The Ocean Community

Development of ocean community systems relating to the Taiwan Strait Tunnel (TST) project, with regionalization and multistage approach is proposed. The purposes of these systems are to assist the development of coastal marine lands and harbor facilities and to develop connecting isolated islands into an organized community by means of embankment roadways, tunnels, bridges, ferryboats, and so on. The major aim of such an approach is to develop the isolated abandoned islands into useful land improvement, expand the forest, agriculture, and fishing industries and other resources to generate additional revenue to subsidize some of the cost for building the TST. This article points out the systems' importance, outlines the general procedures, and discusses a possible transportation network connecting islands with land; and the outlines development of the knowledge-based expert system computer program to be applied to the ocean community systems relating to the TST project.     

把海洋开发作为跨世纪的国家战略

２１世纪将是全面开发利用海洋的时代，许多沿海国家将把海洋开发作为国家战略。我国是世界上人口最多的国家，陆地资源人均占有量少，更应该重视开发海洋，建设临海工业带，发展海洋农牧化，开发建设海运网络等。发展海洋经济必须走科技兴海之路，抓科技储备，改造传统产业，发展新兴产业，不断提高海洋开发生产力水平。     

Formation of submarine canyons on the flanks of the Canary Islands

Detailed morphological data collected from the submarine flanks of the Canary Islands have revealed numerous submarine canyons down to water depths of >3,000 m. These canyons are interpreted to have formed by submarine erosion. We postulate formation of proto-canyons by downslope-eroding mass flows which originate on land, enter the sea, and continue below sea level for several tens of kilometers. Once proto-canyons have been formed, they become deepened by further erosion and failures of the canyon walls and/or floor. Large amounts of sediments, funnelled through the canyons from the islands into the adjacent deep-ocean sedimentary basins, play an important role in the evolution of volcanic aprons surrounding ocean islands. Some major canyon systems appear to have persisted for at least 14 million years.     

InSAR detection of residual settlement of an ocean reclamation engineering project: a case study of Hong Kong International Airport

Man-made land or islands that are reclaimed from the sea are suitable for building airports, harbors, and industry parks for material transportation because of their broad air and land spaces. However, the reclaimed foundation settlement process is of public concern, including the continuous impact of ocean processes on its stability. The majority of the buildings and facilities of Hong Kong International Airport (HKIA) are built on a reclaimed foundation. The reclaimed foundation has been in residual settlement since completion of the filling project in 1994. In this study, we use persistent scatterer interferometry (PSI) and ENVISAT (European Satellite) advanced synthetic aperture radar (ASAR) data to detect the residual settlement rates from 19 April 2006 to 9 January 2008. We use ground truth data to develop empirical correction models for correcting systematic biases in the ASAR PSI-detected settlement rates. The corrected data follow the Lorentz distribution well, implying that the residual settlement process is dominated by two modes or categories of settlement rates. The first category represents a relatively stable state and the second category represents a continuous settlement state. A ground settlement rate map of HKIA shows that an area of the Passenger Terminal Building and an area of the Southern Runway are two relatively stable areas. There are two major continuous settlement areas. One covers the airport Midfield. Another is along the coastline, implying that attention should be paid to impacts of ocean processes on the stability of airport foundations.     

Reducing Environmental Impact of Aggregate Excavation in Small Tropic Pacific Islands

Excavating sands and gravel on land in combination with constructing reservoirs for storing fresh water is an ideal approach in atolls. Appropriate mining of gravel from the prograding gravel beach is acceptable. Digging reef rock close to the edge of the wide ocean reef flat without surface loose sediments on it or sand beach can be accepted. Excavating sand from some depths in lagoon is a scientific approach particularly important for urbanized atolls. However, selecting appropriate sites for mining sand other than at some depths in lagoon is suitable to rural islands without dense populations. These sites include up drift side of long groin on the reef flat,partly filled access channel-port, outlet of artificial channel and lagoon margin on the prograding coast.     

Environmental Geotechnical Problems in the Taiwan Strait Area

This article presents general information on environmental geotechnical problems along the Taiwan Strait Tunnel (TST) route including sea-floor characteristics. The term apparent sea-floor is introduced. This layer is due to land erosion washing down and settling in the Taiwan Strait. The depth of ocean water along the Taiwan Strait is estimated. Various soil, and rock types and marine sediments along the coastline of mainland, Taiwan Strait, and Taiwan Islands are presented. Foundation problems under adverse marine environments are discussed.     

Environmental Geotechnical Problems in the Taiwan Strait Area

This article presents general information on environmental geotechnical problems along the Taiwan Strait Tunnel (TST) route including sea-floor characteristics. The term apparent sea-floor is introduced. This layer is due to land erosion washing down and settling in the Taiwan Strait. The depth of ocean water along the Taiwan Strait is estimated. Various soil, and rock types and marine sediments along the coastline of mainland, Taiwan Strait, and Taiwan Islands are presented. Foundation problems under adverse marine environments are discussed.     

