Geochemical and mineralogical characteristics of recent clastic sediments from lower Godavari river: Implications of source rock weathering

The major, trace and rare earth elements geochemistry and clay mineral compositions in the river bed sediments from lower reaches of Godavari river suggest that they are derived from weathering of felsic rocks. Trace and rare earth elemental compositions indicate evidence of sedimentary sorting during transportation and deposition. Lower concentrations of transition elements, such as V, Ni and Cr imply enrichment of felsic minerals in these bed sediments. The REE pattern in lower Godavari sediments is influenced by the degree of source rock weathering. The light rare earth elements (LREE) content are indicating greater fractionation compared to the heavy rare earth elements (HREE). A striking relationship is observed between TiO₂ and gZREE content suggesting a strong control by LREE-enriched titaniferous minerals on REE chemistry. Shale-normalized REE pattern demonstrate a positive Eu anomaly, suggesting weathering of feldspar and their secondary products, which are enriched in Eu. Chondrite-normalised REE pattern is characteristic of felsic volcanic, granites and gnessic source rocks. Trace elemental compositions in sediments located near urban areas suggest influence of anthropogenic activity. Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) is high (avg. 65.76), suggesting a moderate chemical weathering environment. X-ray diffraction analysis of clay fraction shows predominance of clay minerals that are formed because of the chemical weathering of felsic rocks.     

Distribution and sources of carbon,nitrogen, phosphorus and biogenic silica in the sediments of Chilika lagoon

The present study investigated the spatial and vertical distribution of organic carbon (OC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and biogenic silica (BSi) in the sedimentary environments of Asia’s largest brackish water lagoon. Surface and core sediments were collected from various locations of the Chilika lagoon and were analysed for grain-size distribution and major elements in order to understand their distribution and sources. Sand is the dominant fraction followed by silt + clay. Primary production within the lagoon, terrestrial input from river discharge and anthropogenic activities in the vicinity of the lagoon control the distribution of OC, TN, TP and BSi in the surface as well as in the core sediments. Low C/N ratios in the surface sediments (3.49–3.41) and cores (4–11.86) suggest that phytoplankton and macroalgae may be major contributors of organic matter (OM) in the lagoon. BSi is mainly associated with the mud fraction. Core C5 from Balugaon region shows the highest concentration of OC ranging from 0.58–2.34%, especially in the upper 30 cm, due to direct discharge of large amounts of untreated sewage into the lagoon. The study highlights that Chilika is a dynamic ecosystem with a large contribution of OM by autochthonous sources with some input from anthropogenic sources as well.     

Anthropogenic heavy metal signatures for the fast growing urban area of Natal (NE-Brazil)

In this study the effect of anthropogenic discharges on the heavy metal content in the Potengi–Jundiai river system near the fast growing city of Natal, NE-Brazil, is investigated. Due to the multiple anthropogenic source character without any predominating anthropogenic heavy metal discharge the area of Natal may serve as a characteristic place for the study of the impact of the fast growing Brazilian cities on the environment. In general the sediments of the Rio Potengi–Jundiai river system in the studied area are not severely polluted. However, close to waste water drain pipes a characteristic anthropogenic heavy metal signature is visible in enhanced Zn, Pb, Cu and Cd values relative to reference elements such as Al and Fe. Sources are domestic and animal waste, combustion products and hydrocarbons. These heavy metals are probably mainly bound to organic matter. The elements Sn, Hg and Ag in part also belong to the anthropogenic heavy metal signature. The elements Cr, Ni and V are characteristic of weathering heavy minerals in crystalline rocks exposed in the catchment area of the river system and are not significantly added from anthropogenic sources. These heavy metals are most likely predominantly bound to oxides and represent the pristine geogenic background of the system. They can thus be used as reference elements to monitor incipient accumulation of Zn, Pb, Cu and Cd due to anthropogenic input. The element characteristics found here match with those found in other fast growing urban areas such as the Sao Paulo metropolitan area.     

