粉砂质板岩力学特性及各向异性特性

为研究鄂西北地区板岩的力学特性及各向异性特征,开展了志留系粉砂质板岩的单轴压缩和巴西劈裂试验,分析了试样的力学特性和各向异性特征以及在不同荷载作用下的变形破坏模式,揭示了不同破坏模式的力学机制,并通过数值分析研究了不同板理面角度板岩边坡破坏模式及力学机制。研究结果表明,粉砂质板岩中的板理面是影响岩体力学行为的弱面,使得粉砂质板岩表现出明显的各向异性的特征。在单轴压缩条件下,粉砂质板岩在垂直板理面方向比平行板理面方向更易变形,变形量更大;平行板理面方向加载时试样破坏类型为竖向劈裂型张拉破坏,其实质是压杆失稳;垂直板理面加载时试样的破坏类型为穿切板理面的劈裂型剪切破坏;所测得的力学参数各向异性也较明显。在劈裂荷载作用下,粉砂质板岩的破坏模式主要有张拉劈裂破坏和沿板理面剪切破坏两种,所得抗拉强度在平行板理面方向上最大,在垂直板理面方向上最小,两个方向上的抗拉强度均小于抗压强度。由于板理面间的抗拉强度极低,在受到与板理面呈小角度相交的劈裂荷载作用时,容易产生沿板理面的张拉劈裂或拉剪破坏,在实际工程中应尽量避免板理面间的受拉破坏和沿板理面的拉剪破坏。在边坡工程中,板理面倾向、倾角对边坡破坏模式及力学机制有较大影响,边坡防护治理需充分考虑这一影响。上述研究为粉砂质板岩区岩质边坡防护治理以及其他岩石工程设计与施工提供理论依据与技术基础。     

冻融循环作用下板岩弹性参数及单轴抗压强度研究

为揭示冻融循环作用对板岩弹性参数及单轴抗压强度的影响,采用DX-40型低温数控箱、DNS100微型控制电子万能试验机进行7种层理倾角(?)、6种冻融循环次数的单轴压缩试验,对其5个弹性参数、单轴抗压强度及破坏类型的变化规律进行分析。试验结果表明:板岩弹性模量、剪切模量和单轴抗压强度随冻融循环次数增加呈指数下降趋势,泊松比随冻融循环次数增加呈线性增加趋势;板岩单轴抗压强度随层理倾角增加呈先减后增的变化趋势;冻融循环作用下板岩破坏类型有3种:当0°≤?≤26.6°时,沿与竖直轴线呈一定角度方向发生剪切破坏;当26.6°≤?≤83.0°时,沿层理面发生剪切破坏;当83.0°≤?≤90°时,沿垂直方向发生劈裂破坏。在Jaeger单弱面理论的基础上,建立了以冻融循环次数和层理倾角为控制变量的板岩单轴抗压强度预测模型,并通过试验数据验证了模型的合理性,表明该模型能较好地描述冻融循环次数和层理倾角对冻融板岩单轴抗压强度的影响。     

黄河上游某倾倒体的时效变形研究

黄河上游某巨型倾倒体主要由反倾层状砂岩和板岩相间分布构成,砂岩层以倾倒拉裂为主,板岩层以弯曲变形为主,两种不同的时效变形组合导致整个倾倒体的演化具有长期性、累进性和阶段性的特征。基于岩体组合模式和变形破坏表现形式,研究两种岩层的时效变形空间分布特征,总结整个坡体的时空演化规律,并探究其成因机理,论述岩体组合模式、岩体结构、卸荷裂隙以及地形地貌等因素对倾倒体演化的影响。     

湖南板岩地区水文地质特征及找水方面

板岩地区是地下水资源相对贫乏区，本文系统地阐述了我省板岩地区的水文地质特征及找水方向和方法，对提高板岩地区的找水成功率具有现实指导意义。     

西藏玉曲河下游岸坡倾倒变形机制及稳定性分析

西藏玉曲河下游河谷由板岩组成的岸坡普遍发生倾倒变形,其变形特征在青藏高原东南部"三江"地区具有典型性。随着该地区水利水电项目的不断开发,倾倒变形边坡问题日益突出。本文根据在工程实践中遇到的倾倒变形边坡问题,采用现场调查、勘探和原位试验的方法,重点对边坡变形特征与板岩变形特性的相关性进行研究,并分析了3种倾倒类型：倾倒折断型呈脆性破坏,破坏模式主要为由前部向后部逐级后退式破坏,适合采用极限平衡方法进行稳定性分析;倾倒弯曲型属延性变形,破坏模式主要为边坡浅部的坠覆和松驰,适合采用建立在非连续介质模型基础上的应力应变分析方法;倾倒揉皱弯曲型与倾倒弯曲型类似,仅是在倾倒弯曲的基础上叠加了冰川的推覆作用而发生褶曲。     

