Liquid compositions from low-pressure experimental melting of pelitic rock from Morton Pass, Wyoming, USA

Low‐pressure crystal‐liquid equilibria in pelitic compositions are important in the formation of low‐pressure, high‐temperature migmatites and in the crystallization of peraluminous leucogranites and S‐type granites and their volcanic equivalents. This paper provides data from vapour‐present melting of cordierite‐bearing pelitic assemblages and augments published data from vapour‐present and vapour‐absent melting of peraluminous compositions, much of which is at higher pressures. Starting material for the experiments was a pelitic rock from Morton Pass, Wyoming, with the major assemblage quartz‐K feldspar‐biotite‐cordierite, approximately in the system KFMASH. A greater range in starting materials was obtained by addition of quartz and sillimanite to aliquots of this rock. Sixty‐one experiments were carried out in cold‐seal apparatus at pressures of 1–3.5 kbar (particularly 2 kbar) and temperatures from 700 to 840 °C, with and without the addition of water. In the vapour‐present liquidus relations at 2 kbar near the beginning of melting, the sequence of reactions with increasing temperature is: Qtz + Kfs + Crd + Sil + Spl + V = L; Qtz + Kfs + Crd + Spl + Ilm + V = Bt + L; and Qtz + Bt + V = Crd + Opx + Ilm + L. Vapour‐absent melting starts at about 800 °C with a reaction of the form Qtz + Bt = Kfs + Crd + Opx + Ilm + L. Between approximately 1–3 kbar the congruent melting reaction is biotite‐absent, and biotite is produced by incongruent melting, in contrast to higher‐pressure equilibria. Low pressure melts from pelitic compositions are dominated by Qtz‐Kfs‐Crd. Glasses at 820–840 °C have calculated modes of approximately Qtz₄₂Kfs₄₆Crd₁₂. Granites or granitic leucosomes with more than 10–15% cordierite should be suspected of containing residual cordierite. The low‐pressure glasses are quite similar to the higher‐pressure glasses from the literature. However, X_Mg increases from about 0.1–0.3 with increasing pressure from 1 to 10 kbar, and the low‐temperature low‐pressure glasses are the most Fe‐rich of all the experimental glasses from pelitic compositions.     

800MPa下泥质岩部分熔融实验研究：残留相及熔体相REE地球化学特征

利用JL-3600t压机实验研究了800MPa、不同温度条件下泥质岩部分熔融过程,利用EMPA和LA-ICPMS分别测定了熔体相和残留相中主要化学组成以及微量元素（包括REE）组成。实验结果表明,泥质岩低程度部分熔融（〈25％）形成的熔体中REE含量分布于308．8-3565μg／g较大范围内,显示较大的不均匀性,其REE球粒陨石标准化分布模式显示弱的M型REE“四分组效应”,而残留相矿物石榴子石中REE含量变化于167．5—1008μg／g范围,也显示有明显的不均匀性,其REE球粒陨石标准化分布模式显示明显的W型REE“四分组效应”,尤以第一段La-Nd最为显著;随着部分熔融程度的增加（〉30％）,其形成的熔体中REE集中在523．2—1130μg／g范围,残留相石榴子石中BEE集中在288．6—512．7μg／g范围,均显示相对均匀;熔体相和残留相石榴子石矿物的REE球粒陨石标准化分布模式不发育REE“四分组效应”。实验前后Cl质量平衡计算的结果表明该实验过程中并没有产生岩浆挥发分相。上述特征表明S型花岗岩中的REE“四分组效应”现象很可能与泥质岩低程度部分熔融具有成因联系。     

