一次特大暴雨的集合预报试验

利用NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料,采用WRFV2.2模式对2008年6月12-13日的一次广西特大暴雨天气过程进行了包括积云对流参数化方案、边界层参数化方案、陆面过程参数化方案的集合预报试验.结果表明:模拟降水对WRF模式不同的物理过程表现出不同的敏感性,对积云对流参数化方案最敏感,降水离散度最大;对陆面过程参数化方...     

GSI-3DVAR背景误差协方差水平相关特征尺度对地面自动气象站资料同化的适应性研究

基于华东地区3 km分辨率WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting) 模式和高密度地面自动气象站(AWS)观测,研究GSI-3DVAR同化系统的R_HZSCL对AWS观测的地面温度和风观测同化的敏感性。结果表明:运用GSI-3DVAR同化地面AWS观测时,R_HZSCL的取值较为敏感;选取合适的R_HZSCL能有效改进地面分析场精度,相较于背景场地面温度和地面矢量风差(VWD) RMSE均可减小35％以上。当R_HZSCL过大会导致温度高、低值中心的影响范围过大,风分析场较为平滑,无法反映出中小尺度环流结构。但R_HZSCL过小则会使得温度分析场增加误差,并导致风分析场出现虚假大风。观测密度稀疏化的敏感性试验结果表明,地面温度场及风场所适应的最优R_HZSCL皆随着观测密度的增大而相应减小。     

Validation for a tropical belt version of WRF: sensitivity tests on radiation and cumulus convection parameterizations

对基本气候态和降水日变化的分析是检验模式模拟性能、理解模式误差来源的重要手段。为了评估出对热带气候模拟效果较好的物理参数化方案组合,本文应用WRF带状区域模式,主要比较了四种积云对流参数化方案:NewTiedtke、Kain-Fritsch、newSAS、Tiedtke,和两种辐射参数化方案:RRTMG和CAM,对热带带状区域的气候模拟结果。研究表明:使用NewTiedtke积云对流参数化方案和RRTMG辐射方案的试验,表现出对气温、降水及降水日变化等综合性最好的模拟性能;NewTiedtke积云对流参数化方案能模拟出较好的降水空间分布和降水日变化位相分布特征;与RRTMG辐射方案相比,CAM辐射方案会使温度模拟偏低,特别是陆地上更明显,这种陆地上的冷偏差可能主要来源于Tmin的模拟偏冷。     

WRF模式中微物理和积云对流参数化方案对台风“莫拉克”模拟敏感性分析

基于WRF模式,研究了不同微物理和积云对流参数化方案对0908号台风"莫拉克"的路径移动、强度变化和降水过程模拟的敏感性。结果显示,积云对流参数化方案对台风"莫拉克"的路径和强度模拟起主导作用,采用Kain-Fritsch积云对流方案模拟的72 h平均路径误差较小;降水量的模拟主要取决于微物理参数化方案,而降水分布的好坏更依赖于积云对流参数化方案,而采用Thompson微物理和Grell-Devenyi积云对流方案的试验导致累积降水极值的偏干误差较大。积云对流方案对环境场和潜热释放模拟存在差异,导致路径和强度、温度廓线和垂直运动的模拟结果不同,而微物理方案对不同相态降水粒子的垂直分布结构模拟存在差异,从而导致降水模拟的差别。此外,由不同试验构造的集合平均能减少单个成员模拟路径和降水的不确定性,特别在强降水方面能减小空报数和漏报数,提高TS评分,改善模拟效果。     

一次江淮暴雨过程的数值模拟和诊断分析

利用WRF模式对2003年7月4-5日江淮地区的梅雨锋暴雨过程进行了数值模拟和诊断分析.结果表明:暴雨区处于高温高湿环境,高、低空急流的耦合和低层辐合以及高层辐散的配置有利于暴雨的产生发展.通过计算湿位涡还发现,ζ_MPV1高低层正负值区叠加的配置、ζ_MPV1<0及ζ_MPV2>0的演变,表明此次过程中不仅有对流不稳定能量存在,还有倾斜涡度的发展.ζ_MPV1和ζ_MPV2综合反映了暴雨区对流不稳定和斜压不稳定的增强.     

