皎口与横溪地震波形特征分析与应用

通过对宁波地震台记录的横溪地震和皎口地震波形特征的对比分析,发现它们到宁波台的震中距基本相同。震相都较简单,记录波形衰减较快。不同点有：初动方向不同,ＡＰ／Ａｓ比值不同,ＳＭ波周期不同,利用这些不同的特征,对部分初动不清楚的小震定位判断,结果与宏观调查基本一致。     

长春龙嘉堡矿震事件的判定

首先将龙嘉堡事件的波形记录,与该地区构造地震和人工爆破的记录进行对比,根据其记录波形的周期、振幅、初动和面波等直观特征判断为矿山地震。然后通过频谱分析、视速度计算以及实地考察得到进一步证实。     

云南地区地震序列早期地震波动力学特性

研究了云南地区各类型地震序列的早期地震波动力学特征－地震波垂直分量Ｐ波初动和Ｐ、Ｓ波最大振幅比，结果表明：前震序列振幅比为过原点的直线，比值稳定、Ｐ波初动一致；双震型地震序列在第一主震后Ｐ波实动出现一组时，仍有一类波形的振幅比保持为过原点的直线，第一主震后Ｐ波初动出现两组时，仍有初动相同的一组地震振幅比保持过原点的直线，或者两组初动的地震振幅比分别、共同成过原点的直线；主余震地震序列在非大震孕育期     

昭通巡龙测震台强夯土事件与微震波形特征分析

通过对比分析昭通巡龙测震台记录的重型地面平整机施工事件和微震记录的波形特征差异，认为：强夯土事件释放能量当量相当于M_L0.6～1.4级地震，P波初动向下、能量衰减快、波形持续时间短，P/S振幅小于天然地震，两者记录的频谱特征差异较大；微震震相明显，强夯土事件震相不明显。通过分析强夯土事件与微震波形特征差异，可以为非天然地震和天然地震分类识别提供依据。     

天然地震波形与工业化爆破波形振幅比对比的研究

选取乌鲁木齐遥测地震台记录的部分天然地震与新疆工业化爆破项目中的部分爆破资料,通过波形振幅比AS/AP以及记录在P波垂直向的初动符号的对比,总结出了识别爆破与地震的依据。工业化爆破振幅比的比值比较稳定,且小于天然地震振幅的比值,而天然地震受多种因素的影响,振幅比的比值变化范围大。工业化爆破波形记录的初动向上为" ",而天然地震产生的地震波的初动符号具有四象限分布的明显规律。     

1976年松潘7．2级地震前几种异常波形的记录特征及其在大震短临预报中的意义

本文研究了１９７６年松潘７．２级地震前，几个台站记录到的异常地震波形的形态特征及时空分布特征。异常波形可分为４种形态；震中距小于８０ｋｍ的台站都不同程度地记录到了异常波形；临近地震时，记录中出现的波形数量增多，振幅增大；临震前１０天波形密集，呈现明显的突跳变化。根据异常波形的特征，本文还对异常波形的物理机制进行了初步的研究，认为异常波形的出现是地震前孕震区岩石产生微破裂的结果。     

云南地区双震型地震序列中第二主震的前震识别

本文通过对双震型地震序列的地震波动力学特征的研究，提出了识别双震中第二主震前震的可能性。结果表明、在双震第一主震发生后，序列地震的Ｐ波垂直分量初动一致时，可依据波形来识别第二主震的前震；而初动不一致时有三种情况：１、两组初动中有一组Ｐ、Ｓ波振幅比仍保持为过原点的直线而另一组离散，２、两组初动的振幅比分别为过原点的直线；３、两组初动的振幅比共同组成过原点的直线，对前两种情况可识别第二主震的前震，最后一种情况难以识别。总体达６０－７０％的可识别率。     

1976年松潘7.2级地震前几种异常波形的记录特征及其在大震短临预报中的意义

本文研究了１９７６年松潘７．２级地震前，几个台站记录到的异常地震波形的形态特征及时空分布特征。异常波形可分为４种形态；震中距小于８０ｋｍ的台站都不同程度地记录到了异常波形；临近地震时，记录中出现的波形数量增多，振幅增大；临震前１０天波形密集，呈现明显的突跳变化。根据异常波形的特征，本文还对异常波形的物理机制进行了初步的研究，认为异常波形的出现是地震前孕震区岩石产生微破裂的结果。     

