Dew water collector for potable water in Ajaccio (Corsica Island, France)

We report on the development of an inexpensive radiative condenser for collecting atmospheric vapor. Based on the experience gained using a small working model in Grenoble (France), a prototype of 10×3 m² was established in Ajaccio (Corsica, France). The condensing surface is a rectangular foil made of TiO₂ and BaSO₄ microspheres embedded in polyethylene and has an angle of 30° with respect to horizontal. The hollow part of the device, thermally isolated, faces the direction of the dominant nocturnal wind. Dew measurements were correlated with meteorological data and compared to dew condensed on a horizontal polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA, Plexiglas) reference plate. The plate served as a reference standard unit and was located nearby. Between July 22, 2000 and November 11, 2001 (478 days), there were 145 dew days for the reference plate (30%), but 214 dew days for the condenser (45%). This yield corresponds to 767 l (3.6 l, on average, per dew day). The maximum yield in the period was 11.4 l/day. Dew mass can be fitted to a simple model that predicts dew production from simple meteorological data (temperature, humidity, wind velocity, cloud cover). Chemical analyses of the water collected from the plate were performed from October 16, 1999 to July 16, 2000 and from the condenser, from July 17, 2000 to March 17, 2001. The following parameters were investigated: suspended solids, pH, concentration of SO₄²⁻, Cl⁻, K⁺, Ca²⁺ ions. Only Cl⁻ and SO₄²⁻ ions were sometimes found significant. Wind direction analyses revealed that Cl⁻ is due to the sea spray and SO₄²⁻ to the combustion of fuel by an electrical plant located in the Ajaccio Gulf. Except for a weak acidity (average pH≈6) and high concentration of suspended solids, dew water fits the requirements for potable water in France with reference to the above ions.     

满洲里国家基准站新旧站资料对比分析

满洲里国家基准站搬迁至新站后,根据2010年1-12月新旧自动观测站气温、气压、风向风速、相对湿度、地温等气象要素的观测数据,进行整理,用差值分析法进行对比,并从观测环境的改变、拔海高度、下垫面性质、热岛效应等方面揭示影响新旧站的差异因素。     

Dew and rain water collection in the Dalmatian Coast, Croatia

Passive dew harvesting and rainwater collection requires a very small financial investment but can exploit a free, clean (outside urban/industrial zones) and inexhaustible source of water. This study investigates the relative contributions of dew and rain water in the Mediterranean Dalmatian coast and islands of Croatia, with emphasis on the dry summer season. In addition, we evaluate the utility of transforming abandoned roof rain collectors (“impluviums”) to collect dew water too. Two sites were chosen, an exposed open site on the coast favourable to dew formation (Zadar) and a less favourable site in a cirque of mountains in Komiža (Vis Island). Between July 1, 2003 and October 31, 2006, dew was collected two or three times per day on a 1 m² inclined (30°) test dew condenser, together with standard meteorological data (air temperature and relative humidity, cloud cover, windspeed and direction). Maximum yields were 0.41 mm in Zadar and 0.6 mm in Komiža. The mean yearly cumulative dew yields were found to be 20 mm (Zadar) and 9.3 mm (Komiža). Because of its physical setting, Komiža represents a poor location for dew collection. However, during the dry season (May to October), monthly cumulative dew water yield can represent up to 38% of water collected by rainfall. In both July 2003 and 2006, dew water represented about 120% of the monthly cumulative rain water. Refurbishing the abandoned impluviums to permit dew collection could then provide useful supplementary water, especially during the dry season. As an example, the 1300 m² impluvium at Podšpilje near Komiža could provide, in addition to rain water, 14,000 L dew water per year.     

库尔勒气象站迁站前后气象要素特征及成因分析

利用2016-2018年库尔勒气象站迁站前后基本气象要素的观测资料进行对比分析,结果显示：(1)平均气温、平均最低气温年、月值均是新站低于旧站,年值分别低2.1℃和4.1℃,年平均最高气温持平；春季气温差值变化相对较小,夏、秋、冬季气温差值变化相对偏大。(2)各月相对湿度新站大于旧站,各季相对湿度差值夏季最大,年平均相对湿度新站比旧站高11%。(3)平均气压新站高于旧站,年平均气压差值为3.2pha。各季差值冬季最大,(4)平均风速新站比旧站偏大0.1m/s,春季、夏季风速大于其他季节；最大风速新站比旧站偏大1.3-6.2m/s；主导风向由ENE转为E。(5)年平均气温、最低气温、平均湿度和年平均气压,迁站前后资料有显著差异,年平均最高气温、平均风速无显著差异。(6)测站周围环境、海拔高度、下垫面、地形等因素是造成新旧站气象要素差异的主要原因。     

2015-2019年贵港市臭氧污染特征及其与气象要素的关系

为研究贵港市O3(臭氧)污染特征及其与气象要素的关系,对2015-2019年贵港市国家空气自动监测站和同期贵港国家气象观测站逐日、逐时气象资料进行了研究和分析.结果表明:近5a来贵港市O3污染日趋严重;O3污染存在明显的季节变化,秋＞夏＞春＞冬;O3浓度日变化特征呈单峰型,8:00出现谷值,15:00-16:00出现峰...     