江苏典型地区河流沉积物重金属元素分布特征及其污染来源

通过对河流沉积物等地表沉积物中重金属元素分布等环境地球化学调查数据的统计分析,总结了江苏典型地区河流沉积物中重金属元素的分布特点与规律:江苏局部地区河流沉积物中,Cd、Pb、Zn、Cr、Cu、Ni、Hg等相对富集趋势明显,Cd最大富集倍数 100;不同河流沉积物的重金属元素分布存在差异,与其污染来源密切相关;工业排放是导致河流重金属污染的主要原因,使用含Cd的颜料作为调色剂导致部分河流出现严重Cd污染;与土壤等其他地表沉积物相比,河流沉积物中重金属元素的分布更不均衡。查明河流沉积物的重金属元素分布可为相关农产品安全性预测、确定重金属污染来源、追踪涉重产业的发展历程、防治局部耕地重金属污染等提供科学依据。     

鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘上三叠统延长组物源与沉积体系特征

以鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘延长组为例,通过对野外露头沉积特征、骨架颗粒、重矿物组合等分析,讨论了研究区物源与沉积体系特征。研究表明:早期沉积物源主要来自盆地西南方向,南部也有贡献。中、晚期沉积物源除来自西南方向和南部物源外,还受到来自盆地北东方向次要物源的影响。延长组长8之上与之下物源性质发生明显变化。延长组长8砂岩的岩屑以变质岩为主,少量沉积岩和火成岩;而延长组长6砂岩岩屑则以沉积岩为主,少量变质岩和火成岩,这表明长6沉积期盆地周缘、特别是盆地西缘抬升加剧,地层的剥蚀更强烈,致使大量较年轻的地层被剥蚀并加入源区母岩中。鄂尔多斯盆地延长期湖盆为北西—南东向展布,西南区主要发育辫状河和辫状河三角洲沉积体系,东北区主要发育曲流河三角洲沉积体系,在深湖区发育浊积扇沉积体系。     

西秦岭徽县-成县早白垩世盆地沉积特征及其构造意义

徽县-成县(徽成)盆地是西秦岭造山带内一个具有代表性的早白垩世走滑拉分盆地。沉积相分析结果显示,盆地内部发育不同的沉积相组合,且呈现明显的时空变化特征。盆地充填序列分析表明,徽成盆地的沉积演化可划分为4个阶段:田家坝组沉积时期、周家湾组沉积时期、鸡山组沉积早期和鸡山组沉积晚期。田家坝组沉积时期,盆地南部以冲积扇砾岩和辫状河砂、砾岩沉积组合为主;周家湾组沉积时期,盆地西部以冲积扇砾岩和辫状河砂、砾岩沉积组合为主;鸡山组沉积时期,盆地北部和南部以冲积扇砾岩和辫状河砂、砾岩沉积为主。在整个沉积过程中,盆地中心表现为湖泊(前三角洲)相细粒沉积,而河流和三角洲体系则分布于冲积扇和深水湖泊(前三角洲)沉积之间。古流向和物源恢复结果证明,盆地沉积物主体来自于盆地北部、南部的花岗岩和前侏罗纪地层。盆地构造沉降和沉积充填过程主要受控于盆地北缘徽凤断裂,盆地南部抬升与盆地边界断层的活动密切相关,是盆地的主要物源区。     

湘江株州至洞庭湖口江段现代沉积速率研究

本文采用沉积物剖面上的韵律与冲刷面特征,微量元素垂向分布特征和~(210)Pb 测龄法三者相结合的方法,测定了湘江株州至洞庭湖口河流沉积物的沉积速率。该江段不同地点的沉积速率在不同时期是各异的,但20年来总的年平均速率是4.5—5.5cm/年,略高于洞庭湖口的沉积速率(4.2cm/年)。     