曹妃甸地震台网天然地震与爆破波形记录特征

统计曹妃甸地震台网成立以来记录的地震波形资料,对比天然地震和化学爆炸、矿爆的波形,发现天然地震与爆破震相特征在P波初动、周期、波形衰减及振幅等方面有很大不同,并对波形进行频谱分析,进一步识别天然地震及爆破。     

福建地区人工爆破与天然地震的判定

利用福建地震台网的人工爆破与天然地震的数字记录,采用波形对比法,分析发生在同一地区的爆破与地震波形特征.结果发现,爆破与地震在震相、P波初动符号分布、振幅比As/Ap等方面具有不同特征,据此得出爆破识别的有效判据,并对一次疑爆事件进行有效检验,为今后爆破的识别提供依据.     

多种方法测定2019年皎口水库地区2.5级以上地震震源深度

应用CAP方法、sPL深度震相方法和双差定位方法,对2019年M2.5以上皎口水库地区地震震源深度进行测定。通过CAP方法进行反演,计算出最佳震源机制解及震源深度;在震中距50 km左右的近台识别出清晰的sPL震相,运用频率—波速（F-K）方法画出各种震源深度的理论波形,与实际波形进行拟合确定震源深度;建立地震事件对,利用走时差观测值与理论值的残差确定其相对位置及深度。结果发现,上述多种方法测定的结果基本一致;相对而言,双差定位方法更适合皎口水库地区地震震源深度的测定。     

Height profiles of the amplitudes of large-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances

Nighttime height profiles of the amplitudes of large-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (LSTIDs) obtained from the data of vertical sounding in Almaty (76°55′ E, 43°15′ N) for the period 2000–2007 are analyzed. The height profiles are plotted using the time variations in electron density N _h (t) at a series of heights for the F region in the ionosphere with a height step of 10 km. In total, observations were conducted during 1166 nights, among which 581 nights are characterized by wave activity. Nights with the maximum amplitude of variations in N _h (t) exceeding 25% are selected for analysis. The total number of such nights is 63; LSTIDs have been recorded in both magnetically quiet and active periods. The regressive ratios between the height of the F-region maximum and the height that corresponds to the maximum absolute amplitude of a wave, as well as between the values of the maximum amplitude at a height profile and the value of the amplitude of variations in N _m F(t) at the layer maximum, are obtained.     

对哈萨克斯坦,吉尔吉斯斯坦两国地下流体资料的初步分析

依据来自哈萨克斯坦,吉尔吉斯斯坦两国地下流体的交换资料,分析了它们对天山及其邻区强震的映震特征,认为：（１）水化学异常时间与水动态异常的时间不同;（２）气体,离子,水动态异常形态多样;（３）水化学正负正常不确定;（４）异常幅度变化复杂;（５）强震远场效应明显;（６）震后效应显著并具有不可逆性。     

皎口水库地震精定位、震源机制及发震机理探讨

利用双差定位法对宁波皎口水库2009—2021年地震进行重新定位,通过HASH方法计算了较大地震的震源机制解,基于精确定位后的地震震源位置分布、深度分布以及总体震源机制解特征,结合区域地质构造背景、库区地质条件以及水库水位变化,对发震构造及孕震机理进行探讨。结果表明,皎口水库2009—2012年地震序列与2018—2021年地震序列孕震机理相似,区域性断裂长兴—奉化可能为发震断层;库水通过断裂破碎带下渗,孔隙水压力扩散及库水对岩石的软化弱化长时间作用,造成断层面及其深部某些薄弱部位变为不稳定区域,最后在库水变化导致的加卸荷应力场作用下触发地震。     

Amplitude-dependent effects of longitudinal seismic wave propagation in the interhole space

Field investigations of the amplitude dependence of the P wave velocity in dry and water-saturated rocks are carried out in the space between two shallow boreholes. The seismic wave velocity nonlinearly varies with the strain amplitude in the range ～(4–50) × 10^?8. The pattern of the velocity variation with amplitude depends on the pulse propagation direction. In dry and partially water-saturated rocks, the wave velocity decreases by 1.5% with the amplitude increasing within the range mentioned above and increases by 0.4% in completely water-saturated rocks (with an accuracy of up to 0.1%). Amplitude variations within a closed cycle (A _min … → A _max … → A _min) lead to hysteresis in the V _p (A _min-max-min) dependence (i.e., the ascending and descending branches of the curve do not coincide). If the hysteretic loop is not closed, the residual velocity component ΔV _p (A) is present. This effect is observed in dry and weakly saturated rocks. In a completely saturated rock, hysteresis of the velocity dependence is absent; the ascending and descending amplitude branches coincide. It is suggested that the amplitude characteristics and their hysteresis can be used in the future as an additional criterion for the differentiation of rocks by their fluid saturation.     

Least-squares Minimization Approaches to Interpret Total Magnetic Anomalies Due to Spheres

We have developed three different least-squares approaches to determine successively: the depth, magnetic angle, and amplitude coefficient of a buried sphere from a total magnetic anomaly. By defining the anomaly value at the origin and the nearest zero-anomaly distance from the origin on the profile, the problem of depth determination is transformed into the problem of finding a solution of a nonlinear equation of the form f(z)=0. Knowing the depth and applying the least-squares method, the magnetic angle and amplitude coefficient are determined using two simple linear equations. In this way, the depth, magnetic angle, and amplitude coefficient are determined individually from all observed total magnetic data. The method is applied to synthetic examples with and without random errors and tested on a field example from Senegal, West Africa. In all cases, the depth solutions are in good agreement with the actual ones.     

A test problem for structural systems with discontinuities

The direct integration method for structural systems having force and/or stiffness discontinuities is known to present considerable numerical difficulties. A non-linear one-degree-of-freedom test problem having these characteristics is developed and its exact oscillation period determined. The effects on amplitude and phase of small perturbations of the switching point, such as are caused by fixed-step integration, have been studied. Artificial energy changes introduced at discontinuities by fixed-step explicit and implicit methods are investigated. For a number of commonly used algorithms orders of convergence in fixed-step integration of the test problem degrade from design value before, toO(h) after, the first discontinuity traversal.O(h) convergence is maintained for any number of discontinuity traversals thereafter, but design order can be recovered by locating the switching point sufficiently precisely.     

海南琼海加积井水位对远大震的同震响应特征研究

In this study,we analyze the co-seismic response of water levels in the Jiaji well to strong earthquakes(MS≥7.8) from 2001 to 2010 at an epicentral distance less than 8000km.We investigated the co-seismic variation form of water levels,and analyzed the relationship between the amplitude of water level variation and the magnitude and the epicentral distance.We then checked the seismic wave phases when the changes of water level occurred.It was shown that:(1) the water level’s co-seismic response is mainly characterized by escalation with no oscillation;(2) the amplitude of water level change has a certain connection with epicentral distance and magnitude;(3) co-seismic response of water levels in the Jiaji well shows a certain directivity;(4) most of the co-seismic responses were caused by surface waves,and some by long-period S waves.     

Diurnal and Seasonal Variations in Trends in the <Emphasis Type="Italic">E</Emphasis>-Layer Critical Frequency

Long-term changes in the E-layer critical frequency foE at three stations in the European region (Juliusruh, Slough, and Rome) are analyzed by the method described in detail in the previous paper by the authors. It is found that two former stations demonstrate a well-pronounced change in foE (a trend) during the two previous decades. At the same time, the same features of the behavior of the aforementioned trend k(foE) are obtained for both stations. The trend is positive and negative in the morning and evening hours, respectively. It is minimal near the local noon. That explains the small value of k(foE) obtained in the previous paper for 1200 LT. A well-pronounced seasonal behavior of k(foE) is detected: the trend is minimal and maximal in the summer period and at the end of fall—beginning of winter, respectively. The trend maximal amplitude in the morning hours reaches +0.04 MHz per year, whereas the minimal amplitude in evening hours is–0.06 MHz per year. No systematic changes in foE exceeding 0.01 MHz in magnitude per year are found for Rome station.