雪峰山隧道砂板岩各向异性力学特性的试验研究

利用MTS815 Flex GT岩石力学试验系统,对雪峰山隧道围岩中的砂板岩开展单轴和三轴试验,研究这种砂板岩中的细微层理对岩石变形特性、强度特性及其参数的影响,结果表明：岩石力学特性的各向异性特征显著。层理面与轴向力夹角0°时应力-应变曲线呈不稳定破裂特征,破坏面沿层理面方向发育;夹角90°时曲线呈峰后迅速软化特征,破坏面为对角贯通性剪切破坏。单轴试验中夹角0°的抗压强度比夹角90°高出约20%,弹性模量和变形模量比夹角90°分别约大50%和80%。三轴试验中2种夹角情况破坏时主应力差 相近,夹角0°的弹性模量和变形模量分别比夹角90°时约大6%和20%,围压对砂板岩的各向异性特征有弱化效应。这些结论揭示了该砂板岩各向异性的力学特性,对解决工程实际问题有重要的参考价值     

基于声发射多重分形特征的层状板岩失稳前兆研究

为探究层状板岩失稳前兆,开展了5组不同层理倾角（0°、30°、45°、60°、90°）板岩的单轴压缩试验,分析了其破坏形态、声发射参数及多重分形特征,讨论了多重分形谱宽Δα与损伤演化的关系,得到了基于多重分形的破坏前兆及预警时间。结果表明：当层理倾角由0°增加到90°时,板岩先由张拉劈裂破坏向劈裂剪切破坏转变,接着变为剪切滑移破坏,最终转变为张拉劈裂破坏;振铃计数突增以及低频-高幅信号比例的持续增加可作为板岩失稳前兆,且层状板岩在裂纹贯通阶段低频-高幅信号占比随层理倾角的增大呈先减后增的变化过程;多重分形谱宽?α先突减再突增也可作为不同层状板岩的失稳前兆,且Δα的突增时间提前于损伤突变,Δα预警时间随层理倾角的增大呈先增后减再增的变化过程,层理倾角为30°时预警时间最长。     

板岩遇水软化的微观结构及力学特性研究

通过偏光显微镜、电子扫描电镜、粉晶X射线衍射,测定板岩泡水过程中吸水率、润湿角的变化,不同浸泡时间下的矿物颗粒微观结构、孔隙度的变化,并通过三轴压缩实验,研究了板岩泡水后发生软化的过程与机理。研究表明：板岩在浸泡后吸水率受板岩内层理面的产状、密度等参数的影响而改变,随着泡水时间的增加,吸水率在最初两天内变化较大,后期变化不太明显;板岩内部矿物颗粒在浸泡过程中产生体积膨胀,胶结变得松散,颗粒膨胀的时间稍滞后于吸水率的变化过程;三轴压缩实验结果显示,板岩浸泡后发生软化,峰值抗压强度随着吸水率增加按负对数规律降低;微观结构分析及润湿角的降低趋势表明,随浸泡时间延长,矿物颗粒之间的毛细管力、表面张力降低,使得板岩内部黏结力降低,宏观上则体现为岩石发生软化;在垂直于层理面方向更易发生体积膨胀,因此岩石在浸泡后更易沿着层理面产生破坏。     

不同层理倾角炭质板岩巴西劈裂试验及数值研究

炭质板岩中层理软弱结构面对其破坏性态具有重要影响。以陕西岷县木寨岭隧道富含黏土矿物炭质板岩为研究对象,开展不同层理倾角炭质板岩巴西劈裂试验,并采用内聚力模型进行数值分析,研究结果表明:(1)不同层理倾角炭质板岩荷载-位移曲线形式具有一定相似性,具有压密―近线弹性―破坏跌落的基本特征;(2)随试样层理由Divider型及0o、30o、45o、60o、90o变化,其对应抗拉强度为1.65、1.59、1.12、0.89、0.76、0.66MPa,且该试样抗拉强度显著偏小,受固有缺陷、富含黏土矿物受加工时水岩作用及放置时间等损伤效应的影响;(3)破坏形态受层理影响显著,可分为张拉破坏、剪切破坏和基质及层理面间的拉剪组合破坏;(4)三维数值计算结果显示,内聚力模型所预测的炭质板岩巴西劈裂破坏过程和室内试验结果相比,具有较好的吻合度。所得内聚力模型断裂力学参数能够为相关岩性及工程的数值计算提供参考。     

古水水电站工程区域堆积体边坡工程地质分析

西南地区水电工程中堆积体边坡的稳定性问题研究对水电工程建设极为重要。堆积体边坡研究中比较关键的问题包括:堆积体的历史成因、不同条件下的力学参数取值和稳定性分析。本文通过对古水水电站坝址区域内下覆为板岩、上覆为堆积体的工程地质条件进行了相关分析,得到了该区域上覆堆积体和下覆板岩倾倒变形的历史演化过程:在冰水的携带作用下,边坡顶部的岩土体逐步向下迁移而形成堆积体,并且表现出明显的层状效应;板状岩体在构造运动、河谷下切和风化卸荷等共同作用下,加之上覆堆积体重量的不断增加,从而发生折断并导致倾倒变形。在对冰水堆积体物理力学特性分析的基础上,结合现场的工程地质调查,得到了区域内堆积体边坡的变形破坏模式表现为顺软弱面整体滑动破坏和局部圆弧型滑动。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861