WRF中不同积云对流参数化方案对青岛降水预报影响的对比分析

1~10 km水平分辨率是中尺度模式是否采用积云对流参数化方案的"灰色带"。基于青岛市气象局9 km分辨率WRF模式,分别选择KF、GD和BMJ三种积云对流参数化方案对青岛5次大范围降雨过程进行预报试验,分析比较不同积云对流参数化方案对青岛地区降水预报效果的影响。结果表明,这三种积云对流参数化方案对不同量级的降雨具有不同的预报性能:BMJ对小雨预报性能最佳;没有考虑积云对流参数化过程的控制试验对中雨的预报效果最好,KF方案次之;GD方案对大雨和暴雨预报效果均较好。对稳定性降水,GD方案对沿海站点降雨量预报效果较好,KF方案则对内陆站点预报性能较好;对对流性降水,BMJ方案无论是在沿海站点还是在内陆站点都有比较好的预报效果。在降雨空间分布上,对稳定性降水过程,各试验方案均模拟出了小于50 mm的降雨区,对大于100 mm强降雨区,GD方案具有较好的预报效果;对对流性降水过程,BMJ方案预报效果整体较好。     

不同物理过程组合对台风“尼格”的降水预报试验

以2011年第19号台风"尼格"造成的海南岛强降水为研究对象,选取WRF3.0版本中多种不同积云参数化、微物理过程,边界层和陆面过程方案等多种组合进行敏感试验,采用TS和RMS评分检验,通过分析得到结论:积云对流化参数方案的选择对于海南岛的降水模拟影响最敏感,当积云参数化方案固定时与其他各种方案组合,选取WS3,WS5,WS6微物理过程方案时,相对效果较好,陆面过程和边界层方案的选取对降水模拟效果的影响相对较小。     

WRF模式对青藏高原南坡夏季降水的模拟分析

利用中尺度数值模式WRF研究积云对流参数化方案、网格嵌套技术和模式分辨率对陡峭的青藏高原南坡夏季降水模拟的影响。对2006年7月青藏高原南坡地区降水的模拟分析表明:降水对积云对流参数化方案的选择很敏感,不同方案模拟的结果差异显著,采用Grell-Devenyi质量通量方案时的模拟效果优于其他方案。在此基础上,通过5种试验方案比较发现,使用积云对流参数化方案、提高模式分辨率和应用网格嵌套技术能改善降水强度和空间分布的模拟,组合使用时模拟的降水与观测资料更接近。它们均能改进风场,使得水汽的输送和辐合过程的模拟更加准确;还能影响大气的垂直加热状态,导致不同的对流发生,使垂直速度的分布趋于合理。未使用积云对流参数化方案时,大气湿度偏小,而模式分辨率和网格嵌套技术对大气湿度的影响不大。      

区域气候模式不同积云对流参数化方案对新疆气候模拟的影响研究

使用NCEP-FNL全球分析资料作为WRF模式的初始场和边界场,利用该模式中7种积云对流参数化方案对新疆地区进行2006年10月1日至2008年3月1日的模拟积分试验,重点考察模式在水平分辨率为10 km下不同积云对流参数化方案对新疆地区气象要素模拟的敏感性。结果表明:1）采用7种积云对流参数化方案的模式都能较好地模拟出年、雨季总降水量、平均温度的空间分布及大气的垂直结构。2）对于不同区域来说,采用各种积云对流参数化方案的模式都能模拟出候降水及候平均温度随时间演变,模式候降水与观测的相关系数在0.20~0.85之间,而候平均温度与观测的相关系数在0.98以上。对于整个新疆地区来说,采用各方案模式模拟的低层偏干偏冷,大气层结较稳定导致降水较观测偏少,而其中天山地区模式模拟的低层较观测偏湿偏暖,大气层结偏向不稳定导致降水偏多。3）采用新的Grell和Kain-Fritsch（new Eta）方案模式模拟的效果综合来看较好。因此利用WRF模式开展新疆地区数值模拟研究时应该考虑不同积云对流参数化方案适用范围。     

两种积云对流参数化方案对1998年区域气候季节变化模拟的影响研究

利用区域气候模式RegCM3,选择Kuo-Anthes积云对流参数化方案和基于FC80假设的Grell积云对流参数化方案,对1998年东亚气候分别进行年尺度模拟,模拟结果对比分析表明:在春、夏季转换时期, 两者模拟的降水形势差别较大, 对江淮、中南和华南地区的夏季降水量模拟差别最为明显。对流层上层模式变量和模式大气质量对积云对流参数化方案的选择不敏感, 而对流层中、下层模式变量对积云对流参数化方案比较敏感。不同积云对流参数化方案对8天时间尺度的天气系统模拟差别比较大。在积云对流比较活跃的夏季,不同参数化方案会导致模式大气出现不同的系统性偏差。由于模式在陡峭地形处动力过程计算方案存在缺陷,在高原与盆地的交界处,模式误差会产生明显的突变。     