气象条件变化对哈尔滨市空气质量的影响

用大量观测事实、统计相关分析表明，气象条件包括气压形势场、相对湿度(高空露点温度)、气温、风速和大气的稳定性等变化，对空气污染物的PM10、SO2和NO2浓度扩散程度的影响是明显的有规律的。在不同季节、不同时期，地面和高空气象因子作用是不同的。但另一方面，由于污染源因季节冷暖程度不同，排放量很难掌握，因此，气象条件对污染的影响有不确定的一面，使问题变得复杂化。     

若尔盖生态区旅游气候资源及空气清新度分析

利用1980~2019年若尔盖生态区内及周边共5个国家气象站逐日的气温、降水、风速、日照时数、相对湿度观测资料,以及2018~2019年葵花-8卫星AOD数据、MODIS卫星NDVI数据,对若尔盖生态区旅游气候资源和空气清新度进行了综合分析。结果表明:若尔盖生态区光能资源丰富,年平均日照时数达2128.2h;气温偏低,年均气温为5.5℃,各站月均气温为?9.3℃~22.6℃;平均年降雨量为685.6mm,干雨季分明,4~10月降水量占全年总降水量80%;年均相对湿度为65.7%,年均适宜湿度日数为287d;年均风速为1.9m/s,年均适宜风速日数为358d;若尔盖生态区空气清新指数RSAI全年均维持在较高水平,7月RASI值最高达到24.16,平均空气清新度全年皆在“较清新”及以上级别。该地区4~10月旅游气候资源相对最优,空气清新度达“非常清新”级,温度、湿度、风速适宜且日照充沛。夏季体感凉爽舒适、空气清新度高、最适宜开展避暑旅游活动。春秋偏凉,但大部分人仍可进行户外旅行,适逢开花季和红叶季前后,有利于挖掘物候景观资源。      

珠穆朗玛峰北坡冰川表面不同季节气象特征分析

在极端高海拔地区获取定点的气象观测资料对于研究山地冰川与气候变化的关系极为重要。2005年5月1日-7月22日（春末夏初）和2007年10月2日-2008年1月19日（秋冬）在珠峰地区海拔6560m的东绒布冰川积累区进行了包括气温、湿度、风向风速和气压在内的气象要素观测。对观测资料的分析表明,气温和湿度与附近较低海拔定日气象站的变化趋势基本一致,证明了在极端环境下获得的气象观测资料的合理性。春末夏初月平均气温从5月的-11．3℃上升到7月的-3．4℃,秋冬季月平均气温则从10月的-11．3℃下降到次年1月的-19．0℃。在春末夏初受印度季风影响,湿度呈持续增加趋势,月平均湿度混合比从5月的1．4g／kg增加到7月的5．4g／kg;而在西风环流控制下的秋冬季湿度呈缓慢降低,月平均湿度混合比从10月的1．4g／kg降低到次年1月的0．5g/kg。春末夏初主要以阴天为主,秋冬季则是晴天占据主导地位。西风环流控制时东绒布冰川盛行西北风,风速较大,极端最大风速可达35m／s。而受印度季风影响时东绒布冰川以南风为主,风速相对较小。     

用5L混合云室观测抚顺市大气冰核浓度

利用改进的Bigg型混合云室于2011年5-11月在辽宁省气象局抚顺大气成分站对近地层大气冰核浓度进行了测量。根据测量结果,分析冰核浓度日际变化和季节变化特征,讨论了风、气压、气温和湿度以及天气状况等气象要素对大气冰核浓度的影响。结果表明：观测期间,抚顺市大气冰核浓度平均为30个·L_-1（-20 ℃时）;冰核浓度随活化温度的降低呈指数式增加;气象因子对冰核浓度有一定的影响,不同季节影响的程度不同。     

