Studies on urban heat islands using envisat AATSR data

Urbanization has significant effects on local weather and climate and among these effects one of the most familiar is the urban heat island, for which the temperatures of the central urban locations are several degrees higher than those of nearby rural areas of similar elevation. Satellite data provides important inputs for estimating regional surface albedo and evapotranspiration required in the studies related to surface energy balance. Present study describes the analysis of day and night ENVISAT-AATSR satellite data for Urban heat island and surface thermal inertia. Field campaigns have been conducted in synchronous with the satellite data over pass for validating the surface temperature estimated from AATSR data. Satellite derived surface temperature values are within ±1° C from ground measured values. Heat island formations in urban regions of Hyderabad and environs can be clearly seen in the night time data with core urban regions showing high temperatures. Apparent thermal inertia derived from AATSR day and night data sets have shown typical variations over urban regions.     

atmospheric corrections to thermal IR data for estimation of land surface temperature

Satellite data provides important inputs far estimating regional surface emisslviiy and surface temperature. The methodology for estimation of emissivity over heterogeneous areas is based on the calculation of fraction vegetation cover per pixel taking NDVI, reflectances of pure pixels as input. The surface temperature is calculated using a sptit-window equation, which depends on atmospheric water vapour, viewing angle and channel surface emissivities. In the present study model coefficients for atmospheric corrections to NOAA AVHRR thermal data Fqr tropical atmospheres have been derived with a view to operationally use the methodolpgy for generating land surface temperature information from satellite data. The results of the study show that the estimated temperature values are comparable with the ctimatological values over the region Suggesting the possible use of the methodology.     

土壤蒸发和植被蒸腾遥感估算与验证

地表蒸散发是土壤—植被—大气系统中能量和水循环的重要环节,它包括土壤、水体和植被表面的蒸发,以及植被蒸腾。随着地表参数多源遥感产品的快速发展,利用不同地表参数遥感产品估算地表蒸散发以及其组分土壤蒸发和植被蒸腾成为日常监测越来越便利,监测尺度已从单站扩展到田块、区域乃至全球。目前地表蒸散发双层遥感估算模型按照建模机理的不同可分为:系列模型、平行模型、基于特征空间的模型、结合传统方法的模型以及数据同化方法。本文从模型构建物理机制、模型驱动数据以及模型输出结果验证等方面总结了上述模型的发展历史和现状,并指出在模型结构与参数化方案的优化、高分辨率模型驱动数据的发展、土壤蒸发和植被蒸腾像元尺度"地面真值"的获取等方面都仍需进一步完善。     

异质性地表反照率遥感产品真实性检验研究现状及挑战

地表反照率直接决定了地表能够吸收到的太阳辐射能量,是研究气候变化、能量平衡的一个关键参数。遥感为大尺度、连续获取地表反照率提供了一种有效的观测手段。但遥感数据本身的精度限制和反演模型的不确定性,使基于卫星数据反演的反照率产品存在误差,而这种误差的存在又会影响产品的进一步应用。正确的认识这种误差有助于提高产品的应用精度,深化其应用的深度和广度。真实性检验就是正确认识卫星反照率产品准确性、稳定性的重要手段,它是卫星产品从生产到应用的桥梁。虽然目前已经开展了大量的真实性检验工作,但即使是针对同一种卫星产品,真实性检验的结果往往并不一致。其根本原因在于验证中所采用的参考值能不能够准确地代表卫星像元尺度的地面真值。地面观测和卫星产品像元之间巨大的尺度差异以及广泛分布的地表异质性,使地面观测并不能直接作为像元尺度真值与卫星产品进行简单的对比。因此真实性检验过程并不是直接的,而是需要经过一系列严格、独立的过程得到像元尺度真值后与产品在一定的空间和时间范围内进行对比。针对目前真实性检验结果准确性和可信度不高等问题,本文尝试从地面实测数据、尺度转换、验证方式、评价方法及验证中存在的问题等几个方面来论述反照率产品的真实性检验现状及挑战。     

Impact of the spatial resolution on the energy balance components on an open-canopy olive orchard

