Whistling sand beaches in the British Isles

Beaches which squeak or whistle when walked on have been known for many years. The phenomenon is shown to be more common than has previously been thought: sand from thirty-three beaches in the British Isles has been found to whistle. Size distributions of all these sands have been obtained by sieving, and the particle shape distribution in the peak size fractions has been measured by using a vibratory shape-sorting table. A physical mechanism has been suggested for the production of the whistle, which depends upon a close size grading coupled with a spherical grain shape. The locations at which whistling sand occurs correlate quite well with the landward ends of bed-load partings in the continental shelf sand transportation pattern as determined from side-scan Asdic surveys.     

我国铀矿床类型分类研究（一）

铀矿床类型的历史沿革研究是铀成矿学研究中的重要内容之一,为铀矿地学者所关注.中国铀矿床类型研究从引进到发展已走过近60年的历程,积累了大量的资料有待总结.笔者自20世纪60年代初至今一直关注铀矿床类型的研究,并积累了国内外铀矿床分类80余例,其中我国铀矿床类型方案约50例,从中获得了许多启示.通过对我国铀矿床类型研究小结、反思,提出新的分类方案构想,分（一）、（二）两部分进行简要论叙.     

松辽盆地西部斜坡带烃类微渗漏遥感信息提取

松辽盆地西部斜坡带位于吉林省西部白城地区。20多口探井证实，油气显示主要集中在东北部套保地区，油气显示最井是洮13井，其次为洮5井和洮5井和洮6井。烃类微渗漏遥感直接探测技术是一种直接找油方法，是90年代以来发展的一种新方法，目前已被国内外石油勘探部门广泛应用。通过对液态、气态、固态石油物质光谱特性的分析，采用比值处理，加TM4／TM7、TM4／TM5、TM4／TM3来增强微弱的烃类微渗漏异常；并将波段的比值或原波段进行彩色合成提取了研究区烃类微渗漏异常，其结果与已知钻孔的含油气情况一一对应，同时在研究区西部角发现一些新的油气渗漏异常区，可作为研究区油气勘探进一步工作的优先靶区，对研究区的油气勘探有较好的指导意义。     

岩溶塌陷灾害的岩溶地下水气压力监测技术及应用

文章系统、全面地介绍了岩溶地下水气压力监测技术及其应用成果。该技术在监测成孔、孔口的密封及监测频率等方面创新性地提出了相关的工艺方法,能真实、及时且充分地反映出岩溶管道裂隙系统中的地下水气压力变化特点,可为岩溶塌陷的机理研究、监测和预警提供科学依据。岩溶地下水气压力监测技术工艺简单、操作方便、成本低廉,经过20多年的改进,已成功应用于全国11个典型岩溶塌陷区,服务于高铁、水源地、油气管线、市政建设等潜在岩溶塌陷风险性评价、安全降深、监测预警等方面,取得了很好的效果。      

Remote Sensing Study of Gold Biogeochemical Effects in the Western Guangdong-Hainan Region1—A Case Study of the Hetai Gold Deposit

Abstract The vegetation has been poisoned by gold in the western Guangdong-Hainan region. The gold content of the leaves there is as high as 10-1961 times the abundance, the chlorophyll content is 10%-30% lower than that of the vegetation in metamorphic terrains and 10%-20% higher than that in granite terrains, and the carotenoid content is 10%-44% lower than the background value. The water content of leaves is 10% to 20% lower than the background value. The cells of leaves are deformed and broken. The leaf surface shows colour spots and becomes yellow or dark green. The spectral reflectance of the leaf surface is 5%-30% higher than the background value; the spectral shape has shifted 5-15 nm to the short wavelength. The gray scales of eanopy on images of Landsat TM and airborne imaging scanner (AIS) are 10%-100% higher than the background values. On Landsat TM and AIS false colour images, plants poisoned by gold display a yellow color, which disinguishes them from background plants. According to the spectral and image features of gold biogeochemical effects, the author has constructed a gold information system and expert prediction system, and thus two gold target areas and two gold prospect areas have been identified rapidly, economically and accurately in the western Guangdong-Hainan region which is extensively covered by vegetation.     