成都盆地浅层土壤中Cd来源初探

利用四川成都盆地多目标地球化学调查获取的大量数据，通过先线性回归再因子分析等多元统计分析方法，重点研究了浅层土壤Cd元素与其他元素的相关性及在空间上的分布规律，得出浅层土壤中Cd的回归方程及其由元素组合表征的2类来源：自然作用与人为作用。龙门山岩体、沉积地层和硫化物矿床是Cd的主要自然来源；农业活动和城市污染是Cd的人为源，表现为人为作用与自然作用的叠加这为生态评价和污染防治提供了重要参考。     

Spatial and temporal variability of trace element concentrations in an urban subtropical watershed,Honolulu, Hawaii

Trace metal concentrations in soils and in stream and estuarine sediments from a subtropical urban watershed in Hawaii are presented. The results are placed in the context of historical studies of environmental quality (water, soils, and sediment) in Hawaii to elucidate sources of trace elements and the processes responsible for their distribution. This work builds on earlier studies on sediments of Ala Wai Canal of urban Honolulu by examining spatial and temporal variations in the trace elements throughout the watershed. Natural processes and anthropogenic activity in urban Honolulu contribute to spatial and temporal variations of trace element concentrations throughout the watershed. Enrichment of trace elements in watershed soils result, in some cases, from contributions attributed to the weathering of volcanic rocks, as well as to a more variable anthropogenic input that reflects changes in land use in Honolulu. Varying concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in sediments reflect about 60 a of anthropogenic activity in Honolulu. Land use has a strong impact on the spatial distribution and abundance of selected trace elements in soils and stream sediments. As noted in continental US settings, the phasing out of Pb-alkyl fuel additives has decreased Pb inputs to recently deposited estuarine sediments. Yet, a substantial historical anthropogenic Pb inventory remains in soils of the watershed and erosion of surface soils continues to contribute to its enrichment in estuarine sediments. Concentrations of other elements (e.g., Cu, Zn, Cd), however, have not decreased with time, suggesting continued active inputs. Concentrations of Ba, Co, Cr, Ni, V and U, although elevated in some cases, typically reflect greater proportions attributed to natural sources rather than anthropogenic input.     

内蒙古隆起晚古生代构造隆升的沉积记录

内蒙古隆起位于华北克拉通与兴蒙造山带的过渡部位,受古亚洲洋俯冲、闭合过程的影响,在晚古生代发生了重要的构造隆升。华北盆地北缘紧靠内蒙古隆起,其晚古生代沉积记录了内蒙古隆起的构造活动历史。本文对盆地冀北—辽西地区的晚石炭—中三叠世地层进行详细的沉积体系分析和物源研究,结果表明:1盆地由远滨—滨岸、扇三角洲、三角洲、河流四种沉积体系充填而成,总体上经历了由海陆交互到陆相的进积充填过程。在晚石炭—早二叠世,盆地边缘发育扇三角洲和河流体系,盆地内部由远滨—滨岸、三角洲与河流体系组成。在中二叠—中三叠世期间盆地整体发育河流体系。盆地的沉积中心位于唐山、宝坻一带;2古水流数据、碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素表明盆地物源来自内蒙古隆起,源岩由中上元古界碎屑岩和碳酸盐岩、寒武—奥陶系碳酸盐岩、晚古生代岩浆岩以及少量前寒武结晶基底组成。大量沉积岩碎屑颗粒表明内蒙古隆起在晚古生代被沉积盖层所覆盖,在二叠纪末期花岗岩以及片麻岩砾石的出现代表了内蒙古隆起隆升和侵蚀作用的加强;3根据沉积体系和物源变化将盆地划分为三个充填序列,这些序列记录了内蒙古隆起的隆升和侵蚀过程。晚石炭—早二叠世充填序列以沉积岩砾石、泥盆纪碎屑锆石和凝灰岩夹层为特征,物源来自沉积盖层和晚古生代火山岩。该序列记录了内蒙古隆起陆缘弧的初始隆升和同期火山活动。中晚二叠世充填序列以河流环境下的火山碎屑岩和火山岩为主要特征,记录了华北北缘与南蒙地块的碰撞过程,碰撞导致内蒙古隆起的隆升,同时伴随火山喷发。早中三叠世充填序列以辫状河粗碎屑和花岗质砾石为特征,记录了古亚洲洋闭合后的伸展环境。     

