《国际油污损害民事责任公约》和《设立国际油污损害赔偿基金公约》体系下环境损害赔偿的局限性分析——生态保护的视角

环境损害作为油污损害的一部分得到了1992年《国际油污损害民事责任公约》和《设立国际油污损害赔偿基金公约》的认可,使合理环境恢复措施的费用得到油污公约赔偿体系的保障。但这一赔偿本身并不能有效地保护海洋生态环境。突显了油污公约体系下对环境损害赔偿的局限性。     

The Newfoundland fishery: ten years after the moratorium

Excessive overfishing combined with negative environmental conditions led to the decimation of the northern cod stock and its closure to commercial fishing in 1992. During the ensuing dozen years, the stock has not recovered. This paper considers the current state of the Newfoundland economy and the Newfoundland fishery and asks whether the lessons of the earlier day have been learned. The answer appears to be no. The main mover of the economy is exogenous to the fishery, the unemployment rate remains high, currently more than twice the Canadian rate, and the population of the province has fallen by ten percent. With respect to the fishery, although the decimated groundfish have been replaced by shellfish and the nominal value of landings has doubled since 1992, the fishery still has excess capacity, fishermen and fish plant workers generally earn low incomes, and the fishery remains heavily subsidized.     

The Trænadjupet Slide: a large slope failure affecting the continental margin of Norway 4,000 years ago

¹⁴C AMS-dated gravity cores reveal that the Trænadjupet Slide offshore Norway occurred about 4,000 ¹⁴C years B.P. (ca. 4,000 cal. years ago). From 4,000 to 3,000 years B.P., minor areas of the newly formed slide scar were probably eroded, the result of smaller episodes of mass wasting caused by delayed collapse of part of the western, upper sidewall or by bottom currents. From about 3,000 years B.P. to the present, sediments were derived from alongslope-flowing, north-eastward-oriented ocean currents carrying sediments in suspension. These results demonstrate that large-scale mass wasting during sea-level highstand is rather common on passive continental margins.     

The Decline of the North Sea Whelk (Buccinum undatum L.) Between 1970 and 1990: A Natural or a Human-Induced Event?

Abstract. Recent surveys in the southern and central North Sea and the Dutch Wadden Sea revealed that the whelk Buccinun undarum L. can no longer be found in areas where whelks were abundant twenty or more years ago.
The decline of whelk populations tends to coincide with areas of various, intense human activities, which may cause either pollution or physical damage. Potential causes for the decline of whelks from the southern North Sea and coastal areas are discussed and considered in view of North Sea ecology and protective policies for the North Sea.     

Thirty years after privatization: A survey of Icelandic small-boat fishermen

Iceland's nationwide privatized Individual Transferable Quota (ITQ) system is over thirty years old but remains a topic of public and political debate, particularly because of the continued effects on small-scale fisheries. A national survey of small-boat fishermen was distributed to: (1) identify major defining characteristics of participants in ITQ and non-ITQ fisheries, (2) document and examine differences in satisfaction with fisheries management, and (3) evaluate the existing options for newcomers to participate in small-boat fisheries. Survey results indicate that Icelandic small-boat fishermen are engaged in multiple management systems within a wide range of boat sizes. Those who held quota were more satisfied with the current ITQ system compared to those who did not hold quota; however, nearly all fishermen were still critical of fisheries management in Iceland and the two major non-ITQ options of lumpfish and coastal fishing were not perceived to offer significant opportunity for entry-level fishermen. Dissatisfaction stemmed from the lack of decision-making power, a distrust of scientific advice, and the perception that the ITQ system did not serve the purpose of protecting fisheries resources, but was rather oriented only toward economic goals. The dynamic nature of Icelandic small-boat fishing livelihoods and the pervasive negative attitudes thirty years after ITQ implementation demonstrate the need for culturally appropriate and equitable fisheries management schemes where success is measured in social as well as economic and biological terms.     

