短期乔木林灌木林和草地演替的土壤剖面13C分布特征

以短期的植被更替如何影响土壤剖面的13C富集以及这些富集现象揭示的土壤碳循环机理为目的,采集云南省曲靖地区发生植被演替的山地土壤剖面5组,分别测定了稳定碳同位素比值(δ13C)、总有机碳含量(TOC)和碳密度,并比较了它们之间的差异。研究发现:短期植被改变(约10年)对土壤剖面中0~30 cm层的δ13C值具有显著影响,其中对0~10 cm层土壤影响最大。灌木更替为森林和草地后土壤有机质的δ13C变化分别达2.28‰和5.08‰。30~50 cm层土壤δ13C值对植被改变不敏感,该层可以作为土壤剖面的基准剖面层。大气δ13C值变化不是森林土壤0~50 cm剖面层中13C随深度减小而富集的主要原因。10年间,植被从灌木演替为人工种植的麻栎乔木或从灌木植被退化为草本植被,0~30 cm层土壤剖面的有机碳密度改变量分别为2.30 kg/m2和-1.00 kg/m2。而植被从灌木到人工种植麻栎的碳密度改变率为0.230 kg/m2/a,这对改变山地土壤的碳密度、短期增加碳储量具有重要意义。δ13C在C3植被的短期演替过程中具有很好的辨识力,可以作为土壤碳库更替和碳循环的研究工具。     

滇池流域宝象河水库沉积物中有机碳的来源

通过对滇池流域宝象河水库沉积物TOC、TN、C/N、δ13C及粒度等指标的测定,分析了沉积物中有机碳的主要来源及其变化趋势。结果表明:水体中不同位置沉积物有机碳来源并不相同,距三岔河入库河口相对较近的沉积柱芯A中C/N比值介于2.93~11.73,δ13C值介于-23.66‰~-21.78‰,有机碳主要来源于水生生物,陆源输入贡献较小,有机碳含量受粒径大小影响显著;距三岔河入库河口相对较远的沉积柱芯B中,其TOC和TN含量较高,分别介于14.62~24.93 g?kg-1和2.11~3.3 g?kg-1,δ13C值变化范围为-28.36‰~-26.36‰,粒度以黏土和细粉砂为主,有机碳主要来源于水库周边陆源输入,受人类活动影响强烈。     

长江口盐沼土壤有机质更新特征的滩面趋势

通过对长江口崇明东滩高潮滩、中潮滩以及光滩柱状样的有机元素(C、N)含量与碳稳定同位素组成(δ13C)、粒度组成等的测定,研究盐沼土壤有机质更新特征及其滩面趋势.结果表明,长江口盐沼土壤POC-δ13C相关特征与山地土壤剖面上部土层的基本类似,盐沼土壤有机质主要源于长江流域表层土壤,有机质年龄不足100年.不同高程柱样TN-C/N、POC-TIC与POC-δ13C关系特征表明盐沼土壤有机质更新程度普遍较低,有机质更新特征呈明显的滩面变化趋势.光滩有机质基本反映沉积母质特征,更新程度极低;中、高潮滩有机质更新作用已经发生,随着滩面演变,处于不同更新阶段的有机质组分混杂程度提高.盐沼滩面过程塑造垂向沉积层序,层序中独特的沙、泥纹层构造导致物质上下运移困难,有机质更新作用受到抑制.盐沼滩面过程直接影响有机质的累积与更新,对于有机质更新的时空特征具有显著制约.     

荒漠草原碳酸盐岩土壤有机碳向无机碳酸盐的转移

通过在内蒙古中西部四子王旗荒漠草原土壤剖面采集土样,拟分析测定土壤有机碳(SOC)含量、土壤无机碳酸盐(SIC)含量和SIC的δ13C值,探讨SOC向SIC的迁移转化过程及其转移量。结果表明:随深度增加,SOC含量逐渐降低而SIC含量依次增大,SOC与SIC含量具有明显的负相关关系。随土层加深,SIC的δ13C值降低,在30 cm深度时相对最低为-8.6‰,而后增大,在深度为60 cm时其值为-5.8‰。说明通过"SOC—CO2—SIC"的微碳循环系统SOC向SIC发生碳的转移。应用碳稳定同位素技术和模型结合SIC的δ13C值对该研究区SIC进行区分,发现30~50 cm土层次生碳酸盐(PC)所占比例为58.5%,50~60 cm土层为44.2%。应用δ13C值对该地区SOC向SIC的转化碳量进行估算,该地区30~60 cm土层每千克土壤中大约固定了SOC分解转化的4.97~5.9 g CO2。     

