西南喀斯特地区不同石漠化阶段土壤有效磷变异研究

为了探索西南喀斯特地区土壤有效磷的变异规律,采用野外采样与实验室分析相结合的方法,对贵州省荔波县及普定县不同石漠化阶段典型土壤的有效磷含量进行了研究.结果表明:①非石漠化土壤与轻度石漠化土壤有效磷质量分数呈显著差异,非石漠化的黑色石灰土有效磷质量分数高达9.29×10-6,随着石漠化程度的加深,土壤有效磷含量逐渐减少;②土壤剖面中有效磷质量分数均表现为表土层高于心土层,且随着石漠化的发展,有效磷质量分数在剖面中减少得越慢;③土壤有效磷质量分数随时间有显著变化,有效磷从5月开始积累,7月后出现下降趋势,9月或11月又逐渐升高,到翌年1月达到峰值;④土壤有效磷与有机质和黏粒质量分数均呈极显著线性相关,相关系数分别为0.901 7和-0.777 2.这说明增加有机质的积累可提高土壤有效磷质量分数,对防治石漠化具有重要意义.     

西南喀斯特地区不同石漠化阶段土壤黏土矿物组成及其含量变异研究

为了探索西南喀斯特地区土壤中黏土矿物组成及其含量的变异规律,以贵州省普定县和荔波县不同石漠化阶段典型土壤的黏土矿物为例,采用X-射线衍射仪图谱分析方法,计算得到黏土矿物组成及其含量,探讨不同石漠化阶段黏土矿物组成变化规律及其含量之间的线性关系.结果表明:不同石漠化阶段黏土矿物的组成是相同的,均为高岭石、蒙脱石和伊利石;在未石漠化、轻度石漠化、中度石漠化阶段,蒙脱石在剖面表层的质量分数分别为27.82％、29.34％、58.32％,高岭石分别为21.39％、31.81％、36.93％,伊利石分别为50.79％、38.85％、4.75％;在西南喀斯特地区,各石漠化阶段伊利石与蒙脱石的含量之间以及伊利石和高岭石的含量之间都呈显著的线性相关,相关系数分别为-0.970 3、-0.945 6;西南喀斯特地区土壤相似的成土作用和成土环境造成了黏土矿物相同的组成,而黏土矿物含量的差异说明各成土作用的程度或阶段是不同的;粉粒中的黏土矿物主要为石英和白云母,而砂砾中的黏土矿物主要为石英.     

基于ArcObjects的喀斯特石漠化动态监测与驱动诊断信息系统开发研究

本文主要介绍了喀斯特石漠化动态监测与驱动诊断信息系统(KRD.DMDM.IS)的研制。文章论述了该系统应用的ArcObjects技术及其二次开发层次、一般开发步骤和应用的部分接口,采用了Geodatabase数据模型建立数据库,并将支持C/S体系结构的空间数据库管理器(ArcSDE)集成于系统中来,较好地解决了对空间和非空间数据进行高效率操作的数据库接口;构建了马尔柯夫模型和驱动诊断模型,对广西都安瑶族自治县的石漠化动态变化、演变趋势和形成机制进行了深入分析,从而为该地区的喀斯特石漠化综合治理工作提供有益的帮助。     

基于无人机航摄影像的喀斯特地区裸岩信息提取及景观格局分析

喀斯特地区不同石漠化等级的结构和格局是实现区域石漠化治理的重要基础信息,受技术手段的限制,目前这方面的研究进展仍非常缓慢。随着无人机技术的快速发展,高精度的地表信息获取越来越方便、且成本较低。本研究利用无人机影像,对比了基于像元的非监督和监督分类方法以及面向对象的分类方法在裸岩信息提取中的表现,发现面向对象分类结果具有更高精度。基于获得的裸岩分布信息的研究结果表明：① 岩石平均斑块面积与裸岩率呈负相关的关系,岩石斑块个数与裸岩率呈正相关关系;② 通过对比不同裸岩率（11%、20%、29%和48%）基质的景观斑块指数、景观形状指数和景观破碎度指数对不同裸岩率的景观分布的影响,从而表明了在不同的石漠化地区随着裸岩率的增加,岩石形状指数与岩石破碎度指数均逐渐增加,进而表明石漠化程度越严重;③ 裸岩率不同的地区表现不同的分布形态和斑块特征,裸岩率越高,岩石越破碎,斑块分布较为分散。小尺度斑块景观格局与区域的生态过程有着重要关系,开展小尺度景观格局的研究会深化区域尺度石漠化发展过程的理解。石漠化地区的小尺度斑块景观格局变化影响区域的生态过程,对以后的石漠化过程以及未来石漠化演变的发展有重要的启示作用。     

