2014年秋季我国华西地区降水异常的成因分析

2014年秋季,全国平均降水量较常年同期偏多,其中华西地区降水偏多明显。季内,我国华西地区降水阶段性变化显著。分析表明,秋季华西地区降水偏多可能与热带印度洋海温偏高有关。印度洋海温偏高,一方面有利于西北太平洋地区对流层低层异常反气旋式环流的发展和东南水汽输送的加强,另一方面印度洋海温的偏高有利于印度洋地区对流的活跃和西南水汽输送的加强。在中高纬地区,贝加尔湖地区为异常低槽区,易引导冷空气南下影响我国华西地区。同时,西太平洋副热带高压强度偏强及西伸脊点的偏西,综合导致华西地区秋季降水偏多。而华西地区降水的季内变化与西太平洋副热带高压的异常活动有关。     

2015年11月浙江省降水异常成因分析

利用NCEP/NCAR大气环流资料、NOAA ERSST.V3b海温资料以及浙江省66个台站1971年以来的降水资料,分析了浙江省11月降水偏多对应的高低层大气环流异常特征以及与热带海温异常的联系,并在此基础上对2015年11月浙江省降水异常偏多的事实进行梳理和个例诊断。结果显示,2015年11月浙江省处于降水偏多的气候背景,同时北半球北极涛动正位相异常偏强、中高纬地区经向环流偏弱,西北太平洋副热带高压强度异常偏强、位置偏西是造成降水异常偏多的主要原因;统计分析表明巴尔喀什湖地区500 hPa高度场和西太平洋副热带高压强度与浙江省11月份降水具有显著相关;厄尔尼诺是导致浙江省11月降水偏多的重要外强迫因子之一,2015年11月Niño3.4指数达历史峰值,是造成浙江省同期降水异常偏多的主要原因。     

江淮夏季降水异常与西印度洋地区大气环流异常的关系

运用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和中国气候中心整编的160站月平均降水资料应用经验正交函数、线性相关分析等,分析了江淮地区夏季降水异常特征及其与西印度洋区域大气环流年际异常关系的变化及其可能的机理。结果表明:当500 hPa中纬度低槽活动偏多(少),西太平洋副热带高压偏强(弱),东亚夏季风偏强(弱)时,江淮地区降水偏多(少)。进一步分析还发现西印度洋上空的垂直环流与江淮夏季降水存在较好的关系,但这种年际异常之间的联系受到背景场的影响明显:1979—1993年西印度洋垂直上升运动与江淮夏季降水的变化趋势基本相反,两者线性相关系数为-0.43;1994—2010年两者的变化趋势基本一致,相关系数达0.71。即当西印度洋地区存在环流异常下沉(上升)时,西太平洋副热带高压通常异常减弱东退(增强西伸),副热带季风减弱(增强),有利于雨带偏南(北)。因此,在西太平洋副热带高压和副热带季风年代际偏强(弱)阶段,西印度洋环流与江淮夏季降水呈负(正)相关。     

2013年夏季西太平洋副高异常特征及其对湖南高温干旱的影响

利用湖南96个测站的逐日降水、日最高气温和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、海温资料,分析了2013年夏季西太平洋副热带高压异常活动特征、成因及其对湖南高温干旱的影响。结果表明,2013年夏季西太平洋副高异常偏西、偏强,使得湖南一直处在高压下沉气流控制下,形成持续高温干旱天气。造成副高变异的原因主要有:(1)2012年冬季至2013年春季,赤道东太平洋海表温度持续偏低,印度洋—赤道西太平洋海表温度持续偏高,使得Walker环流和Hadley环流的上升和下沉运动得到加强,西太平洋副高西伸、加强;(2)南亚高压一次次东伸,通过强烈高空负涡度平流的动力强迫,造成西太平洋副高区内的下沉运动,导致副高稳定维持,天气晴热高温;(3)西风急流较常年偏北,纬向环流偏强,导致副热带高压在偏北位置稳定维持,200 h Pa高空辐合增强,辐合中心位于30°N以北,造成500 h Pa副高下沉运动区位置偏北、偏强。     