WRF模式物理参数化方案对一次局地大暴雨预报的影响研究

基于WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting)模式及其3Dvar(3-Dimentional Variational)资料同化系统,采用36、12、4 km嵌套网格进行快速更新循环同化和不同的微物理及积云对流参数化方案对比试验,对2011年5月8日鲁中一次局地大暴雨过程进行了研究。结果表明,快速更新循环同化地面观测资料是影响模式降水落区预报准确性的关键因素,不同的微物理和积云对流参数化方案主要影响降水强度预报。采用不同的微物理参数化方案和积云对流参数化方案进行降水预报对比试验表明,LIN方案和WSM6(WRF Single-Moment 6-class)微物理参数化方案对降水预报均较好,LIN方案降水预报较WSM6方案略强。4 km网格预报使用K-F (Kain-Fritsch)积云对流参数化方案或不使用积云对流参数化方案,预报的降水均较好。4 km网格使用旧的K-F积云对流参数化方案,预报的近地层大气风场偏弱,导致大气动力抬升作用偏弱,从而造成模式降水预报偏弱。     

高分辨率模式中积云参数化方案对模拟台风“凡亚比”的影响

在高水平分辨率模式(3～6 km)中,对于是否应该再使用积云参数化方案,仍存在着争论.为此,利用WRF模式,在5 km水平分辨率下,研究了不同云降水方案对一次台风过程模拟的影响,并对影响原因进行了初步探索.结果表明,即使在5 km高水平分辨率下,使用积云参数化方案仍能有效改善对台风路径的模拟,同时,成熟的混合冰相微物理方案对模拟台风路径也非常重要;对台风强度模拟,对积云参数化方案的选择较为敏感和复杂;在48 h预报时效内,只使用微物理方案模拟的降水较好,使用积云参数化方案容易产生较多的虚假降水,但能改善第3天24 h累积降水模拟.这些研究结果为利用高水平分辨率模式模拟台风和改进积云参数化方案提供一定借鉴.     

Improvements in WRF simulation skills of southeastern United States summer rainfall: physical parameterization and horizontal resolution

Realistic regional climate simulations are important in understanding the mechanisms of summer rainfall in the southeastern United States (SE US) and in making seasonal predictions. In this study, skills of SE US summer rainfall simulation at a 15-km resolution are evaluated using the weather research and forecasting (WRF) model driven by climate forecast system reanalysis data. Influences of parameterization schemes and model resolution on the rainfall are investigated. It is shown that the WRF simulations for SE US summer rainfall are most sensitive to cumulus schemes, moderately sensitive to planetary boundary layer schemes, and less sensitive to microphysics schemes. Among five WRF cumulus schemes analyzed in this study, the Zhang–McFarlane scheme outperforms the other four. Further analysis suggests that the superior performance of the Zhang–McFarlane scheme is attributable primarily to its capability of representing rainfall-triggering processes over the SE US, especially the positive relationship between convective available potential energy and rainfall. In addition, simulated rainfall using the Zhang–McFarlane scheme at the 15-km resolution is compared with that at a 3-km convection-permitting resolution without cumulus scheme to test whether the increased horizontal resolution can further improve the SE US rainfall simulation. Results indicate that the simulations at the 3-km resolution do not show obvious advantages over those at the 15-km resolution with the Zhang–McFarlane scheme. In conclusion, our study suggests that in order to obtain a satisfactory simulation of SE US summer rainfall, choosing a cumulus scheme that can realistically represent the convective rainfall triggering mechanism may be more effective than solely increasing model resolution.     

Causes of WRF surface energy fluxes biases in a stratocumulus region

In this study, we evaluate the ability of the Weather Research and Forecasting model to simulate surface energy fluxes in the southeast Pacific stratocumulus region. A total of 18 simulations is performed for the period of October to November 2008, with various combinations of boundary layer, microphysics, and cumulus schemes. Simulated surface energy fluxes are compared to those measured during VOCALS-REx. Using a process-based model evaluation, errors in surface fluxes are attributed to errors in cloud properties. Net surface flux errors are mostly traceable to errors in cloud liquid water path (LWP_cld), which produce biases in downward shortwave radiation. Two mechanisms controlling LWP_cld are diagnosed. One involves microphysics schemes, which control LWP_cld through the production of raindrops. The second mechanism involves boundary layer and cumulus schemes, which control moisture available for cloud by regulating boundary layer height. In this study, we demonstrate that when parameterizations are appropriately chosen, the stratocumulus deck and the related surface energy fluxes are reasonably well represented. In the most realistic experiments, the net surface flux is underestimated by about 10 W m^?2. This remaining low bias is due to a systematic overestimation of the total surface cooling due to sensible and latent heat fluxes in our simulations. There does not appear to be a single physical reason for this bias. Finally, our results also suggest that inaccurate representation of boundary layer height is an important factor limiting further gains in model realism.     

