利用红外云图作台风客观定位

通过对１９８９－１９９３年收集到的台风红外Ｈ云图进行台风云系的云顶温度分析，得到了一组识别台风云系细微结构的云顶温度分布。在微机上实现了台风的客观定位。该方法经对１９９４年影响浙江的９４１４，９４１７，９４１８，９４３０四个台风的业务使用，效果较好。     

用静止气象卫星云图对西太平洋副热带高压进退的个例研究

本文利用静止气象卫星GMS-5的红外卫星云图的云系特征结合天气形势分析了1997年7月副高的一次进退过程,并以9711号台风的红外云图对副高进退过程进行分析,结果表明,副高西侧积雨云、西北侧云系边缘的反气旋性云系、副高内部一些小的积云块以及台风对副高的南北进退具有指示意义,通过对云系影响副高进退的成因的详细分析,提出利用卫星云图云系特征对副高进退进行预报的方法,为气象卫星资料应用于副高进退预报的研究提供新的依据。     

基于非线性最优目标函数的红外云图台风中心自动定位

台风中心的自动定位对于灾害性天气预测具有重要意义。针对台风云系在云图中分布的不确定性和多变性,利用主特征向量提取方法实现了台风云系的客观描述;在此基础之上,根据台风密闭云区在云图中呈圆形的几何特性,构建了台风中心自动定位的非线性最优目标函数;因该目标函数的导数不易求取,利用生物遗传算法,求得了台风中心位置的最优数值解,有效地实现了台风中心的自动定位。多个台风中心定位仿真结果表明,该方法能够实现有眼和无眼台风的自动定位,并且理论可靠、实用性强、定位精度高。      

有眼台风的自动定位方法初探

利用ＧＭＳ红外云图对眼台风云系的定位问题进行了探讨，并根据其云系特征，提出了一种基于台风云系形状分析的自动定位方法。     

《同心双眼台风眼区演变的云图分析》附图

图1 1983年8月i3日12 Z红外云图8305台风云系图3 1983年8月14日13 Z红外云图8305台风云系图4 1983~9月24日A N红外云图8310台风 图6 1983~9月25日12 Z红外云图8310台风云系云系《同心双眼台风眼区演变的云图分析》附图     

增强显示红外卫星云图在热带气旋分析中的应用

本文给出了用增强显示红外卫星云图确定热带气旋中心位置的方法。通过对1983年我国编号台风定位的检验,表明这个方法可用于台风预报业务。文中还对Vernon F.Dvorak估计热带气旋强度方法作了简化和改进,给出了热带气旋强度T指数与风速和气压的对应关系,同时还举例说明了如何应用这个方法及其效果。     

Shapley-模糊神经网络方法在华南台风卫星云图的长时效滚动预测中的应用

为了更好地利用大量的卫星云图观测资料来提高台风暴雨的预报能力,解决并提高对台风强降水云系变化的预报精度,延长对未来云系变化的预报时效,构建基于合作对策Shapley-模糊神经网络的华南区域台风卫星云图非线性智能计算滚动集合预测模型,对增强卫星云图资料在台风暴雨天气预报中的实用性和及时性具有重要意义.依据2013—201...     

利用云导风矢量的台风中心自动定位

文中提出了一种利用云导风矢量图进行台风中心自动定位的方法。云导风矢量通过对具有一定时间间隔的两幅相关卫星云图进行模板匹配而得出。模板匹配就是根据已知模式的图像在一幅陌生图像中寻找对应于该模式的子图像的过程。根据气象知识 ,台风云系运动的特点是中心平移量大而自旋很弱 ,且台风中心与台风云系整体的移动方向一致 ,因此求出云导风矢量图中与台风整体移动矢量大小和方向一致的矢量集合的最密集区 ,经过数学形态学处理后便得到台风中心     