中国第四纪孢粉学研究进展

随着全球变化研究的不断深入,中国第四纪孢粉学研究已取得的长足的发展。化石样品的时间分辨率不断提高,在黄土高原１０万年尺度的孢粉记录分析已达到了小于千年的分辨率,在内蒙古调角海子钻孔的研究已达到百年分辨率。其次,为了准确解译化石孢粉的生态意义,开展了大量表土花粉研究,在中国北方建立了花粉－气候转换函数、气候－花粉响应面模型;系统地开展了表土花粉模拟生物群区的研究,并取得了良好的结果;开展了华北平原不     

漳州盆地水热系统氚同位素研究

本文依据26个天然水样品的氚同位素测试数据,分析了漳州盆地地下热水及其它天然水的氚值特征及其形成条件;利用“活塞模型”方法计算了漳州盆地地下水和地下热水的年龄;为弄清全盆地地下水的补给、迳流和排泄的总体格局和揭示地下热水的成因提供了依据。     

The politics of urban entrepreneurialism in Glasgow

North American literature on the changing role of the local state these past two decades has been dominated by the view of a transition from urban managerialism to urban entrepreneurialism. Associated with the transition has been the emergence of a New Urban Politics (NUP). Within a political economy framework. the NUP has been rooted in the material redistributive effects of the transition. This paper explores the character of this NUP, as experienced by one British city, and highlights some fundamental differences with the established political economy reading. Our argument, based upon the city of Glasgow, draws attention to two distinctive features. First, the institutional structure of urban governance in Glasgow differs from that of cities in the United States. In Glasgow, it has been the Left controlled local Council which has orchestrated the transition to entrepreneurialism, rather than the North American model of a coalition between local capital and the local state. Secondly, the transition in Glasgow has been marked not by a significant transfer of local state revenue from service provision to local economic development, but by a symbolic reorientation of the local state as marked by the central importance of large place marketing hallmark events. These events represent the city in ways which differ from traditional ‘self’ identities. Consequently, the transition has evoked a political response which has focused upon the symbolic posturing of the local state rather than the material consequences of the shift. In focusing upon local identity, the politics of urban entrepreneurialism in Glasgow points to a dimension of conflict which has received inadequate treatment in accounts of the NUP to date.     

凹凸棒粘土的除氟作用研究

凹凸棒粘土主要由坡缕石组成，后者为发育有一系列孔道的层链状硅酸盐矿物，具有很强的吸附能力，凹凸棒粘土的吸氟作用实验表明，其吸氟量随着溶液中氟离子浓度的提高而增加，在酸性含氟溶液中，凹凸棒粘土对溶液中氟的吸附量及溶液的降氟率都明显增加，而在碱性含氟溶液中，凹凸棒粘土对溶液中氟的吸附能力则大大降低，甚至不吸附。     

Effect of stone column yield on settlement of rigid foundations in stabilized clay

In this paper the settlement of a rigid foundation supported by a layer of clay which has been stabilized with stone columns is considered. The results of an analytic solution for the settlement, assuming no yield occurs in the clay or columns, have been presented in a previous publication. This solution is now used to develop an interaction analysis which takes account of yielding within the stone columns. This interaction analysis is based on a number of plausible assumptions regarding the behaviour of the clay and columns. In order to check the validity of these assumptions elasto-plastic finite element analyses have been performed and the agreement between the two methods is very good. However, the computational effort required for the finite element analyses is many orders of magnitude greater than that for the interaction analysis. This analysis has been used to generate a number of parametric solutions which provide a basis for estimating the reduction in settlement of the foundation due to the stabilization of the clay.     

Ecology of saltcedar—A plea for research

Because of the interdiscriplinary requirements of studies of river-floodplain systems, development of this field in the United States has been slow, and much information needed for watershed and river-basin planning is not available. This is particularly true in the southwestern United States, where study has been further complicated within the last 50 years by the introduction and spread of saltcedar (Tamarix chinensis)which has occurred simultaneously with other independently generated environmental changes. The spread of saltcedar has been aided both by purposeful planding and by a fortuitous combination of events that has weakened the native ecosystem at the time that seeds of the new species have been made available, events that possibly include changes in such environmental parameters as flood frequency, channel stability, the season of the peak annual flood, water temperature and salinity, and sediment grain size. Careful research is needed to unravel and understand the network of relationships involved. Phenomena are arranged in chains of necessary sequence. … If we examine any link of the chain, we find it has more than one antecedent and more than one consequent. … Antecedent and consequent relations are therefore not merely linear, but constitute a plexus; and this plexus pervades nature.     