Partial melting of metagreywacke: a calculated mineral equilibria study

Greywacke occurs in most regionally metamorphosed orogenic terranes, with depositional ages from Archean to recent. It is commonly the dominant siliciclastic rock type, many times more abundant than pelite. Using calculated pseudosections in the Na₂O–CaO–K₂O–FeO–MgO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂–H₂O–TiO₂–O system, the partial melting of metagreywacke is investigated using several natural protolith compositions that reflect the main observed compositional variations. At conditions appropriate for regional metamorphism at mid‐crustal depths (6–8 kbar), high‐T subsolidus assemblages are dominated by quartz, plagioclase and biotite with minor garnet, orthoamphibole, sillimanite, muscovite and/or K‐feldspar (±Fe–Ti oxides). Modelled solidus temperatures are dependent on bulk composition and vary from 640 to 690 °C. Assuming minimal melting at the H₂O‐saturated solidus, initial prograde anatexis at temperatures up to ～800 °C is characterized by very low melt productivity. Significant melt production in commonly occurring (intermediate) metagreywacke compositions is controlled by the breakdown of biotite and production of orthopyroxene (±K‐feldspar) across multivariant fields until biotite is exhausted at 850–900 °C. Assuming some melt is retained in the source, then at temperatures beyond that of biotite stability, melt production occurs via the consumption of plagioclase, quartz and any remaining K‐feldspar as the melt becomes progressively more Ca‐rich and H₂O‐undersaturated. Melt productivity with increasing temperature across the melting interval in metagreywacke is generally gradational when compared to metapelite, which is characterized by more step‐like melt production. Comparison of the calculated phase relations with experimental data shows good consistency once the latter are considered in terms of the variance of the equilibria involved. Calculations on the presumed protolith compositions of residual granulite facies metagreywacke from the Archean Ashuanipi subprovince (Quebec) show good agreement with observed phase relations. The degree of melt production and subsequent melt loss is consistent with the previously inferred petrogenesis based on geochemical mass balance. The results show that, for temperatures above 850 °C, metagreywacke is sufficiently fertile to produce large volumes of melt, the separation from source and ascent of which may result in large‐scale crustal differentiation if metagreywacke is abundant.     

High-grade metamorphism and hydrous melting of metapelites in the Pinos terrane (W Cuba): Evidence for crustal thickening and extension in the northern Caribbean collisional belt

The Pinos terrane (Isle of Pines, W Cuba) is a coherent metamorphic complex that probably represents a portion of the continental margin of the Yucatan Block during the Mesozoic. Within the framework of other metamorphic terranes in the Greater Antilles, the Pinos terrane is characterized by the occurrence of high‐grade kyanite‐, sillimanite‐ and andalusite‐bearing metapelites and migmatites. Assessment and modelling of phase relations in these high grade rocks indicate that they reached a peak temperature of c. 750 °C at 11–12 kbar, and then underwent strong decompression to c. 3 kbar at c. 600 °C. Decompression was contemporaneous with the main synmetamorphic deformation in the area (D2), and was accompanied by segregation of trondhjemitic partial melts formed by wet melting of metapelites. Metamorphism terminated in the Uppermost Cretaceous (68 ± 2 Ma; ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar dates on biotite and muscovite). The P–T–t‐deformation relations of the high‐grade rocks suggest that crustal thickening (during collision of this portion of the Yucatan margin with the Great Volcanic Arc of the Caribbean?) was followed by decompression interpreted to reflect exhumation by extension, possibly related to the initial development of the Yucatan Basin in the uppermost Cretaceous.     

Incomplete reaction of plagioclase in experimental dehydration melting of amphibolite

Dehydration melting of a hornblende‐plagioclase mixture of amphibolitic composition was investigated at 1000°C and at 800 MPa and 1200 MPa. At 1200 MPa the reaction products are garnet, clinopyroxene, melt and relatively Ab‐rich plagioclase (An₄₇). At 800 MPa the products are orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, magnetite, amphibole (pargasite) and An‐rich plagioclase (An₇₅). The melts are rich in plagioclase components (especially in Ab) and, when compared to tonalites, relatively poor in silica. The grainsize of the starting materials was ≤?5 μm in the 800 MPa and ≤?10 μm in the 1200 MPa runs. All run products show unchanged plagioclase cores, which are the remnants of a very sluggish reaction assumed to be controlled by dissolution/precipitation processes at the plagioclase grain boundaries. The results indicate that only local equilibrium could have been obtained in recent investigations on dehydration melting experiments in plagioclase‐bearing systems. The results also suggest that plagioclase compositions once formed may persist for a very long time, even in hot magma chambers, if the prevailing water activity is low.     