东部和中部型El Nino事件对云南冬季降水影响的差异分析

利用1981-2017年云南125个站逐日降水观测资料和NCEP再分析资料,对比分析了两类El Nino事件期间云南冬季的降水差异,发现东部型El Nino有利于冬季云南大部地区降水显著偏多,而中部型El Nino的影响却不明显。进一步从两类事件相应的大气环流等方面分析了造成降水差异的物理原因。研究表明:(1)东部型El Nino年,Walker环流在西太平洋为异常强的下沉气流,西太平洋副热带高压偏强偏西,Hadley环流在20°N为异常上升气流,造成云南水汽输送和辐合加强,中高纬度巴尔喀什湖和贝加尔湖脊发展,冷空气沿高原东侧南下影响云南,冷暖空气在云南频繁交汇,导致云南冬季降水日数明显偏多,相应降水偏多;(2)中部型El Nino年,Walker环流在西太平洋下沉支强度较东部型弱,相应的西太平洋副热带高压较东部型偏弱偏东,Hadley环流在20°N为下沉气流,对云南区域水汽输送影响较弱,同时中高纬度环流不利于冷空气南下影响云南,除对应冬季云南东部降水日数偏少外,对其他地区降水的影响不明显。     

青藏高原热力异常与华北汛期降水关系的研究

利用1980～1994年NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,以及我国336个测站1956～1994年月降水量资料,通过诊断分析和数值实验,研究了夏季高原上热力异常与华北汛期降水的关系.结果表明:华北汛期干旱年,青藏高压及西太平洋副热带高压偏南、偏东,华北汛期降水偏多年则相反;华北汛期旱年时,高原上升、高原东侧邻近地区下沉的垂直环流明显加强,而降水偏多年时,垂直环流减弱,华北地区为上升气流控制;夏季高原为热源和水汽汇区,它们的异常对华北地区降水有很大影响,当热源和水汽汇增强(减弱)时,华北地区降水偏少(偏多).数值试验表明,高原上潜热加热异常引起青藏高压、西太平洋副热带高压、亚洲季风以及欧亚中高纬地区环流的变化,进而影响到华北地区的降水.     

华北地区夏季降水的年际变化特征

利用1951—2000年中国160个台站降水资料和1958—2002年欧洲中心的ERA-40再分析资料,分析了华北地区夏季降水和对应大气环流的变化特征。结果表明：华北地区夏季降水自20世纪70年代中后期开始明显减少,出现持续性干旱;华北地区上空的暖高压、鄂霍次克海地区的高压脊和西太平洋副热带高压是控制华北地区的主要环流系统。当华北地区降水偏少时,华北地区上空700hPa出现反气旋型环流异常,华北地区上空出现明显偏北风异常,且下沉气流加强,水汽出现辐散,200hPa高度上西风带偏南且减弱;反之,当华北地区降水偏多时,华北地区上空700hPa出现气旋型环流异常,并出现偏南风异常,上升气流加强,水汽输送辐合,200hPa上西风异常偏北加强。     

2017年秋季我国北方地区降水异常偏多成因分析

根据国家气象信息中心提供的中国台站气温、降水资料,NCEP/NCAR逐日大气环流再分析资料和NOAA提供的月平均海温资料,分析了2017年秋季我国北方地区降水异常偏多的成因。结果表明2017年秋季我国降水阶段性特征明显,9—10月北方地区降水异常偏多主要受东亚环流型组合异常的影响。东亚500 hPa高度距平场从高纬至低纬呈“+-+”的异常分布,极区高度场偏高,极涡分裂偏向东北亚地区,贝加尔湖 巴尔喀什湖地区为显著低槽区,西太平洋副热带高压较常年偏强偏西偏北,有利于华西秋雨偏强。此外,850 hPa距平风场上朝鲜半岛的反气旋式环流异常有利于引导偏东路径的冷湿气流输送至黄河与长江之间的地区,与来自孟加拉湾和南海的暖湿气流交汇,形成水汽通量异常辐合区,造成黄淮及江淮等地降水异常偏多。进一步诊断表明热带中东太平洋海温秋季转为偏冷状态,热带太平洋地区Walker环流明显增强,有利于西太平洋副热带高压偏强西伸偏北;9—10月热带印度洋偶极子维持正位相有利于在孟加拉湾形成反气旋式环流异常,并同样有利于副热带高压西伸偏北。因此,海温外强迫信号的影响加上中高纬环流异常的共同作用造成9—10月东亚环流型异常特征,并进一步导致我国北方地区降水异常偏多。     

