郯庐地震带与日本海沟、琉球群岛地震带之间的地震活动群体特征联系

郯庐断裂带由太平洋板块向欧亚板块下俯冲所形成,各活动带之间的力学关系很好的表现在郯庐、西环太平洋地震带之间的地震活动群体特征上。通过研究地震带间地震活动群体特征之间的联系,为郯庐地震带地震中长期监测预报提供一定的帮助。     

台湾海峡及其两岸地震和地热特征

本文主要论述了台湾海峡及其两岸地震和地热的各自特征以及它们之间的关系。该地区的4个北东向地震带刻划了各个块体的相互关系。台东地震带的震源机制解表明台湾纵谷具有复杂的过渡性构造。台湾西部和台湾海峡的地震活动也受到菲律宾海板块的控制。福建沿海的地震活动与巴士断层活动有关。在自东向西各地震带的活动能量急剧下降的同时,相应的地热流异常值有一个上升趋势,海峡西岸的地热异常高值多分布在NE与NW向断裂的交汇点上。     

台湾岛与吕宋岛之间的马尼拉海沟北段地壳结构和变形

菲律宾海板块沿台湾岛和吕宋岛之间东倾的马尼拉海沟向欧亚板块仰冲。板块汇聚边缘自南而北逐渐由南海岩石圈的正常俯冲过渡到台湾造山带的初始碰撞。与俯冲相关的地震遍及台湾附近,往台湾方向增生体急剧增宽。为了认识这种以俯冲一碰撞转换带为特征的汇聚板块边缘,我们分析了12条位于吕宋岛与台湾岛之间横切马尼拉海沟的地震反射剖面。结果显示,南海海盆北部基底通常向东和向南倾。在马尼拉海沟北段,海沟充填沉积物南部比北部多,t0层序界面是近海沉积与海沟充填沉积物的界面。可能由于台湾地区的碰撞作用,t0层序北部坡度更平缓或者被抬升。构造分析显示,马尼拉海沟北段俯冲地壳具有三个特征带：正断层带（NFZ）、原始逆冲带（PTZ）和逆冲带（TZ）。正断层带主要由俯冲地壳顶部或上部的一系列正断层组成,在接近深海沟的部位,这些正断层逐渐被海沟充填沉积物所覆盖,暗示正断层带发生在地壳开始弯曲、并引起上部沉积层重力变化的地方。由于增生体附近板块边缘强烈的汇聚作用,一些被埋藏的正断层而被活化为隐伏逆冲断层。原始逆冲带位于正断层带和增生体的前缘逆冲带之间,含隐伏的逆冲断层或者褶皱而不是逆冲断层。海沟区正断层、隐伏逆冲断层和逆冲断层在地壳结构中的连续分布,指示隐伏逆冲断层是沿着之前拉张正断层的位置发育的。上部沉积层的脆性变形很可能是强烈的挤压作用和水分较少的原因所致,最终隐伏逆冲断层可能向上发展,成为海底逆冲断层。     

苏门答腊俯冲带的海底形态:强地震导致表层断裂?

2004年11月26日发生在苏门答腊—安达曼群岛俯冲带的9·2~9·3震级的强地震是有史以来报道过的最大的地震之一。地震引发了海啸,给印度洋周边国家造成空前的灾难。断层断裂区约为(1 200~1 300)×150 km2,滑动达10~20 m。苏门答腊俯冲带体系经常遭受8~9震级的地震,1797、1833、1     

加利福尼亚北部门多西诺角地震引起海岸上升

1992年4月25—26日在门多西诺三联点附近发生了三次大地震．最大的一次发生在25日，震级7.1Ms，震源在彼得罗利亚以东约4km处，深度为11km．主震出现在卡斯凯迪亚俯冲带南端北美板块基底附近向东倾斜的北-西北走向低角度冲断层．     

从垂向俯冲到斜向俯冲：爪哇和苏门答腊之间的构造关系

通过对毕鸟夫带滑动向量的研究表明,印度一澳大利亚和东南亚板块之间发生着接近N-S向的汇聚运动。因此,沿着苏门答腊的俯冲运动是斜向的,而在爪哇岛西南部则几乎是垂向的俯冲运动（图1）。苏门答腊下方的斜向俯冲运动导致了汇聚运动的分离,走滑分量沿着苏门答腊主走滑断裂和明打威断裂被吸收。基于地震证据和对俯冲运动有关的深层地震的研究表明,在苏门答腊南部和巽他海峡下面,俯冲板块内部呈不连续状态。有研究者认为两个俯冲带之间的转换带发生在爪哇西南部。     

1946年Nankaido地震断裂带的俯冲海山成像

在日本西南部的南海海槽多次发生过俯冲带大地震 ,菲律宾海板块正在这里向日本俯冲。这些地震的复发时间及所影响的地区自１７世纪以来均有文字记载。根据历史文献 ,几乎整个南海海槽（５００ｋｍ长）每１００到２００ａ就被一两个继发性的大地震破坏而产生断裂。１９４４年Ｔｏｎａｎｋａｉ和１９４６年Ｎａｎｋａｉｄｏ的最新地震事件是被详细研究过的南海海槽大地震。关于１９４６年Ｎａｎｋａｉｄｏ地震的断裂过程、地震资料和大地测量资料得出了两个不一致的结果。大地测量资料表明一个面积为２．５×１０４ｋｍ２、滑移量为５至１８ｍ…     

雅浦俯冲带北段地球物理场及构造活动性分析

雅浦俯冲带北段和马里亚纳俯冲带西南端均受加罗林岛脊俯冲影响,但是二者的地球物理特征存在显著差异。通过分析雅浦俯冲带北段和马里亚纳俯冲带的地球物理特征,对比了二者之间的海底地形、重力异常、地震活动和应力场等特征。结果表明：①雅浦海沟北段外缘发育垒堑构造带,马里亚纳海沟西南端加罗林岛脊俯冲区域水深明显变浅,加罗林岛脊俯冲最前端形成凹角。②雅浦岛弧北段和马里亚纳岛弧西南端加罗林岛脊俯冲区域高布格异常值反映了强烈的构造侵蚀可能导致火山弧地壳缺失,岛弧之下高密度物质上涌。③雅浦俯冲带北段和马里亚纳俯冲带西南端地震活动性弱并且缺乏高震级地震,说明加罗林海脊岛脊的俯冲阻塞降低了俯冲带的构造活动性。马里亚纳俯冲带西南端存在少量的中源地震,表明该区域板片俯冲深度比雅浦俯冲带北段更深。④马里亚纳俯冲带西南端的地震存在更多的走滑分量,与加罗林板块的倾斜俯冲、加罗林岛脊的倾斜碰撞有关。⑤加罗林岛脊相对于海沟走向的俯冲角度是造成雅浦俯冲带北段和马里亚纳俯冲带西南端的地球物理特征存在差异的主要原因。     

ODP第186航次--日本海沟的地震研究(ODP安装长期海底观测仪)

ODP186(1999年6月15日一8月15日)和186E(1999年10月18日一11月11日)航次,科学家们将在大洋钻探历史中首次尝试在世界最活跃的地震带安置长期海底观测仪,科学仪器将安装在日本海沟地区的日本东海岸外150km的深钻孔中,这些仪器将记录地震和地球的运动,以便用来研究构造碰撞的动力过程,在该站位,太平洋板块正与欧亚板块碰撞并潜入其下,这一过程被称作俯冲作用,而俯冲带是地球上发生大地震和毁灭性地震的地区。当板块碰撞时,俯冲带可以储集应力,并能以地震的形式(地震性变形)快速释放,在板块缓慢碰撞的地方也可以出现蠕动运动(无震性变形)。由…     

IODP南海海槽地震带实验2阶段——IODP332、333航次

<正>日本南海海槽地震带实验(NanTroSEIZE)是一个并列和复合勘探项目,通过沿俯冲逆掩带的直接取样、现场测量、与实验室相连接的长期监测以及数字模拟,调查和研究断层力学和地震成因。南海海槽地震     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.     

A Tidal Flow Model for the Gulf of Kachchh, India

A vertically integrated model has been used to study the tidal circulation and currents in the Gulf of Kachchh along the west coast of India. The model is fully nonlinear and uses a semiexplicit finite difference scheme to solve the basic hydrodynamic equations on a staggered grid. The model is forced by prescribing the tides along the open boundary of the model domain. The flow is simulated both with and without the presence of the proposed tidal barrage across the Hansthal Creek in the Gulf of Kachchh. The results show a considerable change in the behavior of the tidal flow in the presence of the barrage.     

利用中国GF-3卫星SAR和HY-2A卫星微波散射计的首次台风联合定量观测

<正>The typhoon,as a mature tropical cyclone that develops in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean with high wind speed and heavy rainfall,is one of the most lethal and costly of natural disasters for the densely populated countries of East Asia.It can be easily detected by space-borne sensors operated at microwave,visible or infrared bands(Liu et al.,2014).Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)is     

离子交换—原子吸收光谱法测定海水中痕量铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰

本文介绍了用国产D401型螯合树脂分离富集海水中铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰等痕量元素,并用原子吸收光谱仪测定其含量的方法。讨论了各元素的分离条件选择及干扰元素的影响,并与溶剂萃取法的结果作了比较。各元素检测的定量下限为:铜0.5μg/L、铅0.1μg/L、锌1.0μg/L、镉0.01μg/L、铁2.0μg/L、锰2.0μg/L。方法精密度在4—8％之间,回收率为90—102％。     

Biogeochemistry of Mangrove Soil Organic Matter: a Comparison BetweenRhizophoraandAvicenniaSoils in South-eastern Brazil

Soil core samples fromRhizophora mangleL. andAvicennia schauerianaStapf & Leech forests from south-eastern Brazil were analysed for their total organic matter content and their sugars, amino acid and amino sugars composition. Organic carbon and nitrogen contents were higher inAvicenniathan inRhizophorasoils. The contribution of sugars and amino acids to the total organic carbon pool was constant with depth inRhizophorasoils whereas inAvicenniasoils it increased. Spectral distribution of sugars and amino acids showed a dominance of Ca-affine monomers, particularly acidic amino acids, and the sugar arabinose. Biogeochemical indicators derived from ratios of individual sugar and amino acid monomers confirm previous studies which showed that organic matter in both soils is mainly of mangrove origin. The results further suggest accumulation of organic matter inRhizophorasoils and a continuing degradation of organic matter inAvicenniasoils. The latter may thus release more nutrients to adjacent ecosystems thanRhizophorasoils.     

A review of orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus fisheries,estimation methods,biology and stock structure

Orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus are unusual fish. They form dense aggregations that have fuelled lucrative fisheries at great depths (600–1 400 m), especially off Namibia, New Zealand and Australia. They are thought to be very long-lived (>100 years, maturity at 22 – 40 years), and to have exceptionally low natural mortality (M = 0.045–0.064 year^?1) and slow growth rates (K = 0.055–0.070 year^?1). In addition, they spawn large eggs and have low fecundity. These factors combine to make orange roughy highly susceptible to overfishing; most stocks are below 30% of pristine levels. Assessments are obtained from indices of catch rate and trawl, acoustic and egg surveys. Acoustic estimates are the most direct, but are confounded by the species' low target strength (?50 to ?53 dB)–attributable to the wax-filled swim bladder. Extracellular wax esters are stored in abundance and comprise mostly mono-unsaturated fatty acids, with low concentrations of the ω-3 fatty acid family. This unusual composition (resultant from the species' diet) ensures neutral buoyancy. Stock separation has been inferred mainly from biological studies, but genetic studies have also found differences among stocks within New Zealand and Australia. Deep-water habitat may be damaged by trawling operations and may take many years to recover, so in some quarters there is a call for a portion of suitable habitat to be set aside for preservation. Although Namibian orange roughy are shallower, smaller and younger than those in other stocks, the Namibian fishery sustained high catches for only a few years before quotas were reduced, from 12 000 to 1 875 tons. Three management lessons are suggested for developing orange roughy fisheries based on the Namibian experience: (1) imposition of catch limits during exploratory fishing; (2) starting the acoustic surveys earlier in the fishery, if possible; (3) greater reliance on trends in catch rate until a survey series has been established.