青藏高原唐古拉山冬克玛底河流域水文过程特征分析

利用１９９３年５￣９月连续时间序列的资料，对青藏高原唐古拉山冬克玛底冰川区及其流域的水文过程特征进行初步分析。由于青藏高原季风环流的影响，在性质不同气团控制所产生的降水天然过程的降水量差别极大，该区域主要降水集中在６￣８月，Ｔｒｅｔｙａｋｏｖ雨量器对标准雨量器捕捉率的修正量小于天山地区的研究结果，该流域地面蒸发过程较为强盛，各种下垫面的蒸发量占流域水量平衡收入的３７％，土壤蒸发量与水面蒸发和土壤含     

Impact-induced melting of Archean granulites in the Vredefort Dome, South Africa. I: anatexis of metapelitic granulites

Mid‐crustal Archean pelitic granulites in the Vredefort Dome experienced a static, low‐P granulite facies overprint associated with the formation of the dome by meteorite impact at 2.02 Ga. Heating and exhumation were virtually instantaneous, with the main source of heat being provided by energy released from nonadiabatic decay of the impact shock wave. Maximum temperatures within a radius of a few kilometres of the centre of the structure exceeded 900 °C and locally even exceeded 1350 °C. This led to comprehensive melting of the precursor Archean granulite assemblages (Grt + Bt + Qtz + Pl + Ksp ± Crd ± Opx ± Sil) followed by peritectic crystallization of aluminous alkali feldspar+Crd + Spl ± Crn ± Sil parageneses and the segregation of small, evolved, biotite leucogranite bodies. However, at a distance of c. 6 km from the centre pre‐impact rock features are largely preserved, although partial replacement of garnet by symplectitic coronas of Crd + Opx ± Spl ± Pl and biotite by orthopyroxene indicate that peak temperatures approached 775 ± 50 °C. Thin interstitial moats of K‐feldspar are closely associated with the orthopyroxene coronas; they are interpreted as the remnants of low‐proportion partial melts generated by biotite breakdown. Both the textures and mineral compositional data support reduced equilibration volumes in these rocks, which reflect rapid isobaric cooling following shock heating and exhumation. The high temperatures and strong lateral thermal gradient are consistent with the modelled impact‐induced isotherm pattern for a 200–300 km diameter impact crater.     

An experimental study of the grain-scale processes of peridotite melting: implications for major and trace element distribution during equilibrium and disequilibrium melting

The grain-scale processes of peridotite melting were examined at 1,340°C and 1.5 GPa using reaction couples formed by juxtaposing pre-synthesized clinopyroxenite against pre-synthesized orthopyroxenite or harzburgite in graphite and platinum-lined molybdenum capsules. Reaction between the clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene-rich aggregates produces a melt-enriched, orthopyroxene-free, olivine + clinopyroxene reactive boundary layer. Major and trace element abundance in clinopyroxene vary systematically across the reactive boundary layer with compositional trends similar to the published clinopyroxene core-to-rim compositional variations in the bulk lherzolite partial melting studies conducted at similar P–T conditions. The growth of the reactive boundary layer takes place at the expense of the orthopyroxenite or harzburgite and is consistent with grain-scale processes that involve dissolution, precipitation, reprecipitation, and diffusive exchange between the interstitial melt and surrounding crystals. An important consequence of dissolution–reprecipitation during crystal-melt interaction is the dramatic decrease in diffusive reequilibration time between coexisting minerals and melt. This effect is especially important for high charged, slow diffusing cations during peridotite melting and melt-rock reaction. Apparent clinopyroxene-melt partition coefficients for REE, Sr, Y, Ti, and Zr, measured from reprecipitated clinopyroxene and coexisting melt in the reactive boundary layer, approach their equilibrium values reported in the literature. Disequilibrium melting models based on volume diffusion in solid limited mechanism are likely to significantly underestimate the rates at which major and trace elements in residual minerals reequilibrate with their surrounding melt. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Three metamorphic events recorded in a single garnet: Integrated phase modelling,in situ LA‐ICPMS and SIMS geochronology from the Moine Supergroup,NW Scotland