多阈值和神经网络卫星云图云系自动分割试验

卫星云图自动分割是实现卫星云图云系自动识别的基础.选用1992~1994年和1997~1998年夏季有典型天气系统的177幅GMS红外云图建立了云系模型库, 云系分类样本3079个, 包含16类云系, 云系分割样本2764个.利用云系分割样本集进行神经网络试验, 训练集为从32幅云图中抽取的484个样本, 测试集为从145幅云图中抽取的2280个样本, 神经网络模型训练正确率达到98.8%, 测试正确率为86.4%.用1997年7月18~21日和1998年6月15~17日的两组卫星云图做自动分割应用试验, 结果经专家判识, 正确率达到90%以上.本文的工作表明:用多阈值和人工神经网络相结合方法对卫星云图进行云分割在实际应用中是可行的. 卫星云图自动分割系统的输入是GMS红外云图, 输出是分割出的每一个云区, 同时还包括云区的边界链码、起始点、周长、面积, 并保留了原始图像数据.在下一步的云系识别过程中, 可以在此基础上进行云系分类识别试验.     

利用卫星云图作台风预报的一些经验

一、前言两年来,我们在台风预报中着重使用了卫星云图,初步积累了一些经验。本文所介绍的南海台风和西太平洋台风预报经验,是根据卫星云图资料作出的,它的目的是想直接在卫星云图上,从云系结构和云系分布的外形特点入手,找出作台风动向、发生和发展的预报指标。     

ECMWF极端天气指数在华东台风降水预报中的应用和检验

选取2015—2018年影响华东地区的13个台风个例,分析降水极端天气指数EFI(Extreme Forecast Index)和SOT(Shift of Tails)与台风降水之间的统计关系。结果表明：EFI和SOT与降水气候百分位之间存在明显的正相关关系。EFI和SOT越大,强降水发生概率越高。随着预报时效的增加,EFI和SOT指数对暴雨和大暴雨的预报效果逐渐变差。对于短期(72 h以内的时效),EFI预报技巧优于SOT,而随着预报时效的延长,SOT的预报技巧逐渐接近并超过EFI。以TS评分最大为标准兼顾合理的预报偏差,得到两种极端天气指数不同预报时效、不同等级暴雨的预报阈值。总体而言,事件越极端,EFI和SOT的预报阈值越大,对于暴雨和大暴雨,EFI指数的预报阈值随着预报时效的延长有减小趋势,而SOT的预报阈值基本保持不变。在台风极端降水预报中,EFI和SOT可以作为EC定量降水预报的补充,有助于减少强降水的漏报,并提早发出预警信息。     

中国冰冻圈变化的适应研究：进展与展望

冰冻圈变化的适应研究是冰冻圈科学领域的新兴研究方向,是当今自然科学与社会科学交叉融合跨学科集成研究的典型代表。起步于2007年的中国冰冻圈变化适应研究,经历了早期的探索,研究重点由评价脆弱性发展为量化冰冻圈变化的影响,形成以影响/风险—脆弱性—适应全链条的完善的研究体系,研究方法突破传统的指标体系赋权法的不足,初步实现了定量化,有机结合影响/风险、脆弱性、适应三方面的研究结果,使冰冻圈变化的适应措施由偏重宏观性、普适性开始转向更有针对性。未来中国冰冻圈变化的适应研究应拓展、完善和深化现有的理论体系,构建冰冻圈与社会经济耦合模型,科学量化冰冻圈全要素变化的影响,建立不同利益相关者与科学家共同参与的研究新模式,科学有效应对与适应冰冻圈变化及其影响。     

自然控制论

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COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Light-absorbing particles in snow and ice: Measurement and modeling of climatic and hydrological impact

Light absorbing particles(LAP, e.g., black carbon, brown carbon, and dust) influence water and energy budgets of the atmosphere and snowpack in multiple ways. In addition to their effects associated with atmospheric heating by absorption of solar radiation and interactions with clouds, LAP in snow on land and ice can reduce the surface reflectance(a.k.a., surface darkening), which is likely to accelerate the snow aging process and further reduces snow albedo and increases the speed of snowpack melt. LAP in snow and ice(LAPSI) has been identified as one of major forcings affecting climate change, e.g.in the fourth and fifth assessment reports of IPCC. However, the uncertainty level in quantifying this effect remains very high. In this review paper, we document various technical methods of measuring LAPSI and review the progress made in measuring the LAPSI in Arctic, Tibetan Plateau and other mid-latitude regions. We also report the progress in modeling the mass concentrations, albedo reduction, radiative forcing, and climatic and hydrological impact of LAPSI at global and regional scales. Finally we identify some research needs for reducing the uncertainties in the impact of LAPSI on global and regional climate and the hydrological cycle.     