喀斯特地区水生光合生物群落结构组成及其对微量元素的影响

微量元素是影响喀斯特地表水体水质的重要因素,水生光合生物在光合代谢过程中能够吸收并去除部分有害元素,然而关于不同水生光合生物群落结构组成对微量元素的吸收效果和去除潜力如何目前则少有研究。基于普定喀斯特生态系统国家野外观测站的野外监测、系统采样和实验测定以及统计分析,构建了由裸岩地、裸土地、耕地、草地和灌丛地5种土地利用组成的植被-土壤-地下水-地表水模拟生态系统,并以其中的地表水生生态系统为研究对象,开展了水生光合生物群落结构组成对微量元素去除潜力及控制机制的研究。结果表明：(1)地表水水化学和水生光合生物量受季节变化与土地利用类型影响显著;(2)Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Fe和Zn 6种微量元素浓度在不同喀斯特水生光合生物系统中存在显著差异,浮游-沉水共存系统对Mn, Co, Ni, Fe和Zn的吸收和去除能力优于单一浮游系统;(3)喀斯特地区的自然植被恢复(灌丛地和草地)促使地表水体形成的高溶解性无机碳(DIC)环境,有利于沉水植物生长,从而提高了对地表水体中Mn, Co, Ni, Fe和Zn等微量元素的去除潜力。这些认识将有助于岩溶区地表水体水生光合生物群落结构对地表水体微...     

地球物理数据网格化参数的确定及模型的选择

根据地质目标体不同,探测深度不同,物探测网所采用的比例尺不同,相同比例尺测量,由于异常细节差异,点线距不同,使得不同比例尺测网采集同一物探数据,由于网格化差异,异常形态不同。为了尽可能准确体现地下地质体的异常范围、异常形态,正确的选择网格化方法,使后期异常解释更准确,该文介绍了如何正确选择地球物理数据网格化参数的方法。     

冷却物冷藏间内湿空气热物理参数的计算

推导了冷却物冷藏间内湿空气热物理参数计算方程,并编制了湿空气热物理参数计算程序。该程序能快速、精确地计算冷却物冷藏间内不同气流速度、不同气压的湿气热物理参数     

喀斯特地区不同岩土组构对岩溶碳通量的影响

我国南方喀斯特地区岩石裸露率高、土层浅薄且分布不均,这种特殊的岩土组构如何影响水文过程对于准确估算岩溶碳通量具有重要意义。水化学径流法是计算流域尺度岩溶碳通量的常用方法,其中流域面积和流量作为2个重要参数在喀斯特地区往往难以准确获取。在普定喀斯特生态系统观测研究站设计了一组岩土比(1:1和4:1)和一组土层厚度(5,20,100 cm)共计5种岩土组构的模拟试验场。通过一个完整水文年的流量和水化学监测,定量研究了岩石裸露率和土层厚度对水文过程以及岩溶碳通量的影响。研究结果表明,5个模拟试验场岩溶碳通量平均值为(17±3) gC/m2/a,受渗漏量控制,雨季(5-10月)约占95%;岩石裸露率(2组岩土组构之间)对渗漏量的影响可达14%,且随着岩石裸露率增加,入渗系数也相应增加;土层厚度对渗漏量的影响仅在1%~2%之间。此外,对8个野外流域观测数据的分析发现,入渗系数与岩溶碳通量的相关性最为显著,说明入渗系数是喀斯特地区不同岩土组构地质背景影响和控制岩溶碳通量的主要因素,同时这种影响可能随降雨量变化而变化,即入渗系数并非常数。      