In situ LA‐ICP‐MS monazite geochronology from a garnet‐bearing diatexite within the Moine Supergroup (Glenfinnan Group) NW Scotland records three temporally distinct metamorphic events within a single garnet porphyroblast. The initial growth of garnet occurred in the interval c. 825–780 Ma, as recorded by monazite inclusions located in the garnet core. Modelled P–T conditions based on the preserved garnet core composition indicate an initially comparatively high geothermal gradient regime and peak conditions of ～650 °C and 7 kbar. Monazite within a compositionally distinct second shell of garnet has an age of 724 ± 6 Ma. This is indistinguishable from a SIMS age of 725 ± 4 Ma obtained from metamorphic zircon in the sample, which is interpreted to record the timing of migmatization. This second stage of garnet growth occurred on a P–T path from ～6 kbar and 650 °C rising to ～9 kbar and 700 °C, with the peak conditions associated with partial melting. A third garnet zone which forms the rim contains monazite with an age of 464 ± 3 Ma. Monazite in the surrounding matrix has an age of 462 ± 2 Ma. This corresponds well with a U–Pb SIMS zircon age of 463 ± 4 Ma obtained from a deformed pegmatite that was emplaced during widespread folding and reworking of the migmatite fabric. The P–T conditions associated with the final phase of garnet growth were ～7 kbar and 650 °C. The monazite ages coupled with the phase relations modelled from this multistage garnet indicate that it records two Neoproterozoic tectonothermal events as well as the widespread Ordovician Grampian event associated with Caledonian orogenesis. Thus, this single garnet records much of the Neoproterozoic to Ordovician thermal history in NW Scotland, and highlights the long history of porphyroblast growth that can be revealed by in situ isotopic dating and associated P–T modelling. This approach has the potential to reveal much of the thermal architecture of Neoproterozoic events within the Moine Supergroup, despite intense Caledonian reworking, if suitable textural and mineralogical relationships can be indentified elsewhere.     

涉及埃达克岩实验的若干基本概念与问题辨析

根据热力学原理,部分熔融是相变的一种表现形式。当岩石沿p-T轨迹穿过固相线时即可发生熔融。自然界岩石常见的不一致熔融行为可以导致残留相具有不同于源岩的整体成分与矿物组合。残留相与源岩可以属于不同的变质相,岩性也可以不同。"C型埃达克岩"含有含水矿物,它们不是干体系熔融的产物。实验岩石学研究表明,基性成分(SiO_250%)体系较中性、酸性体系在1.0~2.0 GPa压力条件下失水熔融时更易于形成"榴辉岩质"的残留相。源岩除SiO_2以外的其它主要氧化物会影响残留相中各矿物的比例,进而影响熔体的Sr、Y及HREE含量。因此,"C型埃达克岩"高Sr低HREE特征的形成取决于熔融温压条件以及源岩的主量元素、微量元素组成等多重因素。高钾含量(K_2O≈1.0%)的基性、中基性源岩形成的熔体成分与"C型埃达克岩"相比过于富Al或富Na。中等富钾的基性源岩的低程度熔融可以形成高硅的"C型埃达克岩",但无法形成中性的"C型埃达克岩"。     

饱和土中单桩融沉附加力的试验研究

为探讨人工冻结法施工不稳定含水表土层地下工程中的冻融灾害，通过物理模拟试验，研究了饱和土冻融过程中土层的融沉规律、土层对单桩产生的竖向融沉附加力变化规律，分析了土层性质及主要冻结参数对附加力的影响。研究表明，饱和冻土在融沉初期会产生明显的热胀效应：粘土、砂质粘土的融化固结速度明显低于砂土：最大融沉负摩擦力达3.012kPa：砂土的最大负摩擦力分别是粘土、砂质粘土的1.34和2.25倍：饱和冻土融沉的过程能对桩产生明显的工程灾害效应。     

青藏高原唐古拉山口冰川、水文和气候学观测20a:意义与贡献

1989年中日联合青藏高原冰川考察在唐古拉山口开始进行冰川、水文气候学观测,距今已经整整20 a.时过境迁,合作双方的研究所均已重组、更名,然而1989-1993年间考察研究所起到的开创性作用、当时取得成果至今仍具有重要科学意义.而且当时建立的一些观测站点,借助一些大型课题,如GAME/Tibet、国家自然科学基金重点项目和国家重点基础研究发展计划(973计划)项目的支持一直持续工作至今.最近,完善了位于冬克玛底冰川末端的冰川监测系统,将对该地区的冰冻圈和气候环境变化研究做出更多的贡献.     

Muscovite dehydration melting: Reaction mechanisms,microstructures, and implications for anatexis