嫩江现代河流沉积层序及沉积模式

以黑龙江省富裕县大马岗现代嫩江沉积体为例,通过深挖探槽、探坑及野外密集采样的精细解剖,详细研究了现代嫩江大马岗沉积体内部岩相、沉积微相、沉积层序及沉积模式。研究表明,大马岗河流沉积体是一个由辫状河与曲流河沉积组成的复合沉积体,其下部以辫状河砾质坝沉积为主,上部则以低能量的曲流河沉积为主。在现代嫩江大马岗沉积体内部,共识别出16种岩相,即Gm,St1,St2,Ft,Ssd,Sh,Stcb,Shcs,Sw,Sm,Fw,Fm,Fsc1,Fsc2,Mm及Mpr,发育五种亚相、六种沉积微相,即曲流河的河漫滩沉积微相、决口扇微相、天然堤微相、点坝微相、辫状河的溢岸微相及心滩微相。这些沉积微相构成了大马岗沉积体内部垂向上三套不同的沉积层序:下部层序以砾石质沉积为主,为辫状河沉积形成;中部层序为一个完整的曲流河沉积层序,以曲流河点坝沙及溢岸漫滩泥沉积构成;上部沉积层序则为曲流河泛滥及决口沉积形成。通过沉积微相及沉积层序分析,本文建立了一种新型的河流复合沉积模式,进一步丰富了河流沉积学理论。     

渤海湾中部南堡35-2地区新第三系河流沉积及油气勘探意义

渤海湾中部南堡35-2地区新三系河流沉积十分发育，可分为曲流河沉积和辫状河沉积两种类型。曲流河沉积以发育点砂坝、决口扇、天然堤和泛滥平原等微相单元为特征。辫状河沉积主要发育河道和心滩微相，泛滥平原微相不太发育。本重点研究了河流沉积各类微相的沉积特点，并将河流沉积的垂向层序归纳为6种类型。本还探讨了各类砂体的储集物性特征，认为点砂坝和心滩砂体是形成大油气田的优质储层，而油气藏的形成除与砂体的储集物性有关外，主要与区域构造条件密切相关。     

河流-三角洲体系微相控烃及机理研究:以珠江口盆地恩平组煤系烃源岩为例

河流-三角洲体系煤系烃源岩是重要的油气来源,传统的研究方法主要为单井点分析,对研究区的勘探程度和资料情况的依赖性大,而且认识滞后于勘探,很难在油气勘探和有利生烃洼陷的预测中发挥作用.对珠江口盆地恩平组煤系烃源岩进行系统研究,揭示煤系烃源岩发育的特征和有利地质条件,并将沉积微相分析与烃源岩的地球化学指标(有机质丰度、生烃...     

Magnetometry and ground-penetrating radar surveys applied to tracing potential collectors of mining-derived pollutants in coastal sediments (Piscinas Bay,Montevecchio mining area,SW Sardinia)

Dispersion of pollutants from mining areas can result in risks to human health. The dynamic interaction of geological processes can generate complex situations that favor enrichment in toxic elements by sedimentary and diagenetic mechanisms. In order to explore the distribution of iron-rich minerals in coastal and river sediments, a geophysical campaign was performed along the outlet of the Piscinas and Naracauli Rivers that drain two abandoned mining areas in SW Sardinia. Both rivers flow into the Mediterranean Sea, a bay where fluvial, marine, and eolian processes interact. The geophysical campaign comprised magnetometry and ground-penetrating radar surveys. Magnetic properties were controlled by means of magnetic susceptibility measurements along the beach and dune areas, through sampling of surface sediments, natural outcrops and trenches, and considering different grain size intervals. Results indicate enrichment in ferromagnetic minerals at the leeside of dunes and berms. Sedimentological interpretation is supported by means of ground-penetrating radar. Due to both sedimentary and diagenetic processes, the 100- to 300-μm fraction of fine sands exhibits high susceptibility. Implied tenors of toxic elements in the magnetite may represent a serious hazard to environmental and health security. The results inferred from magnetic anomalies support the applicability of the geophysical approach in order to locate high concentrations of iron-rich particles both at surface and below ground and the usefulness of joint evaluation of magnetic susceptibility and ground-penetrating radar in order to characterize the sedimentary and geomorphology-controlled magnetite distribution.     