Tortoises,hares and the evolution of the Irish landscape

Across Ireland there is a striking topographical contrast between predominantly limestone-floored lowlands and uplands developed on silicate-dominated rock types. This arises from the fundamentally different way in which limestone and other rocks are removed. Limestone is removed through dissolution, a low-energy process enhanced by vegetation. Other rock types are removed by erosion, a high energy process that is inhibited by vegetation. In Ireland countless ‘soft days’ over the last 60 Ma have been more effective at removing limestone than other rock types. Limestone uplands have survived only where they were protected by a cover of insoluble rock, such as sandstone or mudstone, which has been stripped away relatively recently by glacial erosion. The large-scale removal of considerable thicknesses of limestone across Ireland has increased the relief of non-limestone uplands through the effects of isostatic uplift. Denudation across the Irish landscape has led to changing outcrop patterns of limestone and other rocks, resulting in profound long-term changes in topography and drainage patterns.     

天然气中氮同位素组成的测定

从天然气中分离、接收氮气,用质谱仪测定δ15N的方法是天然气地球化学研究的新手段。用该方法测得国内首批天然气的δ15N数据。测得兰州市区大气的氮同位素组成(15N/14N的平均值为0.00368)比Nier（1950）报道的大气的氮同位素组成(15N/14N的平均值为0.00361)稍富集15N。这可能是一种自然现象,也可能是分析方法不同造成的。     

鄂尔多斯盆地白垩系方沸石岩的发现及其对硫酸盐水的处理

运用微观分析方法,在鄂尔多斯盆地白垩系钻孔岩样中首次发现方沸石类矿物,并对方沸石岩进行了提纯和改性,用于当地硫酸盐水的处理,取得了明显的效果。对于100 mL起始浓度为1000 mg/L的硫酸盐溶液,改性方沸石岩较佳的水处理工艺条件为:用量2.0 g,搅拌时间60 min,粒度小于100目。改性方沸石岩对起始浓度为1000 mg/L的硫酸盐溶液,一次水处理后硫酸盐含量就低于国家标准。对于起始浓度高于1000 mg/L的硫酸盐溶液,几次水处理后硫酸盐含量也能低于国家标准。这为鄂尔多斯盆地劣质地下水的改良开辟了一条新途径。     

3D instability analysis of an underground geological repository—an Indian case study

Conceptual geological repositories are generally used for disposing spent nuclear wastes containing both high and low level of nuclear radiation and heat. Due to its long-lasting effect, it is imperative to analyze its long-term effect on the surrounding rock. Before analyzing radiation and thermal effect, it is important to have structurally stable cavern because designing an opening in rock is a more difficult problem than designing the structure made of steel. Underground rocks are under stress because of the weight of the overlying rock, and in addition, an underground opening will produce a stress concentration and stress relaxation in the surrounding rock. If the induced stress in the surrounding rock exceeds its strength, the opening will fail either by fracturing or by deforming more than the tolerable limit. In this paper, the stability of four different shapes of excavation has been examined for conceptual geological repositories in Indian context. This has been done using equivalent continuum numerical model which has been incorporated in the commercial finite difference code-FLAC-3D. Effects of opening shapes on stress distribution, subsidence of crown and side wall, and their stability have been analyzed and discussed. The validation of FLAC^3D software for its applicability in conceptual underground geological repositories has been done with a published literature.     

Remote Sensing Study of Gold Biogeochemical Effects in the Western Guangdong-Hainan Region——A Case Study of the Hetai Gold Deposit

The vegetation has been poisoned by gold in the western Guangdong-Hainan region. The gold content ofthe leaves there is as high as 10-1961 times the abundance, the chlorophyll content is 10%-30% lower thanthat of the vegetation in metamorphic terrains and 10%-20% higher than that in granite terrains, and thecarotenoid content is 10%-44% lower than the background value. The water content of leaves is 10% to 20%lower than the background value. The cells of leaves are deformed and broken. The leaf surface shows colourspots and becomes yellow or dark green. The spectral reflectance of the leaf surface is 5%-30% higher than thebackground value: the spectral shape has shifted 5-15 nm to the short wavelength. The gray scales of eanopyon images of Landsat TM and airborne imaging scanner (AIS) are 10%-100% higher than the backgroundvalues. On Landsat TM and AIS false colour images, plants poisoned by gold display a yellow color, whichdisinguishes them from background plants. According to the spectral and image features of goldbiogeochemical effects, the author has constructed a gold information system and expert prediction system,and thus two gold target areas and two gold prospect areas have been identified rapidly, economically andaccurately in the western Guangdong-Hainan region which is extensively covered by vegetation.     