California Current Large Marine Ecosystem: Publicly available dataset of state and federal laws and regulations

Transitioning ocean governance into an ecosystem-based approach requires improved knowledge of ecosystems and existing management systems. While there has been increased effort to compile and synthesize ecological data, relatively little scholarship has been focused on improving and understanding ocean management systems. This paper presents a unique dataset that makes objective analyses of ocean management possible across multiple jurisdictions and sectors in the California Current. Following an explanation of the criteria used to compile relevant statutes and regulations, the paper suggests applications for the dataset including education and policy uses and ecosystem-based management tool development to identify and measure problems of fragmented management.     

Early Stage Characteristics of Macro Engineering and Suggestions for the Taiwan Strait Tunnel Project

Taiwan Strait Tunnel (TST) is a Macro Engineering Project (MEP). Countries all over the world have accumulated much experience on MEPs. To study the early stage characteristics of MEPs would be significant for advancing the progress of TST project. This article summarizes some common characteristics in early stage of MEPs, such as Three Gorges, South-to-North Water Diversion, The Channel Tunnel, Confederation Bridge projects, and so on. Some suggestions on early stage development are given to TST project for reference.     

岛屿岛礁海域海浪能谱模型研究进展

波浪能谱模型在岛屿岛礁海域的波浪预报研究和海洋工程中应用广泛,但存在模式计算格点无法充分体现岛屿岛礁的复杂地形特征和很难刻画波浪受到岛屿岛礁影响发生变形物理过程等两个关键问题。多重网格嵌套方案、岛屿次网格地形效应计算方案以及非结构网格、无网格、动态自适应四叉树网格等技术在体现岛屿岛礁复杂地形方面取得了较好的效果;将相位解析模型与波浪能谱模型优势互补是提高能谱模型对岛屿近岸波浪变形物理过程计算能力的一个有效方法。开展球坐标系下波作用密度谱方程的自适应四叉树网格求解方法研究,借鉴相位解析模型最新成果完善能谱模式的绕射、反射、底摩擦等物理过程,是提高岛屿岛礁海域海浪精细预报技术水平的前沿性、探索性研究方向。     

Early Stage Characteristics of Macro Engineering and Suggestions for the Taiwan Strait Tunnel Project

Taiwan Strait Tunnel (TST) is a Macro Engineering Project (MEP). Countries all over the world have accumulated much experience on MEPs. To study the early stage characteristics of MEPs would be significant for advancing the progress of TST project. This article summarizes some common characteristics in early stage of MEPs, such as Three Gorges, South-to-North Water Diversion, The Channel Tunnel, Confederation Bridge projects, and so on. Some suggestions on early stage development are given to TST project for reference.     

有居民海岛土地开发利用强度评价研究——以东海岛为例

针对海岛土地资源的特殊性,制定了适合于有居民海岛的土地开发利用强度评价流程,给出了有居民海岛土地开发利用强度评价方法,并以东海岛为例,对其2006—2010年的土地资源开发强度进行评价。评价结果分为弱、较弱、中、较强、强和极强6个等级,各等级所占比重分别为94.00%、3.28%、1.98%、0.59%、0.04%和0.11%。评价结果表明,东海岛2006—2010年土地资源总体开发强度较弱。     

粤港澳大湾区海岛空间分布特征探析

海岛是海洋资源开发利用价值的核心内容之一。为合理保护及开发利用粤港澳大湾区海岛资源,促进海岛产业布局优化,从海岛资源空间分布角度出发,探析海岛在粤港澳大湾区发展中重点平台的作用。以粤港澳大湾区纳入中国海域海岛标准名录的850个海岛为研究对象,在对其地理坐标、陆域面积等基础数据进行数理统计的基础上,通过ArcGIS软件平台,采用最邻近距离法、核密度估计法、洛伦兹曲线和基尼系数方法,对粤港澳大湾区海岛的空间分布特征进行了分析与研究。结果表明:粤港澳大湾区海岛在空间上趋于集聚分布,呈现总体带状分布,局部组团分布的特点,形成了湾区西部海岛分布带和大鹏湾-大亚湾区、九州列岛区、万山-佳蓬担杆列岛区、川山群岛区4个明显的集聚区;粤港澳大湾区海岛以沿岸岛为主,面积分布呈现不均衡性的特点,基尼系数达0.58。     

适用于并网型海洋能发电装置的防孤岛检测方法研究及系统设计

针对海洋能发电装置的研究现状和未来发展,预计并网型海洋能发电装置会成为重要发展方向,主要是在用户侧并网。发电装置与本地负载会产生孤岛效应,对电网和发电装置的安全性和稳定性产生严重影响。因此,并网前对海洋能发电装置进行防孤岛能力的检测成为必然环节。文中设计了一种适用于并网型海洋能发电装置的防孤岛检测系统,介绍了系统的功能与结构,参考分布式发电装置接入电网的相关标准,探讨了适合并网型海洋能发电装置的防孤岛检测方法,为检测工作的开展打下基础。     

