福建省三明城区现代表土环境磁学研究

土壤是人类赖以生存和发展的基础，土壤污染的危害往往很容易被忽视。以福建省三明市钢铁公司和永安市福建水泥厂为中心．对三明城区现代表土壤采集，并测定其低频磁化率、高频磁化率和频率磁化率，利用土壤环境磁学方法研究该城区的土壤污染状况，对污染土壤的重金属元素进行定量分析．建立磁化率和土壤重金属的统计规律，圈定异常来判断环境污染状况，进而寻找污染源。     

磁化率对土壤重金属污染的指示性研究——以沈阳新城子区为例

通过对399件表层土壤磁化率参数与化学组成的分析测试,较系统地总结了沈阳新城子区土壤磁化率特征,并初步进行了磁化率对土壤重金属污染的指示研究。结果表明:(1)不同土壤类型中磁化率差异较大,棕壤中由于人为作用较大,其均值最高。不同堆积类型中磁化率差别较大,洪积物和残坡积物中平均值最高,冲积物中最低。不同农作物对元素的需求不一样导致磁化率的含量变化范围存在着区别。(2)土壤的磁化率与土壤中Cd、Pb、Hg、Cu、Zn等重金属元素含量呈显著正相关,且与土壤pH值呈显著负相关关系,能反映出土壤酸化的状况,对土壤污染程度有较好的指示性。(3)利用磁化率可以快捷地划分污染区。     

成都市土壤质量的模糊综合评价

土壤是一个开放体系,尤其城市的土壤污染来源更为广泛,而在土壤的质量评价中,常涉及到大量的复杂现象和多种因素的相互作用,且存在大量的模糊现象和模糊概念。针对这一情况,在成都城区168个土壤样品进行调查和实测后,对主要影响土壤质量的六种重金属污染进行分析,并且在环境地球化学原理的基础上,根据土壤污染分级标准建立了土壤质量的综合评判模型,同时给出了六种重金属的隶属函数。最后在对成都六个城区土壤样本的综合评判中,准确地得出了各城区的土壤污染程度及污染类别。     

山东烟台金矿区及城镇周边土壤重金属化学形态分布及转化

土壤中不同形态重金属及其转化的影响因素研究对于了解重金属的地球化学行为具有重要意义。以山东烟台金矿区及城镇周边典型土壤为例,探讨了土壤中不同形态重金属与土壤有机质、黏粒、磁化率和pH值的关系及其生态危害性。结果表明:土壤中大多数重金属以残渣态和铁锰氧化态存在,而Cd以离子交换态为主;土壤酸化可使Ni、Zn、Cd、Hg的活动态含量增加;对于Pb污染严重的土壤,使土壤pH维持在中碱性环境,可以降低Pb危害;防止土壤盐碱化是消除土壤As污染的有效措施;土壤有机质含量增加可明显降低Pb、Hg、Ni等活动态含量,随黏粒含量增加,Pb、Zn等离子交换态含量占总量的比例略有减小;土壤磁化率对了解土壤酸化的状况和土壤污染程度有较好的指示作用。     

武汉市东湖周边近地表土壤磁化率特征及其环境意义

测量了武汉市东湖周边3个采样区60个土壤样品的磁化率及24个代表样品的重金属元素质量分数,对土壤磁化率和重金属元素质量分数进行了相关分析与聚类分析,探讨应用土壤磁化率参量及测量技术对大范围区域污染环境评价的指示意义.结果表明,土壤磁化率与重金属元素Ca、Cu、Pb、Sr、Zn质量分数显著相关,相关系数分别高达0.930,0.836,0.864,0.879和 0.879;重金属元素Ba、Cr、Fe、Mg、Mn质量分数与磁化率中度-弱相关,相关系数分别为0.447,0.303,0.557,0.528,0.333.聚类分析结果表明,不同采样区地表土壤的污染源之间存在一定差异.这些结果为应用土壤磁化率(尤其是原位磁化率)测量技术在该区进行大尺度和高精度环境评价提供了基础.     