楚科奇海表层海水颗粒物组成与来源

对研究区内第五次北极科学考察所取的表层海水颗粒物的浓度、显微组成、有机碳、氮含量及其同位素组成进行了分析。结果表明,楚科奇海域表层海水颗粒物浓度介于0.56—4.01 mg·L-1,具有冰区边缘高于开阔水域的特点。陆架区颗粒有机质相对含量高(TOC:9.78%—20.24%;TN:0.91%—2.31%),有机碳、氮同位素值相对重(δ13C:-23.29‰—-26.33‰PDB;δ15N:6.14‰—7.78‰),有机质主要来源于海洋生物,含有部分陆源有机质;陆坡及北冰洋核心区的颗粒有机质含量,除SR15站外,相对低(TOC:8.06%—8.96%;TN:0.46%—0.72%),有机碳、氮同位素值轻(δ13C:-26.93‰—-27.78‰PDB;δ15N:4.13‰—4.84‰),颗粒物有机质以陆源为主。陆坡区SR15站表层海水颗粒物中异常高的陆源有机质(TOC:27.94%,TN:1.16%;δ13C:-27.43;δ15N:3.81)可能来自源于东西伯利亚的穿极洋流。海冰携带的颗粒物(包括冰藻)是冰区边缘表层海水颗粒物的重要来源,在陆架区海冰融化,向水体中释放了大量生物体;而陆坡区和北冰洋核心区,海冰对颗粒物的贡献以碎屑矿物和黏土矿物为主。     

江苏沿海滩涂不同利用类型的土壤有机碳分布与影响因素

通过对比分析江苏省盐城市大丰区沿海滩涂不同利用类型土壤有机碳(SOC)的含量与分布特征,探讨了围垦年限及土壤理化性质对SOC贮量的影响。结果显示,大丰沿海滩涂不同利用类型的SOC平均含量为:DF4(3.72 g/kg,农用地,围垦43年)DF1(2.30 g/kg,互花米草潮滩)DF3(2.25 g/kg,农用地,围垦23年)DF2(1.62 g/kg,未利用地,围垦5年)。在垂直分布上,耕作表土层(0~20 cm)SOC含量最高,耕作层以下(20~70cm)随土层深度增加SOC含量逐渐减少。此外,SOC含量与全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)呈极显著正相关,与p H呈极显著负相关,与平均粒径呈显著负相关。研究表明,围垦后的土地,农业活动对土壤表土层的理化性质的影响增强,进而影响到SOC含量的分布,且随着围垦年限的增长,农业活动对SOC含量的影响程度不断加深,并探讨了这一影响过程。     

川中丘陵区小流域土地利用变化和泥沙来源示踪的δ~(13)C技术

在2010年和2011年,采集长江上游川中丘陵区万安沟小流域塘库沉积泥沙、河床沉积泥沙、不同土地利用类型的表层土壤,应用δ13C技术研究小流域土地利用变化和泥沙来源。结果表明:森林坡地、弃耕坡地和耕种梯田的表层土壤δ13C值分别是-26.40‰,-25.91‰和-25.81‰,非常相近,说明土壤有机物δ13C主要是占主导地位C3植物的残留物,而C4植物玉米对土壤有机物δ13C值几乎没有影响。结合δ13C值和土地利用变化分析,土壤和沉积泥沙δ13C值是土地利用状况的良好指示因子,较低δ13C值(-26‰)表明丘陵坡地森林覆盖率较高,而较高δ13C值(-24.30‰)则说明森林覆盖率较低。δ13C技术只有在沉积泥沙主要来源是土壤有机物的条件下,才能定量评价沉积泥沙的不同来源。由于当地沉积泥沙有机物是土壤有机物、生物碎屑和生活污水的混合物,采用δ13C指标示踪泥沙来源的可靠性受到影响,但可以肯定地说,δ13C技术对定量评价沉积泥沙的来源是有帮助的。     