多种介质物理力学参数的同时反分析

为满足科研与生产的需要,基于有限元理论,推导了由现场位移观测值同时确定多种介质材料的物理力学参数的反分析模型。应用该模型进行的算例分析,表明了模型的正确性和有效性,且给出不同的初始值均能收敛到正确值。     

WRF模式中不同积云对流参数方案在四川地区试验研究

首先对WRF模式和积云对流参数化方案进行简要介绍,并采用该模式中六种不同积云对流参数方案对四川地区降水个例进行数值模拟,分析模拟结果并分析出针对四川复杂地区降水模拟效果最好的积云对流参数方案,旨在为WRF模式在四川地区的应用提供一定的参考价值。结果表明,从总体预报效果上来说,BMJ方案较好,其次是TS方案和KF方案。BMJ方案在模拟天气过程中对降水落区和降水强度的预报最接近实况,且从平均雨水混合比和平均云水混合比分析来看,该方案的数值模拟与降水场配合得当。另KF、BMJ、GD、SAS、G-3D和TS这六种积云对流参数方案均能够基本模拟出降水的范围但比实际降水范围大,其中降水强度上KF方案模拟较实况强。     

Human Driving Forces:Analysis of Rocky Desertification in Karst Region in Guanling County,Guizhou Province

Karst rocky desertification is one of the major ecological and environmental problems that threaten the sustainable development of southwestern China. It is caused by irrational and intensive land-use patterns in karst geo-ecological environment. Therefore, it is vital to identify how human forces work on this degraded environment. Based on the soil erosion information in 2000 and remote sensing images of Guanling County collected in 2000 and 2007, four grades of karst rocky desertification data in 14 villa...     

Rocky land desertification and its driving forces in the karst areas of rural Guangxi,Southwest China

With a subtropical climate, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region has a typical karst landscape. Rocky desertification has become a serious environmental issue due to its high vulnerability caused by the joint effect of natural settings and human activities, because of which its eco- environment has been deteriorated in recent years, and farmland has been disappearing sharply at the same time. This, in turn, has exacerbated the poverty level in the rural areas of the region. In this study, we monitored the spatial distribution of rocky land desertification and its temporal evolution using Landsat TM/ETM images of 1985, 1995, 2000 and 2005. We also analyzed the driving forces of the desertification and its expansion. Through constructing regression models by using all the relevant variables and considering the lagged effects as well as fixed effects, we quantified the exact role of different factors causing rocky land desertification in the study area with some new findings. The new findings in this study are greatly helpful for preserving, restoring and reconstructing the degraded mountain environment in Guangxi and other karst areas in Southwest China, and also for alleviating poverty in the rural areas in the future.     

Molecular Fingerprints of Soil Organic Matter in a Typical Freshwater Wetland in Northeast China

Natural wetlands are known to store huge amounts of organic carbon in their soils. Despite the importance of this storage,uncertainties remain about the molecular characteristics of soil organic matter(SOM), a key factor governing the stability of soil organic carbon(SOC). In this study, the molecular fingerprints of SOM in a typical freshwater wetland in Northeast China were investigated using pyrolysis gas-chromatography/mass-spectrometry technology(Py-GC/MS). Results indicated that the SOC, total nitrogen(TN),and total sulfur contents of the cores varied between 16.88% and 45.83%, 0.93% and 2.82%, and 1.09% and 3.79%, respectively. The bulk δ^13C and δ^15N varied over a range of 9.85‰, between –26.85‰ and –17.00‰, and between –0.126‰ and 1.002‰, respectively. A total of 134 different pyrolytic products were identified, and they were grouped into alkyl(including n-alkanes(C:0) and n-alkenes(C:1),aliphatics(Al), aromatics(Ar), lignin(Lg), nitrogen-containing compounds(Nc), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs), phenols(Phs), polysaccharides(Ps), and sulfur-containing compounds(Sc). On average, Phs moieties accounted for roughly 24.11% peak areas of the total pyrolysis products, followed by Lg(19.27%), alkyl(18.96%), other aliphatics(12.39%), Nc compounds(8.08%), Ps(6.49%), aromatics(6.32%), Sc(3.26%), and PAHs(1.12%). Soil organic matter from wetlands had more Phs and Lg and less Nc moieties in pyrolytic products than soil organic matters from forests, lake sediments, pastures, and farmland.δ^13 C distribution patterns implied more C3 plant-derived soil organic matter, but the vegetation was in succession to C4 plant from C3 plant. Significant negative correlations between Lg or Ps proportions and C3 plant proportions were observed. Multiple linear analyses implied that the Ar and Al components had negative effects on SOC. Alkyl and Ar could facilitate ratios between SOC and total nitrogen(C/N), while Al plays the opposite role. Al was positively related to the ratio of dissolved organic carbon(DOC) to SOC. In summary, SOM of wetlands might characterize by more Phs and lignin and less Nc moieties in pyrolytic products. The use of Pyrolysis gas-chromatography/mass-spectrometry(Py-GC/MS) technology provided detailed information on the molecular characteristics of SOM from a typical freshwater wetland.     