Concentration of Utah tar sands by an ambient temperature flotation process

Physical separation of bitumen from low-grade Utah tar sand deposits containing a relatively high viscosity bitumen phase (Sunnyside and Tar Sand Triangle deposits) has been accomplished by traditional size reduction and froth flotation techniques. At appropriate experimental conditions more than 90% of the bitumen can be recovered in a concentrate, containing more than 20 wt. % bitumen, which should be a suitable feed material for subsequent hot water or thermal processing. The efficiency of bitumen recovery depends on the extent of size reduction, as well as promoter and dispersant addition. Rejection of greater than 60% of the sand at ambient temperature and ease of water removal from the concentrate make such a process strategy both energy and cost effective. The energy required to achieve effective separation by the ambient temperature process is significantly less than the energy required for the recently developed hot water process which is being evaluated in a 100-tpd pilot plant this year.The flotation behaviour of the tar sand in this ambient temperature process has been correlated with contact angle measurements and the apparent point-of-zero-charge of the bitumen. The best flotation response at pH 7.8 to 9.0 occurs when the contact angle between the air bubble and bitumen surface is a maximum, corresponding to the apparent point-of-zero-charge of the bitumen as determined by titration.     

三峡泄滩滑坡滑动带土的改进Singh-Mitchell蠕变方程

进行了三峡泄滩滑坡体滑动带土的三轴排水蠕变试验研究,在此基础上给出了该滑动带土的 Singh-Mitchell 蠕变方程,即剪应力-应变关系采用指数函数,应变-时间关系采用幂函数来描述土体的流变性质。并根据分段拟合的思想,提出了改进的 Singh-Mitchell 蠕变方程,即在应变-时间幂函数中使用不同的幂值λ ,来分别模拟滑动带土的衰减、匀速和恒定蠕变。通过对比可知,改进 Singh-Mitchell 蠕变方程较 Singh-Mitchell 蠕变方程能更好地模拟流变性较小的滑动带粘土。     

东准噶尔卡姆斯特北海相火山-沉积岩碎屑锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄及地质意义

运用LA-ICP-MS U-Pb法,对位于东准噶尔卡姆斯特北部10 km处有争议的海相碎屑岩样品进行了U-Pb年龄测定,共测试碎屑锆石100颗,其中有效年龄数据点共90个。测试结果表明:(1)该套岩层的形成年龄可能为早石炭世。因为最年轻的谐和年龄为333.2 Ma,限定了该岩层的沉积下限。(2)该套岩层有多个物源区。碎屑锆石定年结果与区域岩浆热事件对比结果表明:早寒武世碎屑锆石(523.1 Ma、535.1 Ma)可能来自前人所述的准噶尔前寒武纪结晶基底,但有待进一步研究;中—晚奥陶世碎屑锆石(440.0 Ma、460.9 Ma)来自荒草坡群火山碎屑岩;早志留世碎屑锆石(429.3 Ma)可能来源于周边地区沉积的下志留统;中泥盆世碎屑锆石((371.5±2.5)Ma)来自卓木巴斯套组和乌鲁苏巴斯套组地层;早石炭世碎屑锆石((336.4±0.8)～(353.5±0.7)Ma)来自南明水组。(3)在测试的碎屑锆石中,有一颗锆石年龄为2 676.2 Ma,谐和度为99%,为可能存在前寒武纪古老结晶基底提供了一定的依据,但有待更进一步的证据。     

工程切坡诱发黄土滑坡成因机制研究

伴随着城镇化进程的提速,黄土地区由于工程切坡诱发了大量的工程滑坡。为了研究典型工程黄土滑坡的成因机制,以宝鸡市扶风县飞凤山滑坡为例,开展了野外地质灾害详细调查,同时进行原位渗水试验和原状黄土、古土壤试样土-水特征曲线测试。试验结果表明：当黄土存在小孔洞等结构性问题时,渗透系数可达10-4 cm/s量级,为中等渗透性等级;土-水特征曲线试验求得古土壤的进气值为11.5 kPa,大于黄土的9.0 kPa,同时曲线也显示了古土壤和黄土干湿交替过程中,强度和变形的演化出现分化。在试验结果分析基础上,指出工程切坡是滑坡发生的主要诱发因素,由此触发了土体一系列物理化学链锁反应,尤其是强化了土-水耦合作用的影响,催化了滑坡的发生。最后,提出了飞凤山滑坡的破坏模式为滑带双向发展、兼具滑塌灾害部分典型地质特征的渐进式破坏。