The recent technical improvements in the sensors used to acquire images from land surfaces has made possible to assess the performance of the energy balance models using unprecedented spatial resolutions. Thus, the objective of this work is to evaluate the response of the different energy balance components obtained from METRIC model as a function of the input pixel size. Very high spatial resolution airborne images (≈50 cm) on three dates over olive orchards were used to aggregate different spatial resolutions, ranging from 5 m to 1 km. This study represents the first time that METRIC model has been run with such high spatial resolution imagery in heterogeneous agricultural systems, evaluating the effects caused by its aggregation into coarser pixel sizes. Net radiation and soil heat flux showed a near insensitive behavior to spatial resolution changes, reflecting that the emissivity and albedo respond linearly to pixel aggregation. However, greater discrepancies were obtained for sensible (up to 17%) and latent (up to 23%) heat fluxes at spatial resolutions coarser than 30 × 30 m due to the aggregation of non-linear components, and to the inclusion of non-agricultural areas in such aggregation. Results obtained confirm the good performance of METRIC model when used with high spatial resolution imagery, whereas they warn of some major errors in crop evapotranspiration estimation when medium or large scales are used.     

Field validation of the GLASS land surface broadband emissivity database using pseudo-invariant sand dune sites in northern China

The land surface broadband emissivity (LSBE) is a key parameter for estimating surface radiation, and there have been many studies of the LSBE at global or local scales. However, few studies have validated the surface emissivity database with multi-point field measurement data using infrared radiometry, especially in China. In this study, we focus on the validation of the emissivity product of the global land surface satellite (GLASS) LSBE database for northern China for the period from 2006 to 2011. Specifically, we have employed an eight-day averaged, gridded emissivity product in the 8–13.5 µm spectral range produced at a spatial resolution of 1000 m from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer albedo product using a new algorithm. The GLASS LSBE database was validated over bare surfaces with field measurement data from sand samples collected at many pseudo-invariant sand dune sites located in western and northwestern China. By comparing measured emissivity for different land surface types at different sites and different times, it was shown that the results were consistent and that the accuracy of the field measurements was reliable. The results of the validation of GLASS LSBE with these field emissivity data showed very good agreement.     

A simple surface energy balance to derive evapotranspiration from remote sensing and conventional meteorological observations

Monthly mean measurements of surface temperature, albedo and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) of NOAA AVHRR are processed for Maharashtra. These data are used in combination with monthly average surface meteorological observations in a surface energy balance model to estimate monthly mean actual evapotranspiration (AET) from different climatic zones of Maharasthra,. India. AET is estimated between April and December months for two contrasting monsoons in 1992 and 1995. Estimates reasonably agree with pan evaporation data during growing season and with AET estimated from water balance procedure. AET is low in semi-arid dry land areas of central Maharashtra and significantly high in the humid-perhumid western ghat region and subhumid eastern Maharashtra region. The modeled evapotranspiration show the influence of seasonal vegetation in different climatic zones from the region. The method can be used to obtain large-scale evapotranspiration with minimum ground observations.     

Land Surface Emissivity and Temperature Determination Using NOAA‐AVHRR Data

Abstract

Studies on land surface processes using remote sensing data gains importance in the context of Geosphere Biosphere Programme. Present study addresses the applicability of split‐window method, in a tropical environment for mapping of surface temperature over heterogeneous surface from satellite data. The accuracy of the method is about +2.2°K, which is reasonable value taking into account the atmospheric attenuation in tropical environment. An attempt has been made to derive emissivity from normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) by taking into account the fraction of vegetation cover of each pixel, which is determined by satellite data. The emissivity values estimated from satellite data found to be in reasonable agreement with an estimated error of less than 1%. The results of the study indicate the potential use of NDVI as a modulating parameter in the land surface temperature estimation from satellite data.     

卫星遥感数据的像元地面反射率反演计算

本文探讨了一种在卫星遥感数据地面辐射改正的基础上,利用少量离散分布的观测数据逐点的计算研究区域卫星像片像元地面反射率的方法。该项研究在遥感应用基础和山地辐射状况的研究中有重要意义。     

全球气候数据集生成及气候变化应用研究

科技部在"十三五"期间部署的国家重点研发计划"全球变化及应对"专项资助了"全球气候数据集生成及气候变化关键过程和要素监测"研究项目。项目围绕由全球气候观测系统提出的基本气候变量,完善地空天基观测体系,生成中国首套以遥感数据为主体的涵盖大气、海洋和陆表长时间序列、高精度、高时空一致性的产品,即气候数据集,动态监测全球变化关键过程和要素。     