Dehydration melting of muscovite in metasedimentary sequences is the initially dominant mechanism of granitic melt generation in orogenic hinterlands. In dry (vapour-absent) crust, muscovite reacts with quartz to produce K-feldspar, sillimanite, and monzogranitic melt. When water vapour is present in excess, sillimanite and melt are the primary products of muscovite breakdown, and any K-feldspar produced is due to melt crystallization. Here we document the reaction mechanisms that control nucleation and growth of K-feldspar, sillimanite, and silicate melt in the metamorphic core of the Himalaya, and outline the microstructural criteria used to distinguish peritectic K-feldspar from K-feldspar grains formed during melt crystallization. We have characterized four stages of microstructural evolution in selected psammitic and pelitic samples from the Langtang and Everest regions: (a) K-feldspar nucleates epitaxially on plagioclase while intergrowths of fibrolitic sillimanite and the remaining hydrous melt components replace muscovite. (b) In quartzofeldspathic domains, K-feldspar replaces plagioclase by K⁺–Na⁺ cation exchange, while melt and intergrowths of sillimanite+quartz form in the aluminous domains. (c) At 7–8 vol.% melt generation, the system evolves from a closed to open system and all phases coarsen by up to two orders of magnitude, resulting in large K-feldspar porphyroblasts. (d) Preferential crystallization of residual melt on K-feldspar porphyroblasts and coarsened quartz forms an augen gneiss texture with a monzogranitic-tonalitic matrix that contains intergrowths of sillimanite+tourmaline+muscovite+apatite. Initial poikiloblasts of peritectic K-feldspar trap fine-grained inclusions of quartz and biotite by replacement growth of matrix plagioclase. During subsequent coarsening, peritectic K-feldspar grains overgrow and trap fabric-aligned biotite, resulting in a core to rim coarsening of inclusion size. These microstructural criteria enable a mass balance of peritectic K-feldspar and sillimanite to constrain the amount of free H₂O present during muscovite dehydration. The resulting modal proportion of K-feldspar in the Himalayan metamorphic core requires vapour-absent conditions during muscovite dehydration melting and leucogranite formation, indicating that the generation of large volumes of granitic melts in orogenic belts is not necessarily contingent on an external source of fluids.     

青藏高原昆仑山垭口不同深度土壤可培养细菌群落特征研究

以青藏高原昆仑山垭口不同深度土壤样品为研究对象,研究了可培养细菌数量及多样性。结果表明：可培养细菌数量与多样性在一定程度上均与土壤深度呈负相关关系。可培养细菌数量以表层土壤最多,而细菌多样性最低。基于16S rDNA基因序列分析共发现了6个门,18个属,21种细菌,其中表层土壤Arthrobacter siccitolerans为绝对优势种,比例达95%;冻土区（0~82.15m）之间不同土样Mycetocola miduiensis菌株所占比例较大;而冻土层以下没有明显的优势菌。冗余分析（RDA）显示：可培养细菌数量主要受土壤有机碳影响,土壤含水量则是影响细菌多样性的主要因素。     

有关埃达克岩实验应用中几个问题的探讨

实验研究非常重要,是花岗岩(和埃达克岩)理论创新的源泉之一。近年来,国内在埃达克岩实验研究方面取得了很大的成绩。在这个领域,中国在国际上是处于领先水平的,虽然得到的认识并不相同,这是很正常的。本文讨论了与埃达克岩有关的一些实验研究问题,认为:1下地壳底部是缺水的,花岗岩是在缺水条件下部分熔融的,应当慎重对待在饱和水和有水加入情况下的实验结果。2要注意残留相组分中是否有斜长石出现,不能只关注石榴石,石榴石与斜长石配合起来才能得出正确的认识。3 1.0 GPa压力下石榴石出现线的真实含义是什么?它只表明与之平衡的熔体是贫Yb的。但是,贫Yb的花岗岩不只是埃达克岩,喜马拉雅型花岗岩也贫Yb,因此,还需要考虑斜长石消失的情况,如果石榴石出现而斜长石消失了,熔体是埃达克岩;如果石榴石出现而斜长石没有消失,则熔体为喜马拉雅型花岗岩。由于国外没有喜马拉雅型花岗岩的概念,因此,对国外某些在1 GPa条件下得到的实验资料应当仔细鉴别,也许其中有一些熔体并非埃达克岩,而是喜马拉雅型花岗岩。4相变反应不同于部分熔融反应,不能把相变反应的结果解释为部分熔融的结果。相变反应是在温度压力增加的情况下发生的,不是产生花岗岩的主要方式;部分熔融反应主要是在温度增加压力不变的条件下发生的,是产生花岗岩的主要方式。5实验研究得出的一个重要的结论是:与榴辉岩平衡的熔体是埃达克岩,因此,埃达克岩的真谛可能就是非常简单的一句话:源区有石榴石无斜长石。只要符合这个标志,与其平衡的熔体必然是高Sr低Yb的;只要符合这个标志,与其平衡的熔体必然是在较高的压力下形成的。高压可能就是埃达克岩最重要的构造意义。     