黑河下游不同生境胡杨(Populus euphratica)叶片碳同位素组成特征

植物中稳定碳同位素组成不但与植物的水分利用效率密切相关,而且反映环境因子对植物的影响。选择黑河下游额济纳旗为研究区,以优势物种胡杨(Populus euphratica)为研究对象,利用稳定碳同位素组成分析研究区胡杨受干旱胁迫程度。结果表明:胡杨叶稳定碳同位素组成(δ13 C)处于-25.51‰~-30.21‰,平均值为-28.28‰。随干旱胁迫程度增加,δ13 C值有明显偏正趋势,植物(叶片)碳同位素组成对胡杨成熟木长期适应不同水分胁迫程度有明显的体现。分析δ13 C与胡杨生长状态发现,δ13 C与种群密度相关性不明显,与枯枝比呈显著正相关关系,枯枝比可成为碳同位素组成的替代指标,指示胡杨受干旱胁迫的程度。     

高寒地区生态修复草地和林地土壤颗粒有机碳分解特征

为探讨高寒地区生态修复用地土壤颗粒有机碳（POC）分解特征,以祁连山南坡的修复草地和修复林地为研究对象,使用离心法将土壤分为砂粒（2 000—50 μm）、粉粒（2—50 μm）和黏粒（<2 μm）,对土壤颗粒有机碳含量、土壤颗粒有机碳分配及颗粒有机碳稳定同位素组成特征进行了研究。结果表明：（1）两种修复用地均能提高颗粒有机碳的含量,新增的颗粒有机碳在修复草地中以砂粒有机碳为主体,在修复林地以粉粒和黏粒有机碳为主体。（2）3种土壤颗粒δ¹³C值均随粒径变小而增大,δ¹³C值与颗粒有机碳含量对数的回归斜率随着粒径变小而降低,修复林地叶片与表土有机碳的δ¹³C值分馏幅度高于修复草地,根系与表土有机碳的δ¹³C值分馏幅度小于修复草地。（3）修复草地砂粒、粉粒、黏粒有机碳平均周转时间分为9、20、34 a,修复林地分别为20、29、94 a,且两种修复用地的3种颗粒有机碳周转时间均有随修复年限增加而变长趋势。两种生态修复用地土壤颗粒有机碳的分解程度和周转速率均随着粒径减小而增大,从叶片转换为黏粒有机碳的过程中,修复林地周转速率较大,从根系转换成黏粒有机碳的过程中,修复草地更快。     