湖州市土壤磁化率与重金属元素分布规律及其相关性研究

通过对84个地表土样、17个剖面土样和11个基岩样的磁参数与化学分析测试,对湖州市进行了土壤磁化率与重金属元素分布规律、成因及两者的相关性研究.结果表明:表层土壤磁化率高值异常区与土壤重金属元素高值分布区吻合程度非常高,剖面土壤磁化率值与重金属元素含量总体上均呈向下递减的相同特点;表层土壤磁化率与重金属元素高值异常均系人类经济工程活动影响所致,主要与当地城镇生活垃圾随意堆放、垃圾施肥、工业粉尘、废气、废物和污水排放、农药和化肥的过量使用等有关;表层土壤磁化率值与重金属元素Cd、Hg、Pb、As和Cr含量之间在不同环境条件下相关性有着明显的差异.在旱地土壤中磁化率与重金属元素Hg、Pb高度相关,与Cd、As和Cr不相关;在水田土壤中磁化率与重金属元素Pb、As高度相关,与Cd显著相关,而与Hg、Cr不相关.     

我国土壤污染研究现状及发达国家土壤污染修复经验对我国的启示

土壤重金属污染日益严重,已成为一个世界性问题。针对我国土壤污染状况,为切实加强土壤污染防治,逐步改善土壤环境质量,通过吸收国外土壤污染修复先进经验,开展适用于我国的土壤污染调查、评估、风险管控、检测、修复、效果评价、监测等方面的研究,建立健全我国土壤修复标准和政策法规体系,对国家土壤安全建设具有重大意义。     

河南荥阳市耕地土壤重金属分布特征及来源解析

耕地质量关系着人民生活,而重金属是影响耕地质量的重要因素之一。根据全国土壤污染状况调查显示,中国耕地环境状况不容乐观,对耕地的重金属调查分析迫在眉睫。但仅简单地对重金属含量水平及来源类型进行判断已不足以为区域土壤重金属污染治理提供支持,而通过对各类污染源贡献率的定量计算,不仅可以明确农田土壤重金属分布特征,同时可判别污染源类别及来源,从而识别优先控制的污染元素,为重金属污染精准管控提供关键信息。本文采集河南荥阳市耕地表层土壤样品(0～20cm),应用电感耦合等离子体质谱和发射光谱法(ICP-MS/OES)、原子荧光光谱法(AFS)及离子选择电极法(IES)对As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn等8种重金属进行测试和p H分析;利用多元统计、绝对因子分析-多元线性回归(APCS-MLR)受体模型探讨研究区8种重金属污染含量空间分布特征及来源,利用富集因子和地累积指数开展土壤污染评价。结果表明：(1)耕地土壤中重金属含量整体偏高。除Cr外,其他元素为郑州市土壤背景值的1.04～1.40倍,其中Cd的累积效应较明显。(2)研究区重金属高值区主要分布于荥阳市城区周边。(3)基于富集因...     

基于土壤重金属污染风险管控的土壤质量评价:以某县级市为例

近年来农用地土壤质量受重金属污染影响进而导致农产品受到威胁的问题愈发严重,然而关于土壤质量评价的研究很少考虑土壤污染状况,忽略了土壤污染风险对土壤质量的影响。本文以某典型制造业县级市为例,在以土壤理化性质为主要指标的土壤肥力状况评价基础上,对研究区土壤重金属进行污染风险管控类型划分。通过建立分段函数将土壤污染风险管控类型划分结果引入土壤质量评价体系,对农用地土壤质量进行评价。结果表明：研究区土壤理化指标的变异系数从大到小为速效磷(AP)含量>土壤电导率(SEC)>全磷(TP)含量>土壤有机碳(SOC)含量>阳离子交换量(CEC)>全氮(TN)含量>pH。土壤肥力状况随地势降低和河流增加呈现升高的趋势,高肥力区主要分布在平原区西北部和平原区东北部,低肥力区主要分布在东南部丘陵山区和西部低洼区,肥力过渡区环绕低肥力区分布。农用地土壤污染风险管控类型的划分结果表明,Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Cr、Ni、Cu和Zn 8种重金属中至少有88.89%的Cd样点和98.61%的Cr样点属于优先保护类,11.11%的Cd样点、1.39%的Cr样点属于安全利用类,该区重金属污染以Cd为主。土壤质量评价结果表明,土壤质量总体分布与土壤肥力状况分布规律类似,但由于受土壤污染风险的影响,研究区西南部低质量土壤范围向东扩张,东南部低质量土壤分布范围更小,更密集化。上述研究结果说明,引入土壤污染风险管控类型划分结果一般会对土壤肥力状况作减幅修正,并在一定程度上改变原土壤肥力状况的空间分布格局。     

