for gas permeability and sorption behavior. Furthermore, the models have to take into account volume effect which can be significant under high pressure and temperature conditions. Also, the viscosity and density of supercritical CO₂ close to the critical point can undergo large and rapid changes. To date, few studies have been conducted on CO₂ sequestration in Victorian brown coal, and for all types of coal, very few studies have been conducted on CO₂ sequestration under high pressure and temperature conditions.     

神府南部矿区低阶煤化学组成与工艺性质:特征、关系与实践

煤炭分质利用是契合其高效、清洁与绿色发展趋势的必然途径,而了解煤的基本化学组成与关键工艺性质是实现煤炭资源分级分质利用的基础.陕西神府南部矿区煤炭储量丰富,是西部重要的低阶煤生产基地,但长期以来未能完全实现煤的最佳分质利用,制约着优质煤炭资源价值优势的充分发挥以及经济与社会效益的进一步提升.以此为背景,以神府南部矿区主...