关键陆表参数遥感产品真实性检验方法研究进展

遥感产品真实性检验是定量遥感基础研究的重要环节,是客观评价遥感产品精度、稳定性和一致性的重要手段,对于提高遥感定量化水平、推动和扩展遥感产品的深化应用具有重要的意义。本文基于当前陆表参数遥感产品真实性检验研究的相关成果,归纳总结了陆表参数遥感产品真实性检验方法,并就其中的5种真实性检验方法,即基于地面单点测量检验、基于地面多点采样检验、基于高分辨率数据的检验、交叉检验和间接检验,阐述了各方法的特点、局限性、适用条件。文章在最后探讨了陆表关键参数遥感产品真实性检验评价指标和验证中影响精度评价的关键因素。本文对于遥感产品真实性检验工作的开展和真实性检验系统研发具有重要的指导意义。     

利用中国通量网和MODIS数据评估MISR地表反照率产品

地表反照率是反映地表能量平衡的重要参数。本文通过中国陆地生态系统通量观测研究网络的实测反照率和MODIS的地表反照率产品对MISR的短波反照率数据进行验证和分析:提取了中国通量网中的8个站点的数据和对应的MODIS、MISR的反照率产品用于验证。验证的结果显示,在多数站点,MISR短波反照率能与地面数据相吻合,大部分的反演误差都集中在0.04以内;MISR与MODIS短波反照率的吻合度更高,总体的误差为0.018,均方根误差在0.04左右。总的来说,MISR地表反照率产品具有较高的反演质量。     

MODIS数据估算区域蒸散量的空间尺度误差纠正方法研究

探讨了使用中高分辨率卫星数据提供的地表分类以及植被指数信息与中低分辨率卫星数据相结合,在混合像元内部进行亚像元处理,以纠正混合像元造成的通量估算误差的方法。其意义在于利用中低分辨率卫星数据进行长期大面积蒸散监测时,只需要少量的中高分辨率数据支持,就可以在一定程度上改善监测结果,具有很好的可操作性。     

A disaggregation approach for estimating high spatial resolution broadband emissivity for bare soils from Landsat surface reflectance

High spatial resolution land surface broadband emissivity (BBE) is not only useful for surface energy balance studies at local scales, but also can bridge the gap between existing coarser resolution BBE products and point-based field measurements. This study proposes a disaggregation approach that utilizes the established BBE–reflectance relationship for estimating high spatial resolution BBE for bare soils from Landsat surface reflectance data. The disaggregated BBE is compared to the BBE calculated from spatial–temporal matched Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflectance Radiometer emissivity product. Comparison results show that better agreement is achieved over relative homogeneous areas, but deteriorated over heterogeneous and cloud-contaminated areas. In addition, field-measured emissivity data over large homogeneous desert were also used to validate the disaggregated BBE, and the bias is 0.005. The comparison and validation results indicated that the disaggregation approach can obtain high spatial resolution BBE with better accuracy for homogeneous area.     

利用ATSR—2数据提取地表组分温度

发展了一种迭代算法，能够利用ATSR－2双角观测同时进行大气校正和反演地表的组分（植被和土壤）温度。在算法中，全球通用二次方（QUAD）算法用于进行大气校正，LSF模型用于计算等效方向发射率，通过迭代的方法，同时反演地表组分温度和进行大气校正。结果表明，在可接受的范围内，土壤温度和植被温度可以被分离开来，而且，反演出的两个方向发射率的差和经过大气校正后的两个方向亮温的差有很好的相关性。更进一步的敏感性和不确定性分析表明，如果利用USM进行分阶段反演，可以得到更好的结果。     

Remotely sensed canopy temperature based evapotranspiration models for wheat

Field studies were conducted on differentially irrigated wheat (Cv. ‘Sonalika’), on a sandy loam soil at Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi to evaluate the surface energy balance evapotranspiration (ET) models which use remotely sensed canopy temperature as an input. Four energy balance ET models were used in this study viz. Jackson et. al. (1977) approach; Bartholic et. al. (1970) and stability corrected and uncorrected aerodynamic resistance forms of models. To test the model, ET was estimated using remotely sensed canopy temperatrue, with the remaining to ET measured by water depletion method. Aerodynamic resistance forms of ET models performed well as compared to other models. Results indicate that remotely sensed canopy temperature as an input to surface energy balance models, offers a potential method of estimating ET from a cropped surface.     