重庆2017年秋季降水异常成因分析

2017年秋季,重庆降水出现前期异常偏多而后期异常偏少的特征。为分析造成降水季节内极端异常原因,使用1961年以来重庆34个气象台站秋季（9月上旬至11月下旬）逐日降水数据、NCEP/NECA和NOAA逐日高度场、风场、水汽场、海温场等再分析资料,采用相关、合成等统计诊断方法,分析了2017年重庆地区秋季降水出现季节内异常变化的主要原因。环流的诊断分析表明：2017年重庆地区秋季降水出现明显旱涝转折、降水前多后少,其成因是由于副热带高压长时间维持在重庆长江沿线及长江中下游一线,中高纬度维持双阻型,即乌拉尔山高压脊发展,同时鄂霍茨克海阻塞高压的建立和维持,使其西部低槽东移缓慢,导致了重庆地区9月至10月上中旬强降水频发、降水异常偏多。10月下旬西太平洋副热带高压异常减弱南退,尤其在11月其闭合单体完全退出大陆,低纬度地区的高压坝切断了水汽的向北输送;中高纬度呈现西正东负的距平分布型,贝加尔湖以东至鄂霍茨克海以西的大范围地区为负高度距平分布,负距平南界位于我国河套北部地区,冷空气路径偏东偏北,不利于降水继续偏多,发生由异常多向异常少的转折。此外海温强迫场的分析表明：初秋中高纬度出现的双阻型环流异常可能与前期和同期西北太平洋海温的偏暖有关;而前期热带印度洋海温的全区一致增暖模态和后期赤道东太平洋海温的异常可能是导致副热带地区大气环流（西太平洋副热带高压）异常的主要原因和外强迫因子。     

热带印度洋-西太平洋水汽输送异常对中国东部夏季降水的影响

利用1979~2015年NCEP/NCAR发布的月平均全球再分析资料,分析了热带印度洋-西太平洋水汽输送异常对中国东部夏季降水的影响及其形成机理。研究结果表明:热带印度洋-西太平洋地区（10°S~30°N,60°~140°E）夏季异常水汽输送主要包括两个模态,他们可以解释总的水汽输送异常34%的方差。其中,第一模态（EOF1）表现为异常水汽沿反气旋从热带西太平洋经过南海及孟加拉湾输送到中国东部上空,对应南海、孟加拉湾水汽路径输送均偏多,此时西太平洋副热带高压显著偏强,异常水汽在长江中下游地区辐合并伴随显著上升运动,有利于长江中下游降水偏多;第二模态（EOF2）表现为异常水汽从热带印度洋沿阿拉伯海、印度半岛、中南半岛等呈反气旋式输送,华南上空相应出现气旋式水汽输送异常,并对应异常水汽辐合和上升运动,有利于华南降水偏多。就可能的外部成因而言,EOF1与ENSO关系密切,表现为前冬热带中东太平洋显著偏暖,夏季同期热带北印度洋、南海上空显著偏暖,造成西太平洋副热带高压显著偏强,异常水汽主要来源于热带西太平洋和南海;EOF2与同期热带印度洋偶极子（TIOD）异常有关,TIOD为正位相时热带印度洋上空出现异常东风,华南上空出现异常气旋并伴随水汽异常辐合,异常水汽主要来源于热带南印度洋。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.