Partial melting of metapelites at ultrahigh-pressure conditions, Greenland Caledonides

Eclogite, orthogneiss and, by association, metapelite from an island at 78°N in North‐East Greenland experienced ultrahigh‐pressure (UHP) metamorphism at approximately 970 °C and 3.6 GPa, at the end of the Caledonian collision, 360–350 Ma. Hydrous metapelites contain abundant leucocratic layers and lenses composed of medium‐grained, anhedral, equigranular quartz, antiperthitic plagioclase and K‐feldspar with minor small garnet and kyanite crystals. Leucosomes are generally parallel to the matrix foliation, are interlayered with residual quartz bands, anastomose around residual garnet and commonly cross‐cut micaceous segregations. Textures suggest that the leucosomes crystallized from a syntectonic melt, but crystallized at the end of local high‐grade deformation. The metapelite outcrop is < 1.5 km from kyanite eclogites with confirmed coesite, but the metapelites lack coesite and palisade textures diagnostic of coesite pseudomorphs. They do contain highly fractured garnet megacrysts with polycrystalline quartz inclusions (some surrounded by radial fractures) and Ti‐rich phengite inclusions that suggest the former presence of coesite. Polyphase inclusions in garnet contain reactants and products of the inferred dehydration melting reaction: Phe + Qtz = Ky + Kfs + Rt + melt. The reactants are thought to have been early inclusions of hydrous phases within garnet that melted and then crystallized new phases. Garnet surrounding these inclusions has patchy zoning with elevated Ca, consistent with experiments that produced similar patchy microstructures in garnet around inclusions with an unequivocal melt origin. The peak UHP metamorphic assemblage in these rocks is inferred to have been phengite, coesite, garnet, kyanite, rutile, fluid ± omphacite ± epidote. Phase diagrams indicate that dehydration melting of phengite in this assemblage would have occurred after decompression from peak pressure, but still above the coesite to quartz transition. Unusual crown‐ and moat‐like textures in garnet around some polycrystalline quartz inclusions are also consistent with the inference that melting took place at UHP conditions.     

CO_2 degassing and melting of metasomatized mantle lithosphere during rifting-Numerical study

:Reactivation of metasomatized mantle lithosphere may occur during continental extension,which is an important component of plate tectonics.The lower most part of the metasomatized domains in the subcontinental mantle lithosphere can be locally enriched in CO2.Therefore,partial melting of these metasomatized domains may play a crucial role in the global carbon cycle.However,little is known about this process and up until now few numerical constraints are available.Here we address this knowledge gap and use a 2-D high resolution petrological-thermomechanical model to assess lithospheric rifting.CO2 degassing and melting.We test 4 lithospheric thicknesses:90,110,130 and 200 km with a 10 km thick metasomatized layer at the base using CO2 of 2 wt.%in the bulk composition.The carbonate enriched layer is stable below^3 GPa(>110 km)for a temperature of 1300℃;therefore,we only observe degassing patterns for lithospheric models that are 130 km and 200 km thick.The metasomatized layer for the 130 km thick lithosphere mostly comprises carbonatite melting,whereas in the 200 km thick scenario propagation of melt development from kimberlites to carbonatites occurs as the metasomatic mantle is exhumed during extension.The numerical models fit well into natural rifting zones of the European Cenozoic Rift System for young(shallow)and of the North Atlantic Rift for old(thick)lithosphere.     

Metamorphism and granite genesis in the Hidaka Metamorphic Belt, Hokkaido, Japan

The Main Zone of the Hidaka Metamorphic Belt is an uplifted crustal section of island-arc type. The crust was formed during early Tertiary time, as a result of collision between two arc–trench systems of Cretaceous age. The crustal metamorphic sequence is divided into four metamorphic zones (I–IV), in which zone IV is in the granulite facies. A detailed study of the evolution of the Hidaka Belt, based on a revised P–T–t analysis of the metamorphic rocks, notably a newly found staurolite-bearing granulite, confirms a prograde isobaric heating path, after a supposed event of tectonic thickening of accretionary sedimentary and oceanic crustal rocks. During the peak metamorphic event (c. 53 Ma), the regional geothermal gradient attained 33–40° C km^?1, and the highest P–T condition obtained from the lowest part of the granulite unit is 830° C, 7 kbar. In this part, X_H2O of Gt–Opx–Cd gneiss is about 0.15 and that of Gt–Cd–Bt gneiss is 0.4. The P–T–X_H2O condition of the granulite unit is well within a field where fluid-present partial melting of pelitic and greywacke metamorphic rocks takes place. This is in harmony with the restitic nature of the Gt–Opx–Cd gneiss in the lowest part of the granulite unit. The possibility that partial melting took place in the Main Zone is significant for the genesis of the peraluminous (S-type) granitic rocks within it. The S-type granitic rocks in this zone are Opx–Gt–Bt tonalite in the granulite zone, Gt–Cd–Bt tonalite in the amphibolite zone, and Cd–Bt–Mus tonalite in the Bt–Mus gneiss zone. The mineralogical and chemical nature of these strongly peraluminous tonalitic rocks permit them to be regarded as having been derived from S-type granitic magma generated by crustal anatexis of pelitic metamorphic rocks in deeper crust.     