遥感估算地表蒸散发真实性检验研究进展

地表蒸散发是连接土壤—植被—大气连续体的纽带,结合遥感技术估算地表蒸散发已成为获取区域乃至全球尺度时空连续地表蒸散发量的有效手段。由于遥感估算地表蒸散发容易受到地表空间异质性和近地层气象条件复杂性的影响,在模型机理与变量参数化方案、输入数据和时间尺度扩展等方面存在不确定性,影响了其准确度的提高和应用范围的拓展,因此需要开展真实性检验。本文综述了当前遥感估算地表蒸散发(包括植被蒸腾和土壤蒸发)真实性检验研究的相关成果,重点归纳并总结了应用于遥感估算地表蒸散发真实性检验的直接检验法和间接检法的主要原理、适用性和优缺点,在此基础上阐述了当前遥感估算地表蒸散发真实性检验研究所面临的挑战。分析表明：由于地表空间异质性的普遍存在,遥感估算地表蒸散发真实性检验研究在理论和方法方面还受到诸多挑战,今后应打破地表蒸散发遥感产品真实性检验局限在均匀地表的传统思路,发展非均匀地表遥感估算地表蒸散发真实性检验的理论框架,包括地表水热状况空间异质性的度量、非均匀地表验证场的优化布设、非均匀下垫面地表蒸散发的多尺度观测试验、卫星像元/区域尺度地表蒸散发相对真值的获取、验证过程中的不确定性分析以及遥感估算地表蒸散发的实证研究等,并构建一个多源、多尺度、多方法、多层次的真实性检验技术流程,以期把遥感估算地表蒸散发真实性检验作为突破口,提升相应遥感产品的应用水平,推动定量遥感科学的发展。     

Surface albedo from the geostationary Communication,Ocean and Meteorological Satellite (COMS)/Meteorological Imager (MI) observation system

The surface albedo is an essential climate variable that is considered in many applications used for predicting climate and understanding the mechanisms of climate change. In this study, surface albedo was estimated using a bidirectional reflectance distribution function model based on Communication, Ocean and Meteorological Satellite/Meteorological Imager data. Geostationary orbiting satellite data are suitable for a level 2 product like albedo, which requires a synthetic process to estimate. The authors modified established methods to consider the geometry of the solar-surface-sensor of COMS/MI. Of note, the viewing zenith angle term was removed from the kernel integration used for estimating spectral albedo. Finally, the spectral (narrow) albedo was converted into the broadband albedo with shortwave length (approximately 0.3–2.5 μm). This study determined conversion coefficients using only one spectral albedo of visible channel. The estimated albedo had a relatively high correlation with Satellite Pour l’Observation de la Terre/Vegetation and low unweighted error values specific for land types or times. The validation results show that estimated albedo has a root mean square error of 0.0134 at Jeju flux site that indicates accuracy similar to that of other satellite-based products.     

A New SEBAL Approach Modified with Backtracking Search Algorithm for Actual Evapotranspiration Mapping and On-Site Application

Actual evapotranspiration is one of the most important component for efficient water management and planning. Until recently, evapotranspiration computations and measurements have been performed locally. But, in recent years, actual evapotranspiration computations can be calculated regionally thanks to improvements on remote sensing discipline and satellites. Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) is one of the most commonly preferred technics for actual evapotranspiration mapping. However, this algorithm has some difficulties such as mismatch with Landsat 8 and hot–wet pixel selection which require expert knowledge. In this paper, a novel SEBAL based approach (SEBAL-BSA), which can use Landsat 8 images as data and can automatically perform hot–wet pixel selection using Backtracking Search Algorithm (BSA) with ground control points, has been proposed. SEBAL-BSA was developed and tested using January 22–2015, April 28–2015 and July 01–2015 dated Landsat 8 images in Akarsu Irrigation Water User Association command area in the Çukurova Region of Turkey and actual evapotranspiration mapping was realized without albedo measurements. Accuracy of SEBAL-BSA has been examined by comparing values of predefined ground truth points and values obtained from proposed approach. According to results of parametric matched pairs T test and nonparametric Wilcoxon sign rank test, SEBAL-BSA is highly successful. Applications also show that the SEBAL-BSA is a user-friendly approach for institutions and organizations related to water authorization and management.     

互补相关理论在卫星遥感领域的应用研究

由于地球各种运动和纬度的不同,使能量的分布在时间和空间上明显不均一,导致大气、海洋、冰雪层、陆地和生物发生重大变化。在某些时间尺度上,此种影响的重要性甚至超过太阳活动本身变化对于地球系统的影响。地表温度、地表反照率、潜热交换是刻划地气系统能量交换的３个重要参数,以中国华北地区为例,将互补相关理论应用于遥感领域,应用ＮＯＡＡ／ＡＶＨＲＲ气象卫星资料,对互补相关模式中所需的反照率、表面温度,完全应用遥感数据反演;对互补相关理论中涉及到的大尺度平流参数、Ｐｅｎｍａｎ分式、辐射项等因子进行了订正,并将互补相关理论应用于流域、湖泊、区域农田蒸发的计算中。