鄂尔多斯盆地东南部山2段物源与曲流河三角洲沉积体系

鄂尔多斯盆地东南部山2段是该盆地重要的天然气富集层位。通过重矿物分布、岩屑组分、砂岩岩屑类型及阴极发光特征分析山2段沉积物源体系,经研究认为盆地东南部山2段沉积同时受南、北部物源供源。山2段为曲流河三角洲前缘沉积亚相,碎屑颗粒分选中等偏好、磨圆较好、颗粒之间接触紧密,沉积构造主要为板、槽状交错层理、平行层理及浪成交错层理。本区山2段沉积物以跳跃组分和悬浮组分为主,水下分流河道微相粒度概率曲线呈现三段式和四段式;河口坝微相分选较好、粒度概率曲线形态为两段式和三段式。研究区北部、南部及中部志丹、甘泉等地区砂体发育较厚,剖面上河道砂体呈不对称式相互叠置,水动力条件中等-较强。通过物源体系重建、沉积特征分析与薄片特征鉴定,建立了鄂尔多斯盆地东南部山2段双物源曲流河三角洲沉积模式。该研究明确了盆地东南部山2段物源方向,明晰了山2段沉积特征,创建了典型曲流河三角洲沉积模式,为进一步勘探开发提供了理论支持。     

Sedimentary Features of Shallow Ancient River Channels on the Northern Shelf of the South China Sea

Quaternary buried ancient river channels are widespread in the shallow-level sediments of the northern shelf of the South China Sea. The sedimentary sequence mainly of fluvial deposits comprise an important component part of the low-stand system tract and transgressive system tract in the study region. The plannar variation and spatial association of the sedimentary features such as incised valley fillings, deltaic foreset wedges and block slides of shelf-marginal fans reflect the palaeogeographic environment during the fall of the regional sea level in the northern part of the South China Sea. Based on the high-resolution seismic reflection data and gelogical data from boreholes, the present paper makes an integrated interpretation of the Quaternary ancient river channels in the shallow sediments of the study area, studies the sedimentary features of the ancient channels such as their spatial distribution, seismic facies reflection indicators, sedimentary facies and sand -body types, and discusses thei     

Sedimentary Features of Shallow Ancient River Channels on the Northern Shelf of the South China Sea1

Abstract Quaternary buried ancient river channels are widespread in the shallow-level sediments of the northern shelf of the South China Sea. The sedimentary sequence mainly of fluvial deposits comprise an important component part of the low-stand system tract and transgressive system tract in the study region. The plannar variation and spatial association of the sedimentary features such as incised valley fillings, deltaic foreset wedges and block slides of shelf-marginal fans reflect the palaeogeographic environment during the fall of the regional sea level in the northern part of the South China Sea. Based on the high-resolution seismic reflection data and gelogical data from boreholes, the present paper makes an integrated interpretation of the Quaternary ancient river channels in the shallow sediments of the study area, studies the sedimentary features of the ancient channels such as their spatial distribution, seismic facies reflection indicators, sedimentary facies and sand-body types, and discusses their formational setting and evolutionary model, with the main purpose to render a service to the hydrocarbon resources exploration and development and marine engineering in the northern shelf of the South China Sea.     

Provenance of the Late Permian Xuanwei Formation in the Upper Yangtze Block: Constraints from the Sedimentary Record and Tectonic Implications

Xuanwei Formation is composed of mudstone, siltstone, and sandstone, with local conglomerate. However, its provenance and tectonic setting have been scarcely studied. In this paper, we use sedimentology, electron probe microanalysis(EPMA), and detrital zircon dating to investigate its source area and depositional tectonic setting. The facies assemblages indicate that it formed in alluvial fan and fluvial river sedimentary environments. The strata thicknesses and facies distribution indicate that the sediment supply was from the west. The results of EPMA show that chromian spinels within the sediments are characterized by high Cr# and varying Mg#. Discrimination plots suggest that these spinels were sourced from large igneous province(LIP) magmatic rocks. The laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(LA-ICP-MS) U–Pb chronology of detrital zircons suggests that the sediments were derived from intermediate–acid igneous rocks dating back to 251–260? Ma. We could, therefore, conclude that the provenance of the Xuanwei Formation is from Emeishan basalt and synchronous felsic igneous rocks, which is consistent with the composition of the detrital framework. The detrital zircon dates also suggest that felsic magmatism occurred during the Late Permian, not after the eruption of the Emeishan basalt. Based on the sedimentary successions and provenance analysis, the tectonic setting for Xuanwei Formation deposition was a volcanic rifted margin.     

Stratigraphy and fluvial sedimentary facies of the Neocomian lower Strzelecki Group,Gippsland Basin,Victoria

The Strzelecki Group incorporates Berriasian to Albian, fluvial sediments deposited in the Gippsland Basin during initial rifting between Australia and Antarctica. Neocomian strata of the lowermost Strzelecki Group are assigned to the Tyers River Subgroup (exposed in the Tyers area) and the Rhyll Arkose (exposed on Phillip Island and the Mornington Peninsula). The Tyers River Subgroup incorporates two formations: Tyers Conglomerate and Rintoul Creek Formation. The latter is subdivided into the Locmany and Exalt Members. Ten fluvial sedimentary facies are identified in the lowermost Strzelecki Group: two gravelly facies; four sandy facies; and four mudrock facies. Associations of these facies indicate: (i) prevalence of gravelly braided‐river and alluvial‐fan settings during deposition of the Tyers Conglomerate; (ii) more sluggish, sandy braided to meandering fluvial systems during Locmany Member sedimentation; and (iii) a return to active, sandy, braided‐river settings for deposition of the Exalt Member. The Tyers Conglomerate and Rhyll Arkose rest on an irregular erosional surface incised into Palaeozoic rocks of the Lachlan Fold Belt. The overlying Rintoul Creek Formation incorporates more mature sediments where lithofacies associations varied according to base‐level change, variations in subsidence rates, and/or tectonic uplift of the principal sedimentsource terranes to the northwest.     

Distribution and sources of phosphorus in tidal river sediments in the Washington, DC, Area

 Sediments in the rivers and basins around Washington, DC, have high concentrations of phosphorus, which, based on geographic distributions, is largely derived from urban runoff and municipal sewage. Dissolved-particulate phosphate exchange reactions and biological uptake of dissolved phosphorus from the water column may be an added source of phosphorus to the sediments. Concentrations of total sedimentary phosphorus ranged from 24 to 56 μm P/g-dw, and were highest in areas near combined sewer outfalls. As a part of this study, sedimentary phosphorus was fractionated into Fe-P, Ca-P, Al-P, and organic phases using a selective-sequential leaching procedure. The distribution of the phases in all sediments analyzed follow the order , Fe-P>Ca-P>Al-P. Spatial variations in the amounts of phosphorus in the different phases is related to the sources of phosphorus to the area. The proportions of occluded Al-P and organic P are 10–20% of the total P, respectively. This suggests that phosphorus from natural sources is small compared to anthropogenic inputs in this area. The high leachable Fe-P and Ca-P in these sediments might contribute a substantial amount of P to the water column under conditions of remobilization. Received: 20 February 1996 · Accepted: 2 April 1996