海州湾前三岛生态调控概念模型的设计

运用生态调控的原理和方法，以海州湾前三岛为例，探讨生态调控概念模型设计的方法和应用。基于前三岛生态环境特征及可持续发展的生态调控模型包括海洋景观生态保护(护鸟、绿化及森林公园等)、生态工程的设计与建设(海洋牧场建设、生态旅游等)和社区参与等，加强生态规划、生态工程为主的生态调控，有效地促进前三岛生态系统的健康发展。模型的具体运作包括建立前三岛鸟类自然保护区，在充分保护自然资源、生态环境及生物多样性的前提下，发展以鸟类观光为特色的生态旅游，通过社区参与和共管的手段有效协调自然保护和开发利用的矛盾。     

Multidisciplinary geophysical measurements on the ocean floor usingdecommissioned submarine cables: VENUS project

To perform geophysical and multidisciplinary real-time measurements on the ocean floor, it has been attempted to reuse decommissioned submarine cables. The VENUS project reuses the TPC-2, which is one of these systems and runs across the entire Philippine Sea Plate between Guam Island and Okinawa Island. The VENUS system comprises an ocean floor observatory, a submarine cable, and a land system. The major components of the ocean floor observatory are geophysical instruments and a telemetry system. There are seven scientific instrument units including broadband seismometers and a hydrophone array. Digital telemetry using the old analog telephone cable obtains high data accuracy and real-time accessibility to data from a laboratory on land. The bottom-telemetry system and a part of sensor units were installed at a depth of 2157 m on the landward slope of the Ryukyu (Nansei-Syoto) Trench on August 29, 1999. The data from the hydrophone array and tsunami gauge have been correctly transmitted to the data center. The rest of the scientific instruments will be deployed by deep-tow equipment and a remotely operated vehicle. Using a decommissioned submarine cable will greatly reduce construction costs compared to using a new cable system     

基于陆海统筹的资源环境承载力评价方法探讨

海洋、海岸带蕴含的资源丰富,与人类生存发展息息相关。近年来,随着海洋经济的迅速增长,自然岸线和滨海湿地面积减少、生物多样性降低、典型生态系统受损、近岸海域灾害频发、渔业资源减少等问题日益显现。如何从战略高度提升海洋经济,开发和保护并举,确保海岸带、海洋资源取用合理是新时代的重要课题。陆地和海洋是生态系统不可分割的组成部分,开展陆海统筹的资源环境承载力评价是衡量区域经济发展与生态环境是否协调可持续发展的有效途径。文章系统地梳理了承载力概念的发展历程,对比了常用的海洋资源环境承载力评价方法,初步构建了陆海统筹的资源环境承载力评价指标体系,并提出使用熵值法来确定指标权重,采用状态空间评价模型或TOPSIS模型进行承载力综合评价,可以体现陆地和海洋相互影响、相互制约的关系,并具有较强的可操作性,评价结果可以反映区域资源环境承载力的空间差异或随时间变化情况,能够为海洋和海岸带保护利用提供有效借鉴。     

基于数据分析方法的有居民海岛分类评价研究

海岛是我国国土重要的组成部分,是具有特殊性质的独立地理单元。海岛进行分类评价对海岛的开发和保护意义重大。文章选择30个海岛,从环境保护、经济发展和社会发展3个方面建立16个指标,通过聚类分析、主坐标分析和主成分分析,对海岛进行分类,同时研究海岛不同指标之间的关系。研究发现,海岛可以分为经济发展型、环境发展型和传统发展型...     

河流-河口-近海连续体碳循环研究进展

河流-河口-近海连续体(简称连续体)是连接陆地和大洋的过渡地带,也是目前全球碳收支估算的薄弱环节.这个复杂的海陆交互生态系统不仅可以通过光合作用、溶解作用吸收大气中的CO2,陆地和流域光合作用或化学风化作用固定的碳也可以被横向输送到陆架和大洋中.本文以国际上著名的切萨皮克湾以及长江-长江口-东海等为例,综述了连续体碳循...     

基于CCSM3气候模式的同化模拟试验

基于美国NCAR及其他科学家合作发展的共同气候系统模式CCSM3,利用nudging方法开展了把15 m到465 m的次表层海温同化到该模式的研究。1980—2000年的同化试验结果表明,经过同化得到的模拟结果与实际较为一致,较好的再现了中低纬太平洋海洋和大气的平均特征和随时间演变的规律,但仍存在如海表温度偏高、降水偏强等问题。尤其是在大洋的东边界,陆地地形比较陡峭的地区,通常出现较大的偏差。