Low‐P melting of metapelitic rocks and the role of H2O: Insights from phase equilibria modelling

Water‐fluxed melting has long been thought to have a minor influence on the thermal and chemical structure of the crust. We report here on amphibolite facies metasedimentary rocks from the 490–450 Ma Famatinian Orogen, in northwest Argentina, that have undergone water‐fluxed incongruent biotite melting at relatively low temperature, which have produced and lost a significant volume of melt. The protoliths consist of the turbiditic Puncoviscana Formation (Neoproterozoic to Early Cambrian). The field area exhibits a condensed metamorphic field gradient, from greenschist to amphibolite facies suprasolidus conditions, recording a low pressure almost isobaric path, reaching peak conditions estimated at 700°C at 4 kbar. Thermodynamic modelling in the MnNCKFMASHTO system is applied to investigate melting at such low pressure as a function of water content. Calculations using a typical turbidite composition show how small amounts of added free H₂O may increase significantly the melt fraction with little or no change in either the melt or residual phase compositions. They indicate negligible difference in normative An–Ab–Or proportions and ferromagnesian contents between melts derived by dehydration and water‐fluxed melts. The same is true for the content of H₂O dissolved in melts, which remains constant and the melt produced is granitic whether or not aqueous fluids are present. Thus, neither the residue nor the melt composition are indicators of the presence of aqueous fluids during anatexis. Recognizing the impact of small additions of H₂O to an anatectic terrane may therefore be difficult. The most significant change related to water‐fluxing is the relative proportions of minerals and melt fraction, rather than the actual mineral assemblage. The modal proportion of feldspar decreased while those of cordierite and biotite increased in the residual assemblages, as <5 mol.% of free H₂O was added. The impact of this addition is to more than double the proportion of water‐undersaturated melt to 25–30 mol.%. We have also developed a simple way to estimate how much melt a residual rock has lost, if the compositional trends of the protoliths are known. In summary, we find that even though the addition of small amounts of free H₂O impacts significantly on rock fertility, there is little obvious record in the field. The combined application of careful petrological investigation and thermodynamic modelling is the key to identify the influence of aqueous fluids, and exploit systems that became open not only to fluid influx but also to the extraction of melt.     

Sequential melting and fractional crystallization: Granites from Guarda-Sabugal area, central Portugal

Seven distinct phases of Variscan two-mica granite are recognized in the Guarda-Sabugal area. They intruded the Cambrian schist-metagraywacke complex, crystallized in the middle crust, and are syn- to late-D3 (309.2 ± 1.8 Ma), late-D3 (304–300 Ma) and late- to post-D3 (299 ± 3 Ma; ID-TIMS ages on zircon and monazite). Two of the granites, G2 and G5, are close in age and have similar Sr, Nd and O isotope characteristics but contrasting whole rock and mineral features and formed by sequential increasing degree of partial melting of a common metasedimentary protolith. During sequential melting Ti, total Fe, Mg, Ca, Zr, Zn, Sr, Ba and REE contents and (La/Yb)_N increase and Si and Rb contents decrease, plagioclase becomes richer in anorthite and biotite and muscovite richer in Ti and Mg. Each of these granites evolved subsequently by fractional crystallization of quartz, K-feldspar, plagioclase, biotite and ilmenite, defining separate series G2–G3–G7 and G5–G6 containing late Sn-bearing differentiates. Two other granites G1 and G4 represent distinct pulses of magma with individual fractionation trends for major and trace elements and distinct (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)₃₀₀, ?Nd₃₀₀ and δ¹⁸O values.