钢厂周边污染土壤的电性与磁性特征及其环境意义

利用直流电测深、环境磁学以及矿物学方法,开展对一钢铁厂周边土壤的污染评价研究,获得了土壤垂向电阻率与磁化率分布特征。研究表明,随着污染土剖面的深度由底部至地表,土壤电阻率逐渐减小,磁化率和重金属含量反而增高;该变化特征反映了土壤受污染的程度与钢铁公司历年粗钢产量及武汉市历年汽车保有量的变化程度相对应。通过对污染样品的磁滞回线、热磁曲线和SEM/EDX等矿物学分析,污染样品的矿物成分以磁铁矿和赤铁矿为主,以准单畴(PSD)颗粒存在,形貌特征和物质成分与成土过程中形成的磁性颗粒明显不同。由于土壤的电性与磁性都具有良好的污染程度指示作用,所以土壤的电性与磁性研究可以应用于土壤污染程度的评价,两者联合运用可大大提高土壤污染程度评价的分辨率。     

Relationship between magnetic properties and heavy metals of urban soils with different soil types and environmental settings: implications for magnetic mapping

Two types of soil (fluvisols and anthrosols) were collected from different environmental settings (suburb and industrial area) in Wuhan, central China, aiming to examine the applicability of magnetic mapping for heavy metal pollution of urban soil in a large region. Magnetic measurements and chemical analysis indicated elevated magnetization and heavy metal concentrations of topsoils in the industrial area. Magnetic susceptibility (χ), anhysteretic remanent magnetization (ARM) and saturation isothermal remanent magnetization (SIRM) of fluvisols are much higher than those of anthrosols, but contrary for frequency-dependent susceptibility, indicating that soil magnetism strongly depends on the soil type/condition. Predominant magnetic carrier in topsoils in industrial area is pseudo-single-domain/multi-domain magnetite. Environmental scanning electron microscope/energy dispersive X-ray examination of the magnetic extracts from these topsoils revealed abundant spherical particles with diameters of 10–50 μm that are rich in iron-oxides, and could be attributed to the nearby industrial activities (e.g., steel work and power generation). Significant correlations were observed between magnetic concentration-related parameters (e.g., χ, ARM and SIRM) and concentrations of Cu, Pb, Zn, Hg and Tomlinson pollution load index. These results proposed that magnetic proxy mapping of soil pollution is an effective, fast and inexpensive tool for delineation of heavy metal pollution. However, interpretation of magnetic properties for such a purpose must be done on a site-specific basis, taking into account the possibilities of pedogenic enhancement/depletion under the specific soil conditions.     

磁学方法在环境污染研究中的应用

环境磁学方法问世20多年来，因其快速、灵敏、经济、无破坏性和信息量大的特点，在环境研究中得到广泛的应用。磁学方法可用于传统的污染分析技术（化学）之前的预研究，而后者一般耗费大量人力、物力和时间；它也可以作为环境污染评估的代用指标。近年来，随着世界环境污染问题的日益严重和倍受关注，磁学方法被广泛地应用于环境污染研究。欧洲环境磁学专家在重建污染历史、监测现代环境污染、追踪与分离污染源等方面，开展了大量的工作，并积累了一定的经验。介绍了磁学方法用于污染研究的显著特点、主要用途、野外工作方法以及相关仪器；展示了在大气、土壤、潮滩、河流、湖泊以及海洋等不同环境系统中，利用磁手段研究污染的成果和最新进展；对 于一些难点、热点问题，如磁性机理的研究、多源污染的分离、强烈多变的人类活动对获取有意义磁讯号的影响等，做了相应的分析和总结。     

Magnetic and ground probing radar measurements for soil pollution mapping in the industrial area of Val Basento (Basilicata Region, Southern Italy): a case study

The joint application of electromagnetic techniques for near-surface exploration is a useful tool for soil pollution monitoring and can also contribute towards describing the spatial distribution of pollutants. The results of a geophysical field survey that was carried out for characterizing the heavy metal and waste disposal soil pollution phenomena in the industrial area of Val Basento (Basilicata region, Southern Italy) are presented here. First, topsoil magnetic susceptibility measurements have been carried out for defining the spatial distribution of superficial pollution phenomena in the investigated area. Second, detailed and integrated measurements based on a high-resolution magnetic mapping and ground probing radar (GPR) profiling have been applied to investigate the subsurface in two industrial areas located in more polluted sites that were identified during the first phase. Our monitoring strategy discloses the way to rapidly define the zone characterized by high pollution levels deriving from chemical industries and traffic emissions and to obtain the way information about the presence of local buried sources of contamination.     