Simulation of morphological development of soil cracks in Yuanmou Dry-hot Valley region,Southwest China

Soil cracking is an important process influencing water and solutes transport in the Yuanmou Dry-hot Valley region of Southwest China. Studying the morphological development of soil cracks helps to further reveal the close relationship between the soil cracking process and water movement in such semi-arid regions. Here we report regular changes on surface morphology of soil cracks with decreasing water in four different soils (Typ-Ustic Ferrisols,Ver-Ustic Ferrisols,Tru-Ustic Vertisols and Typ-Ustic Vertiso...     

Effects of plant types on physico-chemical properties of reclaimed mining soil in Inner Mongolia,China

A field experiment was conducted in Jungar Banner, Inner Mongolia, China to study the effects of plant types on the physical structure and chemical properties of open-cast mining soils reclaimed for 15 years, and to analyze the triggering factors of the soil formation. Results indicate that plant types affect soil-forming process especially in the upper layer (0–20 cm), and the spatial structure of reclaimed plant is the main reason for variability of the soil-forming process. In the upper soil layer at the site reclaimed with mixed plants, the concentrations of soil organic matter (SOM) and soil organic carbon (SOC) are the highest, and they were significantly higher at the sites reclaimed with Leymus chinensis, Caragana sinica, which is mainly due to a large amount of litter fall and root exudation in herbages and shrubs. However, the concentrations of SOM and SOC in the soils at the reclaimed sites are quite low comparing with those in local primary soil, which indicates the importance of using organic amendments during the ecological restoration in the study area.     

Seasonal variations of riverine organic carbon contents in Makou and Hekou gauge stations of the Zhujiang River, China

Water samples were collected and analyzed in high water season (July 1997) and in middle water season (October, 1997) from two main lower reach gauge stations of the Zhujiang (Pearl) River, namely Hekou and Makou, respectively. Content of particulate organic carbon is always higher than that of dissolved organic carbon in both seasons, which is obviously different from the global average pattern, i.e. dissolved organic carbon is the dominant component of the transported riverine organic carbon. The content of dissolved and particulate organic carbon changes with the water levels in a direct ratio. The percentage of organic carbon in total suspended substance changes with the content of total suspended substance in an inverse ratio. The more intense is the soil erosion in the drainage, the more concentrated is the riverine organic carbon in the river. The contribution of autochthonous organic carbon is large in high water season than in middle water season. Fundation item: This project was supported financially by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 49901002), the key funds of resources and eco-environmental research of the CAS (No. KZ952-J1-402), a funds of the state key laboratory of organic geochemistry, and Guangdong Province Science Funds (No. 984131). Biography: Gao Quan-zhou (1965 —), male, a native of Anhui Province, associate professor. His research interests are geomorphology and Quaternary geochemistry.     

近30年来青海省三江源区草地的土壤侵蚀时空分析

分析了青海省三江源区草地生态系统土壤侵蚀的空间差异,以及草地退化与土壤侵蚀的关系,并对该区近30年来土壤侵蚀的动念变化进行描述.结果表明,该区域微度以上土壤侵蚀面积占源区总面积的46.47%,而草地生态系统发生微度以上土壤侵蚀的面积比例达56.04%.源区土壤侵蚀类型是以冻融侵蚀伴随着水力侵蚀或风力侵蚀的复合侵蚀为主,...