华南亚热带山地土壤有机质更新特征定量研究

选择鼎湖山自然保护区森林植被带（SL）、灌丛一草甸过渡带土壤剖面（GC）进行薄层取样，根据土壤有机质^14C放射性水平，运用模型计算土壤有机质更新速率（m）。结果表明上部0－10cm土层有机质更新速率（m）最高；向下,m锐减；剖面下部m值极低，这说明土壤有机质由不同更新周期（T）组分构成。表层快循环组分占绝对优势，向下，慢循环组分为主，剖面下部为稳定组分。根据m、有机碳含量、有机碳含量、土壤容重、土层厚度计算有机质更新CO2产量，表层0－10cm层段CO2产量约为整个剖面的98％。SL剖面m值及有机质更新CO2产量均明显大于GC剖面相应值。分析表明在同一气候植被是制约土壤有机质更新及CO2产量的第一要素，这为通过绿化加强土壤碳汇功能提供重要依据。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Development and Environment in Peninsular Malaysia . S. Robert Aiken, Colin H. Leigh, Thomas R. Leinbach, Michael R. Moss. The Rural-Urban Fringe: Canadian Perspectives . Ken B. Beesley and Lorne H. Russwurm, eds. Women and Development . Lourdes Benería, ed. The Border that Joins: Mexican Migrants and U.S. Responsibility . Peter G. Brown and Henry Shue, eds. Cities of the World: World Regional Urban Development . Stanley D. Brunn and Jack L. Williams, eds. Time Resources, Society, and Ecology: On the Capacity for Human Interaction in Space and Time (Vol. I, Preindustrial Societies). Tommy Carlstein. Urban Geography . David Clark. Spanish City Planning in North America . Dora P. Crouch, Daniel J. Garr, and Axel I. Mundigo. Not On Our Street: Community Attitudes to Mental Health Care . M. J. Dear and S. M. Taylor Unequal growth: Urban and Regional Employment Change in the U.K. Stephen Fothergill and Graham Gudgin. Agricultural Land in an Urban Society . Owen J. Furuseth and John T. Pierce. The Petroleum Industry in Oil-Importing Developing Countries . Fariborz Ghadar. Historical Understanding in Geography, An Idealist Approach . Leonard Guelke. Regional Planning in Europe . R. Hudson and J. R. Lewis, eds. Remote Sensing for Resource Management . Chris J. Johannsen and James L. Sanders, eds. Geography and The State . R. J. Johnston. Texas Graveyards: a Cultural Legacy . Tlrry G. Jordan. The Politics of Location: An Introduction . Andrew Kirby. A Social Geography of the City . David Ley. Energy and the Future . Douglas MacLean and Peter Brown, eds. The Natural Environment of Newfoundland Past and Present . A. G. Macpherson and J. B. Macpherson, eds. Tourism: Economic, Physical and Social Impacts . Alister Mathieson and Geoffrey Wall. Railroads and Land Grant Policy: A Study in Government Intervention . Lloyd J. Mercer. Progress in Rural Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Urban Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Models of Spatial Inequality: Settlement Patterns in Historical Archaeology . Robert Paynter. Natural Hazard Risk Assessment and Public Policy, Anticipating the Unexpected . William J. Petak and Arthur A. Atkisson. The Nature of Geomorphology . Alistair F. Pitty. Regional Conflict and National Policy . Kent A. Price Women and Spatial Change: Learning Resources for Social Science Courses . Arlene C. Rengert and Janice J. Monk, eds. Urban and Regional Analysis for Development Planning . Richard Rhoda. Rivers: Form and Process in Alluvial Channels . Keith Richards. This Remarkable Continent: An Atlas of United States and Canadian Society and Culture . John F. Rooney, Jr., Wilbur Zelinsky, and Dean R. Louder, gen. eds. The Origins of Open-Field Agriculture . Trevor Rowley, ed. Residential Location Determinants of the Older Population . Gundars Rudzitis. Borderland Sourcebook: A Guide to the Literature on Northern Mexico and the American Southwest . Ellwyn R. Stoddard, Richard L. Nostrand, and Jonathan P. West, eds. Arctic and Antarctic . David Sugden. Tall Timbers Ecology and Management Conference, February 22–24, 1979, Proceedings No. 16 . Graphic Communication and Design in Contemporary Cartography (Progress in Contemporary Cartography , Vol. II). D. R. Fraser Taylor, ed. Living with Energy Shortfall: A Future for American Towns and Cities . Jon Van Til. The United States: Habitation of Hope . J. Wreford Watson. Air Photo Interpretation for Archaeologists . D. R. Wilson. Urban and Rural Change in West Germany . Trevor Wild, ed. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Geography and the Third World. International Seminar, 14–18 May 1980, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia . Ishmail Ahmad and Jamaluddin Md Jahi, eds. The Growth Dilemma: Residents' Views and Local Population Change in the United States . Mark Baldassare. Sport and Place: A Geography of Sport in England, Scotland & Wales . John Bale. The Deindustrialization of America: Plant Closings, Community Abandonment, and the Dismantling of Basic Industry . Barry Bluestone and Bennett Harrison. Selected Essays 1963–1975: Carl O. Sauer . Bob Callahen, ed. Housing and Planning in the Countryside . G. Clark. Conflict, Politics and the Urban Scene . Kevin R. Cox and R. J. Johnston, eds. Thematic Maps: Their Design and Production . David J. Cuff and Mark T. Mattson. Wine: A Geographic Appreciation . Harm Jan de Blij. USSR in Maps . J. C. Dewdney. Political Geography: A Contemporary Perspective . Ramesh D. Dikshit. Rethinking Human Adaptation . Rada Dyson-Hudson and Michael A. Little, eds. Sacred Sands: The Struggle for Community in the indiana Dunes . J. Ronald Engel. Geography of the Biosphere . A. Furley and Walter W. Newey. Disaster and Reconstruction . Robert Geipel. Glasgow: The Making of a City . Andrew Gibb. Design for Arid Regions . Giden S. Golany, ed. Urbanization and Cancer Mortality: The United States Experience, 1950–1975 . Michael R. Greenberg. Geology in the Nineteenth Century: Changing Views of a Changing World . Mott T. Greene. Colonización y Destrucción de Bosques en Panamá . Stanley Heckadon Moreno and Alberto McKay, eds. Urban Geography: A First Approach . David T. Herbert and Colin J. Thomas. The Visual and Spatial Structure of Landscapes . Tadahiko Higuchi. Climate from Tree Rings . M. K. Hughes, P. M. Kelly, J. R. Pilcher, and V. C. LaMarche, Jr., eds. The structure of Nineteenth Century Cities . James H. Johnson and Colin G. Pooley, eds. The American Planner: Biographies and Recollections . Donald A. Krueckeberg, ed. Urban Land Policy For the 1980s, the Message for State and Local Government . George Lefcoe, ed. Regional Planning: Evolution, Crisis and Prospects . Gill C. Lim, ed. Relevance and Ethics In Geography . Bruce Mitchell and Dianne Draper. China: The Geography of Development and Modernization . Clifton W. Pannell and Laurence J. C. MA. The Urban Retailing System . Robert B. Potter. Hants. Nonconventional Energy Resources . Philip R. Pryde. Caribbean Migrants: Environment and Human Survival on St. Kitts and Nevis . Bonham C. Richardson. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson. East Los Angeles: History of A Barrio . Ricardo Romo. Integrated Impact Assessment . Frederick A. Rossini and Alan L. Porter, eds. Environmental Aesthetics: Essays in Interpretation . Barry Sadler and Allen Carlson, eds. Earthwatch . Charles Sheffield. Field Techniques and Research Methods in Geography . Robert H. Stoddard. Haiti: Land of Poverty . Robert J. Tata. Weathering and Erosion: Sources and Methods in Geography . Stephen T. Trudgill. Once Beneath the Forest. Prehistoric Terracing in the Río Bec Region of the Maya Lowlands . B. L. Turner, II. The Historical Geography of Scotland since 1707 . David Turnock.     