不同海面状况海洋石油污染处理方法优化配置

海洋石油污染成为海洋污染的主要类型,对海洋水生环境造成了极大的破坏,而溢油成为石油进入海洋的主要方式,如何对溢油事故进行有效的预防和处理成为治理海洋污染的关键所在。论文对当今处理溢油使用的物理法、化学法、自然降解法、生物处理法、燃烧法等进行了介绍,详细考察了各种处理方法的适用条件,以及在限制条件下如何对各种选择方法进行优化组合。     

中国北方沿海食用贝类油污染特征研究

１９９０年７月～１９９１年１２月，监测了中国北部沿海食用贝类体内的污染物残留量水平。本文用石油烃的分析数据为基础，讨论了沿岸贝类受石油烃污染的现状和分布特征；计算了样品干、湿重含量的本底值范围。给出了油标准和标准之间的互校系数Ｒ值。对样品进行了同步荧光光谱分析，并用同步荧光光谱的分析数据，计算了样品间模糊相关系数，做了模糊聚类分析。     

大亚湾大鹏澳油污染状况和自净能力的研究 --污染有机物可降解性研究

将已知浓度的污染物石油烃加入到取自大亚湾大鹏澳天然海水中，进行污染物自净能力实验室模拟试验，探讨了各种条件下微生物对有机物降解的影响，用有机物浓度、ATP、DO、BOD5、COD描述了有机物的降解过程。根据实验结果，得出BOD5和ATP可用来指示降解过程中微生物量的变化；此外，在一定条件下，石油烃的生物降解一级反应方程可描述为OIL=17.442e^-0.1949d。     

Components of Oil Pollution in Water and Bottom Sediments of the Northeastern Part of the Russian Black Sea Region

Oceanology - The results of studies of oil pollution (by the sum of hydrocarbons and resinous substances) of water and bottom sediments in the northeast Black Sea in spring and autumn are...     

互有过失的船舶碰撞中非溢油船对海洋油污损害的法律责任

2002年11月23日,满载原油的马耳他籍邮轮“塔斯曼海”号轮与中国大连“顺凯轮一”号在天津大沽锚地东部海域23海里处发生碰撞,导致原油泄漏。经有关部门调查监测,发现溢油事故影响海域面积达359.6km2,沉积物中油类含     

海上石油钻井中的惯性测量技术分析

介绍了国内测井用惯性测量技术的现状,分析了适用于海上石油钻井平台上的油气井井眼轨迹惯性测量方案,并指出了基于光纤陀螺的测量方案是未来的发展方向。     

Patterns of fisheries institutional failure and success: Experience from the Southern Gulf of St. Lawrence snow crab fishery,in Nova Scotia,Canada

This paper examines why market and government institutions failed to prevent over fishing in the Southern Gulf snow crab fishery, whereas non-market institutions succeeded. A general conclusion is that the institutional environment in which economic behaviour must be coordinated for successful fisheries management is complex. More specifically, collective action dilemmas arise from the interdependency of human and fish species interactions. However, successful institutions are capable of resolving these dilemmas when they achieve credible commitment. Coordination mechanisms such as co-management contracts, horizontal patterns of communication and win–win negotiations all contribute to building an institutional arrangement in which participants are motivated to comply with conservation objectives.     

Conditions affecting the success of fisheries co-management: lessons from Asia

The purpose of this paper is to present results from the first five-year phase of a large fisheries co-management research project implemented by the International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management (ICLARM) and the Institute of Fisheries Management (IFM), with national partners in Asia and Africa. More specifically, the paper will present results of conditions which affect the success of co-management as identified through the project's research activities in Asia. The 18 conditions identified as being of high importance for success are grouped into three categories: supra-community level, community level, and individual and household level.     

Oil refineries: a review of their ecological impacts on the aquatic environment

Pollution of the aquatic environment occurs from many different sources including from oil refineries. Oil refinery effluents contain many different chemicals at different concentrations including ammonia, sulphides, phenol and hydrocarbons. The exact composition cannot however be generalised as it depends on the refinery and which units are in operation at any specific time. It is therefore difficult to predict what effects the effluent may have on the environment. Toxicity tests have shown that most refinery effluents are toxic but to varying extents. Some species are more sensitive and the toxicity may vary throughout the life cycle. Sublethal tests have found that not only can the effluents be lethal but also they can often have sublethal effects on growth and reproduction. Field studies have shown that oil refinery effluents often have an impact on the fauna, which is usually restricted to the area close to the outfall. The extent of the effect is dependent on the effluent composition, the outfall's position and the state of the recipient environment. It is possible to detect two effects that oil refinery effluent has on the environment. Firstly it has a toxic effect close to the outfall, which is seen by the absence of all or most species. Secondly there is an enrichment effect which can be distinguished as a peak in the abundance or biomass. These effects are not limited to just oil refinery effluents, which makes it difficult to distinguish the effects an oil refinery effluent has from other pollution sources. The discharge from oil refineries has reduced in quantity and toxicity over recent decades, allowing many impacted environments in estuaries and coasts to make a substantial recovery.     

Low levels of copper reduce the reproductive success of a mobile invertebrate predator

Marine organisms that occur in urbanised bays can be exposed to low-level chronic pollution that results in sublethal changes to behavior or reproduction. The effects of low levels of copper on the reproductive success of a mobile invertebrate were assessed. Free living flatworms are common predators of bivalves and barnacles. Flatworms (Stylochus pygmaeus) were exposed to low levels of copper ranging from 0 to 25 microg L(-1) in the presence and absence of their barnacle prey (Balanus variegatus). Flatworms laid fewer egg batches when exposed to copper and the hatching success of the eggs was also reduced. Exposure to 25 microg L(-1) copper for 10 d reduced the reproductive success of flatworms by up to 80%. Results were consistent regardless of the presence or absence of prey (barnacles). Barnacles were only moderately affected by copper but exhibited major avoidance behavior (feeding inhibition) in the presence of flatworm predators. This is the first ecotoxicological study on marine flatworms. Experiments are required to quantify the effects of flatworm predator populations on sessile invertebrate community structure in the field.     

论渔业法之未取得或违反船网工具指标造船违法行为的法律责任

船舶是渔业生产、水上运输的重要工具,我国对渔业船舶借助船网工具控制指标管理模式达到对渔船数量和功率数控制的“双控”管理,但实践中碍于很多因素还存在未取得或违反船网工具指标造船的现象,这一行为对水域交通安全、渔业生产安全、渔业资源保护3个方面都存在安全隐患。文章主要梳理现行法律法规对这一行为的规定并简要分析其法律责任,建议在处罚幅度中增加处罚下限。     

A helping hand: artificial nest site provisioning increases breeding success of a tropical seabird

Common white terns Gygis alba lay a single egg balanced on rocks or branches and consequently are at risk of low nesting success. A novel technique of hollowing out coconut husks and providing artificial nest sites was developed on Cousine Island, Seychelles. Our study aimed to critically assess whether common white tern nesting success differed between artificial and natural nest sites. For natural nest sites, nesting success and the stage of nest failure were also compared between seasons, nest heights, and tree species. Finally, we compared results from our study to those of a study conducted 10 years ago on the same island. Nesting success differed significantly between artificial nests and natural nests, with the success of artificial nests nearly double that of natural nests. Hatching success was similar for artificial and natural nests (65% and 52% respectively), suggesting coconut husks do not reduce egg losses, but rather provide secure perches for young chicks. Most natural nest failures occurred during the egg phase (70%), followed by the youngest chick phase (21%). Of the eggs that hatched in natural nests, 61% fledged successfully. Tree species and season significantly influenced nesting success for natural nests and nest height varied significantly between tree species. Higher nesting success was observed during the mixed seasonal period (50%) followed by the cooler, windier and drier South-East Monsoon season (33%). The hotter and more humid North-West Monsoon period had the lowest nesting success (20%). Comparisons of nesting success at natural and artificial nest sites with the earlier study did not differ significantly, despite a smaller population of common white terns being present on the island at that stage. Our results support the use of artificial nest sites to improve nesting success for this species and serve as a model for similar species currently under threat.     

Spread of Pollution from a Bottom Source in the Norwegian Sea

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - Simulations of the spread of radioactive contamination (RC) with cesium-137 (137Cs) as a passive impurity were performed using the Institute of...