天津城市热岛效应的时空变化特征

应用2008年天津市14个自动气象站逐小时资料和6h一次的地面常规资料,对天津城市热岛效应的时空特征进行了分析,结果表明：天津市热岛强度的日变化、月变化和年、季特征显著,且天津市热岛强度与城郊站的选择方法有密切关系。通过多元线性回归方法,分析了天津市热岛强度与云量、云高、风向、风速和相对湿度这5种气象要素的相关性,发现风速是影响天津城市热岛效应的显著气象因子,但总体而言气象要素对天津城市热岛效应的影响相对较小。     

基于气象因子及机器学习回归算法的夏季空调负荷预测

气温、气压、相对湿度等气象因子对夏季用电负荷的影响非常显著。为了定量研究气象因子导致用电负荷的变化,本文将夏季用电负荷与当年4月及9月用电平均值之差定义为夏季空调负荷,并利用2014年1月到2016年12月南京市逐时气温、气压、相对湿度、水汽压、降雨量、风速、露点温度等气象资料,以及逐日逐时用电负荷数据资料,采用多元线性、K近邻法,决策树,bagging回归、随机森林等5种机器学习回归算法进行建模,并对其分别进行参数调优工作,进而得到空调负荷预测结果。结果表明:多元线性回归方法是5种回归算法里效果最差的一种,但通过增加特征量的种类和样本数,可以提高预测精度;随机森林回归算法是5种回归算法里效果最好的一种,较多元线性回归算法减小误差达44%,并且较好描述了空调负荷高值区的极端情况并减少了对于训练数据的过拟合现象。     

AW11型自动气象站的原理及应用

本文介绍一种新型的自动气象站，它是针对小机场、直升机场和无人值守的飞机跑道而设计的独立天气观测和报告系统，可以测量全部标准的航空天气参数和生成精确实时的天气报告。     

辽宁中部城市群大气污染分布及与气象因子的相关分析

根据2002年辽宁省中部城市群（沈阳、鞍山、本溪、抚顺、辽阳）的主要大气污染物（TSP、PM10、SO2、NOx）的监测值及气象因子（能见度、风速、温度、湿度、降水、总云量和低云量）的观测资料，分析了辽宁中部城市群大气污染的现状、污染程度及污染物与气象因子的相关关系。结果表明：城市群的主要大气污染物是TSP、PM10和SO2冬季是城市群大气污染最重的季节，夏季大气污染最轻；城市群大气污染最重的城市是本溪，其次是鞍山、沈阳、抚顺、辽阳；污染物与能见度、温度的相关性非常显著，平原城市的污染物与气象因子的相关性较山区城市好。     

Hourly predictive Levenberg–Marquardt ANN and multi linear regression models for predicting of dew point temperature

In this study, the ability of two models of multi linear regression (MLR) and Levenberg–Marquardt (LM) feed-forward neural network was examined to estimate the hourly dew point temperature. Dew point temperature is the temperature at which water vapor in the air condenses into liquid. This temperature can be useful in estimating meteorological variables such as fog, rain, snow, dew, and evapotranspiration and in investigating agronomical issues as stomatal closure in plants. The availability of hourly records of climatic data (air temperature, relative humidity and pressure) which could be used to predict dew point temperature initiated the practice of modeling. Additionally, the wind vector (wind speed magnitude and direction) and conceptual input of weather condition were employed as other input variables. The three quantitative standard statistical performance evaluation measures, i.e. the root mean squared error, mean absolute error, and absolute logarithmic Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient $ \left( {\left| {{\text{Log}}({\text{NS}})} \right|} \right) $ were employed to evaluate the performances of the developed models. The results showed that applying wind vector and weather condition as input vectors along with meteorological variables could slightly increase the ANN and MLR predictive accuracy. The results also revealed that LM-NN was superior to MLR model and the best performance was obtained by considering all potential input variables in terms of different evaluation criteria.     

自动与人工观测数据的差异

该文概述了造成自动观测与人工观测数据差异的各种原因，其中包括仪器的测量原理与观测方法不同，观测时间和空间不同，采样方式与算法不同，观测时次不同等等。通过对比分析基本气象要素，如气压、气温、地温、风向风速、降水、湿度等的两种观测数据，认为自动气象站的观测结果更接近大气中的实际情况。自动站对气压、气温和风向风速的观测有明显的优势，但在雨量累计量的测量和高温高湿下的湿度测量效果不理想。     