A political ecology of maladaptation: Insights from a Gramscian theory of the State

This article analyzes a political process in the aftermath of a disaster and explains why and how it led to maladaptation. Grounding Gramsci’s theory of the State on a case of post-disaster response to a fatal mudslide in the city of Sarno in Italy, this research argues that, under certain conditions, civil society and the ruling classes may coalesce to produce policies that are maladaptive. We unpack the mechanisms through which consent was reproduced in Sarno, and show how the claims of civil society were articulated and fused with the hegemonic goals of capital circulation and economic growth, reaffirming a view of government as only a provider of safety. A Gramscian treatment of the State as a process, and not as a thing, highlights that the main barrier to adaptation is not the lack of techno-managerial solutions. It is the lack of political struggle around the social reconfiguration of the logic and functions of the State.     

天津市静海区暴雨灾害风险精细化评估

根据天津市静海区18个乡镇2009—2018年逐时降水量,以及社会经济、地理地形、水利设施等数据,结合历史受灾信息,分别对静海区的暴雨致灾因子危险性、孕灾环境敏感性、承灾体易损性及防灾减灾能力进行分析,采用GIS技术和统计方法多因子叠加,综合得出静海地区暴雨灾害风险精细化评估和区划。研究发现,静海区北部区域以及南部中旺镇及其周边风险较高,而静海地区中部的风险较低;暴雨灾害高风险区主要分布在致灾因子敏感性、承灾体易损性较高而防灾减灾能力较低的静海镇和梁头镇及其周边,应加强防灾减灾设施建设。     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

敦煌气候条件及对棉花产量因素的影响

甘肃敦煌地区气候条件虽然适宜棉花生长,但热量条件处于棉花正常生长适宜指标的下线,对棉花的产量和质量具有较大影响。利用敦煌市国家基准气象观测站1983~2012年农业气象观测资料,统计分析了敦煌棉花全生育期气象条件对棉花的株铃数、单铃重及僵烂铃率、蕾铃脱落率及产量的影响。结果表明：棉花花蕾期气温、花后热量和花期气温、裂铃吐絮阶段灌水量是造成棉花僵烂铃和蕾铃脱落的主要原因。花铃期的平均气温越高,热量越充足,越有利于棉铃数的增加;7月上旬至8月中旬夜温不足降低了棉株矿物质和贮存物的积累速率,导致花蕾及胚珠发育不良,单铃胚珠数减少;盛夏7月中旬高温造成棉铃代谢紊乱,导致单铃不孕,造成株铃数不足和单铃重下降,进而影响棉花产量。     

基于中国全球海洋预报系统(CGOFS)的全球高分辨率再分析产品评估

通过同化系统将观测资料与海洋数值模式融合得到的海洋再分析产品为海洋科学研究提供了重要的资料基础.本文采用WOA,SODA,AVISO和GLORS四种数据资料与我国自主研发的中国全球海洋预报系统(CGOFS)的气候态结果进行了对比,结果表明:CGOFS和SODA的全球海表面温度与WOA的均方根误差分别为0.51和0.43℃.CGOFS和SODA的海表面盐度与WOA的均方根误差分别为0.48和0.40 PSU;海流方面,CGOFS能较好的刻画主要大洋环流分布及赤道潜流的垂向结构;CGOFS的全球海表面高度异常与AVISO的均方根误差为0.018m;多年月平均海冰外缘线覆盖面积介于SODA和GLORS之间,海冰体积的生消规律与SODA和GLORS一致.总体来看,CGOFS全球高分辨率海洋再分析产品的气候态结果与国际同类产品基本一致,可为提升我国海洋综合科技实力提供可靠的资料保障.