PRODUCTIVITY OF AMERICAN PH.D.-GRANTING DEPARTMENTS OF GEOGRAPHY

Reviews of geographic software in this article:

DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS.

ESP

GAUSS.

CEMODEL S. Damus

LIMDEP. William H. Greene

MICROSTAT 4.1

OTIS

PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System). H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein.

REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS)

SPSS/PC+

URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Rabat: Urban Apartheid in Morocco . Janet Abu -Lughod . Marketplaces in a Developing Country: The Case of Western Nigeria . Isaac Ayinde Adalemo . Farming Development and Space: A World Agricultural Geography . Bernd Andreae . Section and Party: A Political Geography of American Presidential Elections, from Andrew Jackson to Ronald Reagan . J. Clark Archer and Peter J. Taylor . Women and Space: Ground Rules and Social Maps . Shirley Ardener , ed. European Progress in Spatial Analysis . R. J. Bennett , ed. The Origins of Academic Geography in the United States . Brian W. Blouet Geographic Perspectives on Global Problems . Ronald Reed Boyce . Seasonal Dimensions to Rural Poverty . Robert Chambers , Richard Longhurst and Arnold Pacey eds. The New Nationalism and the Use of Common Spaces: Issues in Marine Pollution and the Exploitation of Antarctica . Jonathan I. Charney , ed. Communications Tomorrow: The Coming of the Information Society . Edward Cornish , ed. The Design of Suburbia . Arthur Edwards . Explorer on the Northern Plains: Lieutenant Gouverneur K. Warren's Preliminary Report of Explorations in Nebraska and Dakota in the Years 1855–56–57. With an Introduction by Frank N. Schubert . The Changing Climate: Responses of the Natural Flora and Fauna . Michael J. Ford . Essentials of Physical Geography . Robert E. Gabler , Robert J. Sager , Sheila Brazier , and Daniel L. Wise. The Road to Jaramillo . William Glen . Valued Environments . John R. Gold and Jacquelin Burgess , eds. Proximity and Preference: Problems in the Multidimensional Analysis of Large Data Sets . Reginald G. Golledge and John N. Rayner , eds. A Search for Common Ground . Peter Gould and Gunnar Olsson , eds. Geography: Its History and Concepts . