近60年气候冷暖波动背景下西太平洋副高特征的变异及其与海温关系的变化

采用国家气候中心的副高特征指数资料,美国NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和NOAA的海温资料,利用高斯滤波、滑动平均及相关、合成分析等方法,研究了气候冷暖波动背景下西太平洋副热带高压特征的变异及可能原因。结果表明,随着近60 a气候冷暖波动,副高最显著的变化特征为面积扩大、强度加强、脊点西伸、南界南扩,各指数的年际波动均有所加大。副高强度和西脊点与北半球温度变化具有较好的一致性,但脊线位置变化则相对独立,副高强度及其年际变率在1980年代末显著加强,西脊点在1990年代初显著西伸,其年际变率在1990年代末显著增强,脊线位置呈现北-南-北的摆动,其年际变率在1990年代末显著增强。随着气候变暖,赤道中东太平洋冬季海温升高与副高强度增强的关系有所减弱,与脊点西伸的关系则有所加强,范围扩大;北太平洋冬季海温降低与脊线位置南移的关系有所减弱,但与脊点西伸的关系则有所加强;热带西太平洋冬季海温降低与强度增强、脊点西伸的关系有所加强。气候偏暖期Hadley环流加强、南移的主导作用,以及Walker环流上升支减弱辅助作用,使夏季副高呈现强度加强、面积增大、南扩的特征。     

初秋西太平洋副高年际变化及其与我国气温的联系

利用中国160站气温资料和5项西太平洋副高(以下简称副高)特征指数资料,分析了1951~2010年初秋(9月)副高强度、面积、西伸脊点、脊线、北界的年际变化及其与我国气温的联系。结果表明:5项副高指数均存在明显的年际变化。副高强度和面积指数具有显著的线性增长趋势。西伸脊点、脊线和北界位置均无明显长期变化趋势。在年际尺度上,初秋副高西伸脊点位置、脊线和北界位置与我国同期气温异常关系密切。当副高西伸脊点位置偏东(西),易造成我国青藏高原东部和川西地区、云南大部及华南部分地区同期气温偏低(高);当副高脊线或北界位置偏北(南),易造成我国长江流域及其以南广大地区,尤其是贵州大部和江南东部(浙闽一带)的同期气温偏高(低)。     

西太平洋副热带高压不同特征指数与贵州夏季降水的关系

利用贵州85个气象观测站1979—2015年6—8月逐月降水资料、2011—2015逐日降水资料、国家气候中心副高指数及NCEP第二套再分析资料对西太平洋副热带高压与贵州夏季降水的关系进行了分析,并对副高位置发生变化时贵州暴雨带的变化进行了对比,结果表明:(1)贵州夏季大部分区域的降水与副高面积指数、强度指数为正相关,与脊线位置、西伸脊点为负相关;当副高面积增大或强度增强时,对应贵州夏季降水偏多;降水偏多时,6—8月副高的位置偏西或接近平均年份;降水偏少年,副高位置偏东或接近平均年份,且无论偏多(少)年均具有逐步北推东退的趋势。(2)面积指数、强度指数与降水在2~4 a较为显著的凝聚共振关系,二者基本为同位相变化;副高脊线位置、西伸脊点与降水具有2 a的凝聚共振关系,二者与降水均呈反位相变化,脊线位置(西伸脊点)的变化明显超前于降水的变化。(3)贵州6—8月出现暴雨天气时,副高脊线的平均位置具有逐步北推的趋势,且贵州暴雨日数先增加后减少,西伸脊点具有逐步西进的趋势,且贵州暴雨日数逐步增加;当脊线位置位于25°—29°N或西伸脊点位于90°—100°E时贵州暴雨日数最多。     

JMA/MRI-CPS2模式对东亚夏季风系统预测能力的评估

基于东京气候中心提供的新一代气候预测业务模式(JMA/MRI-CPS2)回报数据,综合多种评估方法,评估了其对于东亚夏季风的预测技巧,结果表明该模式能够模拟出气候场上主要降水中心和夏季风主要成员的位置,但存在明显的系统性偏差。对于年际变率的预测,泰勒图分析结果表明,该模式对夏季风指数预测效果总体较好,对于副热带高压指数中的面积、强度和西伸脊点指数预测能力较好,但对于脊线南北位置指数的预测效果较差;分月来看,4和5月起报结果的技巧相对更高。MV-EOF分析的结果表明模式较为准确地把握住了东亚夏季风主要模态的空间分布,滞后相关分析的结果表明其第一模态反映出了厄尔尼诺衰减的影响,第二模态反映出了厄尔尼诺发展的影响,合成分析的结果也显示,模式能够反映出厄尔尼诺发展的不同位相下东亚季风环流响应的差异。这些分析表明该模式对于东亚季风区的预测具有一定技巧,可以作为每年汛期气候预测的有益参考。     

CMA-GEPS对中国超强梅雨天气过程的预报能力分析

基于中国气象局自主研发的全球集合预报系统CMA-GEPS,针对2020年6—7月的长江中下游地区超强梅雨天气过程,开展了中国梅汛期强降水的预报能力分析。结果表明,西太副高的稳定维持及夏季风的持续增强为梅汛期强降水的发生提供了有利的动力和水汽条件。CMA-GEPS对西太副高各指数的快速调整趋势预报,可提前7～10 d在预报中呈现;对西太副高强度和面积预报技巧与NCEP集合预报相当,表现为偏弱的估计,脊线和西伸脊点预报技巧与ECMWF集合预报相当,表现为脊线位置偏南、西伸脊点偏东的偏差。CMA-GEPS对东亚夏季风指数预报技巧在9 d以上,较控制预报提前2 d。CMA-GEPS的控制预报存在强度偏弱、雨带位置偏南的系统性偏差和漏报现象;基于空间和时间权重修正的邻域方案TSWNP,明显提高了大雨预报的技巧,减少了漏报的发生,优于控制预报和传统的单点概率预报,从而表明,TSWNP方案对梅汛期大雨过程的预报是有效且合理的。     

前期太平洋海温与6～8月西太平洋副高指数的关系

使用相关分析和因子分析等方法,探讨了前期太平洋海温对主汛期副高指数的影响.相关分析发现:海温对副高各指数的影响存在季节和区域上的变化,海温变化主要影响副高的面积和强度指数,对西伸脊点的影响次之,对脊线位置的影响比对北界位置显著.从各季节海温对副高5个指数(脊线位置、北界位置、西伸脊点、面积、强度)集合整体的线性拟合能力上看,秋、冬季海温较春季效果稍好,赤道中东太平洋及北美西海岸海温对副高指数的影响较西北太平洋显著.因子分析结果发现:前期各季节海温第1公共因子主要反映了赤道中东太平洋与西太平洋海温的反相变化关系,该公共因子与主汛期副高指数相关最显著,且较好地反映海温与副高各指数的相关特点,其它公共因子与副高指数相关性均较弱.年代际变化分析表明:1970年代末以前,海温变化使La Ni?a事件易为出现、夏季副高偏弱偏东、面积偏小、位置偏北,1980年代以后则相反.     

DERF2.0模式对江西月尺度气候预测能力的检验评估

基于国家气候中心第二代月动力延伸预测模式(DERF2.0)输出的环流场、地面气象要素场和NCEP/NCAR全球再分析场以及江西省83站气象观测数据,利用空间距平相关系数(ACC)、距平符号一致率(PC)、趋势异常综合评分(PS)三种方法,检验了DERF2.0模式对1983—2018年江西月降水和气温的预测能力,并进一步分析了模式对江西主汛期(6月)异常降水事件预测能力及造成偏差的可能原因。结果表明:1)月气温ACC总体上高于降水,冬季气温和春季降水ACC预报技巧相对较高;模式预测结果总体上能够反映出气温和降水的主要趋势,月气温、降水距平符号一致率均高于55%;模式对江西月降水和气温异常有一定的预测能力,降水PS评分比气温稍好,基本保持在70分左右。2)江西主汛期降水异常偏少时,模式的预测能力较好,而降水异常偏多时,则相对较差,这可能与模式对东亚阻塞高压系统的低估,以及对西太平洋副热带高压模拟的西伸脊点偏西、脊线偏北、强度偏强有关。     

DERF 2.0对贵州气温、降水的预测性能评估

该文基于第二代月动力延伸预测模式业务系统(DERF2.0)不同起报日的气温、降水预测数据,利用多种评分方法评估1983—2014年预测数据的月尺度预测性能,研究表明:不同起报日的预测评分差异性不大。DERF2.0对冬季和春季的气温预测评分较好,而DERF2.0对降水评分较好的月份主要集中在秋季,表明DERF2.0基本能够预测出贵州的秋季总体旱涝趋势。从空间分布来看,气温的3种评分明显优于降水,表明在空间范围内,气温的预测性能好于降水,尤其是在省的南部和西部地区预测性能较好且稳定,参考性较高;而降水的稳定性较差,参考性相对较低,模式仍有很大的改进空间。从异常预测的优势来看,无论是气温还是降水,该模式对气温和降水异常预测具有一定的优势。     

黑龙江省主汛期降水气候特征及预测检验评估

采用1961—2016年黑龙江省62个气象代表站逐日降水数据和NCEP逐日再分析资料,分析黑龙江省主汛期"七下八上"降水气候特征及其环流特征,并利用DERF2.0模式不同起报时次的结果对黑龙江省主汛期降水和环流进行了检验评估。结果表明:主汛期的降水量占夏季降水量的25%—35%,是黑龙江省夏季降水的主要时段;多雨年500 h Pa高度场出现以东北西部地区为中心的东西向的"+-+"波列,850 h Pa风场有明显的气旋存在;DERF2.0超前10 d和超前5 d对主汛期降水预测的多年平均PS评分为60分左右,超前1 d预测的PS评分为70分;DERF2.0对500 h Pa环流显著区域超前1 d的ACC多年平均为0.58,对黑龙江省南北两个区域850 h Pa纬向风显著区域超前1 d的ACC多年平均分布分别为0.48和0.52。DERF2.0对黑龙江省主汛期降水预测和环流预测均有一定的可预报性,且随着起报时间的临近,模式的预测技巧有较明显的提升。     

江淮流域持续性暴雨过程前期环流特征

利用NCEP逐日再分析资料,通过合成分析以及滑动平均的低通滤波效果分析在江淮地区持续性暴雨过程发生前的环流场特征。研究认为持续性暴雨过程前期环流特征主要有以下几点:澳大利亚高压强度变化幅度小,马斯克林高压强度变化幅度大,两者之间呈现此消彼长的关系;副热带高压明显比常年偏强,脊线平均位置偏南,西脊点平均位置偏西;南亚高压属于西部型,强度偏弱,东伸脊点偏东;南亚高压的东伸脊点与副高的西伸脊点具有明显的相向而行,相背而去的活动特征;副高脊线比南亚高压脊线偏南4～6个纬距,并且两者具有步调一致的南北移动,但是南亚高压脊线移动时间比副高脊线提前1天左右。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.