The detection of roadside pollution of rapidly growing city in arid region using the magnetic proxies

This work is a complementary investigation to the earlier urban soil survey for a rapidly growing city of relatively high traffic density. Therefore, it aims to apply the environmental magnetism approach to assess the roadside pollution at a known polluted site. The used magnetic proxies are the initial magnetic susceptibility and saturation magnetization. The results prove the applicability of this method in detecting roadside pollution. The shape and magnitude of the magnetic signals was affected by the topography and prevailing wind direction that caused the magnetic peaks to be shifted accordingly. Particle size was found to affect the magnetic material content, where sand size (63–150 μm) bears the highest magnetic signals relative to smaller silt size (<63 μm). The magnetic anomalies coincided positively with heavy metal pollution in the studied site, which might indicate that the magnetic materials serve as an effective proxy for the metallic pollution (i.e., Fe, Ni, Pb, Cu, and Zn) originated mainly from vehicular sources.     

成都经济区土壤磁化率特征及其环境意义

通过对54个根系土和14条土壤剖面土磁参数与化学组成的分析测试、以及根系土相对应的水稻籽实样品化学分析结果,较系统地总结了成都经济区土壤磁化率特征。结果表明：①土壤磁化率在数值上主要受成土母质控制;②在根系土壤样品中,根系土磁化率比其下层土壤磁化率有不同程度的增加;③不同类型土壤的磁化率均与土壤中Cd含量呈正相关,并对土壤污染程度有较好的指示性;④利用磁化率可以对土壤进行初步分类。     

青海湖北部高寒草地土壤粒度与磁化率关系探讨

文章以青海湖北部刚察县高寒草地为研究对象,分析测试土壤样品的各粒级组分进而计算出各粒度参数值,尝试探索土壤层剖面的土壤粒度与土壤磁化率的变化特征及其相关性。结果表明:该高寒草地土壤剖面粒度组成以粉砂为主,黏粒次之,再次是砂粒,土壤属性属于粉砂壤土—粉砂土;土壤质量磁化率总体较低,土壤物源既有基岩风化而成,又有远程物质的搬运沉积;土壤剖面上表现出两个较为明显的质量磁化率由高到低的周期演化,说明成土成壤过程经历了两个时期。土层在30cm以上,质量磁化率与频率磁化率呈现出相反的变化趋势;30cm以下随着越接近母岩方向,质量磁化率值呈现减小的态势。且在剖面上表现出两个较为明显的以高质量磁化率值开始、低质量磁化率结束为特征的周期演化。     

Environmental significance of magnetic properties of Gley soils near Rosslau (Germany)

Geophysical methods are widely applied to soils for resolving different tasks in precision agriculture, pollution evaluation, erosion estimation, etc. Environmental magnetic methods were applied in our study on a collection of soil samples from area near Rosslau (Germany), which was gathered on the basis of a field electromagnetic induction study. Magnetic laboratory analyses include magnetic susceptibility, isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM), anhysteretic remanent magnetization (ARM), thermomagnetic analyses for determination of the kind of magnetic minerals present in soils. The results reveal the presence of statistically significant inverse correlations between magnetic susceptibility, as well as remanent magnetizations ARM and IRM, and conductivity values. This maybe ascribed to influence of topography and water regime on the iron oxide forms in soil and the influence of soil moisture on soil conductivity. Magnetic measurements on soil cores showed close correspondence between soil horizons outlined in 1 m-long cores, and depth changes in mass-specific magnetic susceptibility. Existing relationships between magnetic characteristics, soil reaction pH, and nutrients’ content (total nitrogen, carbon and sulphur) have been explored by cluster analysis and general regression model statistics. The results reveal the presence of significant correlations between nutrients’ content, magnetic susceptibility and the grain size sensitive ratio ARM/χ. These are expressed by numerical equations, representing pedotransfer functions, which predict the content of Nitrogen, Carbon and Sulphur through combination of magnetic parameters and soil pH. The obtained pedotransfer functions for the particular case of Gley soils and Fluvisols studied could be used for application of magnetic methods in agricultural practice as a fast and inexpensive proxy evaluation of the content of these nutrition elements.     

土壤磁化率异常在油气勘查中应用试验研究

应用土壤磁化率结合化探、地震、遥感资料,在内蒙西部荒漠区进行大面积油气勘查的综合研究,结果表明土壤磁化率异常与烃异常有相似的分布趋势,并都受构造控制.根据两个含油气局部构造磁化率异常与磁性矿物含量分析结果,认为磁化率异常的成因是由于含油气构造部位次生磁性物质形成的总体效应所致,因此,应用此方法进行油气勘查,只能作为一种烃蚀变异常的间接指示指标