昌吉站迁站对气象要素影响及热岛强度指标分析

选取昌吉站旧址1981—2013年（其中1981—2008年为迁站前昌吉站资料,2009—2013年为旧址作为区域站Y5522所采集资料）、新址2009—2013年资料进行对比分析,并对新旧站址资料进行T检验,结果表明：迁站前后,新址与旧址气温、相对湿度、风速变化趋势基本一致,但变化幅度新址较旧址略大。两站气温差冬季变化最为明显,夏季变化最小;平均相对湿度新址较旧址偏高,各季差值在冬季最小;平均风速较旧址偏大0.9 m/s,最多风向新址为西风及西南风,旧址为西风;从年平均值的连续性看,年平均气温、年平均最低气温、年平均相对湿度连续性较差,年平均最高气温与年平均风速连续性相对较好。     

攀西地区南部一次MCC引发暴雨过程的分析

利用地面气象观测资料、雷达卫星资料和FNL再分析资料,对2018年6月22日攀西地区南部的一次暴雨天气过程进行分析。结果表明:本次暴雨天气过程由MCC导致,低层的辐合区和高层的南亚高压脊线是产生暴雨的主要影响天气系统;MCC发生于弱环境风场条件下的高能高温高湿环境中,但对垂直风切变的要求较低;MCC生成发展区域中低层温度和露点较周边区域高,MCC区域大气表现出明显的低层辐合,高层辐散,辐合(散)成熟阶段较发展阶段强。      

Urban Climatology Applied to the Deterioration of the Pisa Leaning Tower, Italy

Summary Among the peculiarities of the urban climatology, a relevant one concerns the interactions with monuments, which include stone weathering, deposition and removal of airborne pollutants. In order to know more about the case of the Pisa Leaning Tower, Italy, a field survey has been made for one year, measuring the microclimate interacting with the structure, the vertical temperature and humidity profiles, the Tower surface temperature at different locations and the concentration of particles in air. Also more general information was collected studying the meteorological parameters in the area of Pisa. The correlation between rainfalls and wind evidenced that the windborne droplets arrive from preferential directions, determined on the regional scale by the sea shore on the west (sea breeze) and the channelling operated by the valley of the Arno river on the west. The tilting of the Tower gives a natural shield to the southern part, which is hardly washed by rainfall. The complex balance between airborne particulate matter deposition, tower tilting, rainfall washout and surface runoff determines the pattern of the black crusts which disfigure the elegance of this historical building. The land and sea breezes transport air with different moisture content, and the urban heat island accentuates the mid day drop on relative humidity, determining condensation-evaporation cycles in the stone micropores. The urban climatology of Pisa and the interactions with the Leaning Tower are discussed in view of the conservation of this monument. Received December 28, 1998 Revised February 18, 1999     

厦门空气污染指数与地面气象要素的关系分析

利用相关统计法分析2006—2008年厦门市地面气象要素对空气污染指数变化的影响规律。结果表明：风速、气温、降水、相对湿度和水汽压对空气污染指数有显著负效应作用,气压起显著正效应作用;风向影响较为复杂, NNW-N-E-ESE风起正效应作用, SE-S-W风起负效应作用,厦门风向总体不利于空气质量提高,全年仅夏季盛行SE-S-W风。API指数与风向、气温、降水、气压、相对湿度和水汽压的季节变化规律有高相关性。API指数与气象要素中的水汽压关系最相关,其次是气压。     

山西省不同重现期下电线覆冰厚度空间分布及区划

利用山西省18个积冰站电线积冰观测资料和91个气象站常规观测资料,采用逐步回归分析方法,针对不同气候区分别构建电线覆冰设计冰厚的气象估算模型,推算各站30 a、50 a、100 a重现期下的设计冰厚。在此基础上,结合DEM数据和电网运行覆冰观测资料,对设计冰厚进行地形订正和易冰区微地形运行经验修正,最终得到山西省电网电线覆冰厚度空间分布及区划结果。结果表明:(1)山西省电线覆冰的设计冰厚整体与气温、相对湿度、风速、水汽压等密切相关,其中高山区的设计冰厚还与降水量、日照时数关系密切,且受连续3 d的气象条件影响,而丘陵和平原区则与当日和前一日或前二日的气象条件密切相关;(2)构建的分区设计冰厚气象估算模型对各气候区的覆冰厚度模拟效果较好,估算偏差五台山前约2 mm,其余地区小于1.2 mm;(3)地形订正后的结果更为合理地反映山西省各重现期下电线覆冰厚度的空间特征,即覆冰厚度随纬度降低而减小,中、重冰区主要分布在恒山、五台山、管涔山、吕梁山、太岳山和太行山等高海拔地区,而沿黄河一带和盆地为轻冰区,且盆地覆冰最轻;(4)易覆冰区经运行经验修正后,其覆冰厚度能够更加精确表达局部微地形区覆冰真实情况,这对电力部门具有实际参考价值。