Impacts of Cumulus Convective Parameterization Schemes on Summer Monsoon Precipitation Simulation over China

By using the Betts-Miller-Janjic, Grell-Devenyi, and Kain-Fritsch cumulus convective parameterization schemes in theWeather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, long time simulations from 2000 to 2009 are conducted to investigate the impacts of different cumulus convective parameterization schemes on summer monsoon precipitation simulation over China. The results show that all the schemes have the capability to reasonably reproduce the spatial and temporal distributions of summer monsoon precipitation and the corresponding background circulation. The observed north-south shift of monsoon rain belt is also well simulated by the three schemes. Detailed comparison indicates that the Grell-Devenyi scheme gives a better performance than the others. Deficiency in simulated water vapor transport is one possible reason for the precipitation simulation bias.     

变性再发展热带气旋Yaji(2006)的数值模拟研究

利用中尺度模式WRF对2006年14号热带气旋Yaji的变性过程进行了双重嵌套模拟。结果表明,采用高分辨率的TRMM/TMI卫星反演SST资料,在第一重区域(网格距为15km)采用WSM3微物理方案和Betts-Miller对流参数化方案,在第二重移动嵌套区域(网格距为5km)采用Lin微物理方案,不采用对流参数化方案,模式能较好地模拟Yaji的路径和变性前后的强度演变,其中模拟的路径平均误差为64km,强度平均误差为2.5hPa,模拟的风场分布与Quickscat卫星反演的风场分布也较为吻合。利用模拟资料还研究了Yaji变性过程中的非对称流特征。     

A Two-Moment Bulk Microphysics Coupled with a Mesoscale Model WRF: Model Description and First Results

The Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences (CAMS) two-moment bulk microphysics scheme was adopted in this study to investigate the representation of cloud and precipitation processes under different environmental conditions.The scheme predicts the mixing ratio of water vapor as well as the mixing ratios and number concentrations of cloud droplets,rain,ice,snow,and graupel.A new parameterization approach to simulate heterogeneous droplet activation was developed in this scheme.Furthermore,the improved CAMS scheme was coupled with the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF v3.1),which made it possible to simulate the microphysics of clouds and precipitation as well as the cloud-aerosol interactions in selected atmospheric condition.The rain event occurring on 27-28 December 2008 in eastern China was simulated using the CAMS scheme and three sophisticated microphysics schemes in the WRF model.Results showed that the simulated 36-h accumulated precipitations were generally agreed with observation data,and the CAMS scheme performed well in the southern area of the nested domain.The radar reflectivity,the averaged precipitation intensity,and the hydrometeor mixing ratios simulated by the CAMS scheme were generally consistent with those from other microphysics schemes.The hydrometeor number concentrations simulated by the CAMS scheme were also close to the experiential values in stratus clouds.The model results suggest that the CAMS scheme performs reasonably well in describing the microphysics of clouds and precipitation in the mesoscale WRF model.     

Testing WRF capability in simulating the atmospheric water cycle over Equatorial East Africa

Uncertainties in simulating the seasonal mean atmospheric water cycle in Equatorial East Africa are quantified using 58 one-year-long experiments performed with the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF). Tested parameters include physical parameterizations of atmospheric convection, cloud microphysics, planetary boundary layer, land-surface model and radiation schemes, as well as land-use categories (USGS vs. MODIS), lateral forcings (ERA-Interim and ERA40 reanalyses), and domain geometry (size and vertical resolution). Results show that (1) uncertainties, defined as the differences between the experiments, are larger than the biases; (2) the parameters exerting the largest influence on simulated rainfall are, in order of decreasing importance, the shortwave radiation scheme, the land-surface model, the domain size, followed by convective schemes and land-use categories; (3) cloud microphysics, lateral forcing reanalysis, the number of vertical levels and planetary boundary layer schemes appear to be of lesser importance at the seasonal scale. Though persisting biases (consisting of conditions that are too wet over the Indian Ocean and the Congo Basin and too dry over eastern Kenya) prevail in most experiments, several configurations simulate the regional climate with reasonable accuracy.