上海市滩涂水下地形测量研究

针对上海市滩涂水下地形测量工作的历史与现状,详细介绍了滩涂水下地形的测量方法、技术标准以及测绘成果的应用,说明了水下地形测量工作在水利事业中发挥的重要作用,并对更好地提高测绘精度提出了建议,展望了滩涂水下地形测绘的未来发展。     

船载三维激光扫描海岸岛礁地形测量技术体系构建

海岸岛礁地形测量作业主要采用实时动态差分定位系统(real time kinematic,RTK)和全站仪相结合的测量作业模式,但在陡峭的悬崖地区、大面积的滩涂、沼泽,以及困难地区岛礁等,很难通过RTK作业方式实施登岛/登点测量,难以满足海岸岛礁应急作业的需求。开展了船载三维激光扫描地形测量关键技术研究,通过系列专业软件开发、技术试验、规程编制和生产作业等技术途径,构建了船载三维激光扫描地形测量技术体系,将大大减轻海岸岛礁地形测绘的劳动强度,加快数据更新和产品保障周期。     

机载LiDAR海岸地形测量技术及其应用

机载LiDAR测量技术发展迅速,应用日益广泛。概括了机载LiDAR测量技术发展、工作原理和应用现状,结合海洋测绘需求,论述了机载LiDAR技术应用的可行性、方法和精度,分析了海岸地形测绘应用的前景,为提高作业部门新技术的理论基础,推进机载LiDAR测量技术在海洋测绘领域的应用提供支持。     

航空摄影测量技术在海岛礁测绘的应用

在完成海岛像控测量、野外调绘、空三加密、内业测图等航空摄影测量技术流程,测绘比例尺1:10000海岛地形图,制作相应的数字高程模型、正射影像图等产品的基础上,总结了航测技术应用于海岸、海岛地形测绘的技术方法、作业流程,并将航测成果与常规海岸地形测量成果进行比对,得出了航测成果精度能够满足<海道测量规范>要求,航测技术可...     

浅析测绘技术在海岛监视监测中的应用和思考

随着国家构建海洋生态文明战略的实施以及海岛监视监测工作的深入开展,测绘技术发挥基础性的技术支撑作用。文章结合实际工作分析测绘技术在海岛地形测量、水下地形测量以及海岛地质灾害监测中的应用现状,针对工作过程中遇到的问题提出思考和建议。     

杭州湾跨海大桥桥位地形测绘中的潮位改正

在杭州湾跨海大桥桥位地形测绘中,采用三角分带解析法进行潮位改正计算,结果表明:合理布设潮位站、合理安排测量时间,可以提高地形测量精度,正确地进行潮位计算。一般应在高平潮前后3h时间内施测,可保证浅滩不出现测量空白区。地形测绘过程中还应布设不少于主测线数量的5%的检查线,以检查其测量精度。在所测的河口湾两岸潮位明显不等时,采用三角分带解析法进行潮位改正计算,其结果合理、正确,可达到规范的要求。     

金山三岛滩涂水下地形演变浅析

文章采用GPS-RTK技术进行2016年金山三岛滩涂水下地形测量,绘制金山三岛滩涂水下地形云图,并与2014年和2015年滩涂水下地形测量结果进行对比,得出以下结论:金山三岛连线左右1km之内的地形起伏变化大,小金山岛南北侧各有一条深坑,大小金山岛之间有一条贯穿东西向的深槽,它的形成与涨落潮流不一致以及人为活动有关,大金山岛与浮山岛之间有一类似山脊样的地形,浮山岛南侧也有一深坑存在。近3年金山三岛滩涂水下地形变化不大,局部小范围内有淤积和冲刷。定期对三岛滩涂水下地形进行测量可以掌握其变化规律,为管理部门提供管理基础资料。     

SeaBeam2112多波束测深资料处理与解释

精确的海底地形测绘技术成果是人类研究海洋，开发海洋折基础，长期以来，我国海底地形测绘一直采用效率低，成图精度差的单波束回声测量技术，已远远不能满足当今研究海洋、开发海洋的需要，１９９４年地矿部广州海洋地质调查局引进美国ＳＥＡＢＥＡＭ公司生产的ＳｅａＢｅａｍ２１１２多波束测量系统是当今世界先进的海底地形，地貌多波速宽幅测量系统，本文介绍多波束测量系统的特点、功能及资料处理方法、流程和参数。     

海道测量中的基准面及其相互关系

在海道测量中,由于测量内容的不同,自然决定了采用基准面的不同。海道测量内容包括了水深测量、海岸地形测量、滩涂和礁石测量以及平面和高程控制测量,因而所采用的基准面是不同的。国标《海道测量规范》GB12327-90(以下简称《规范》)明确规定: ·海岸线以平均大潮高潮时所形成的实际痕迹进行测绘。 ·远离大陆的岛礁,其高程基准采用当地平均海面。     

瓯江口外滨海区的滩涂测量

本文介绍了瓯江口外滨海区的一次滩涂测量,主要内容有:一是关于在原有控制基础不佳的海岸,如何适应测区特点应急布网而又能保证成图基本质量以及在滩涂上进行三角观测和埋设大型标石的经验。二是关于先布设断面,以极坐标法,放宽最大视距限值施测滩涂地形的经验和精度估计。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.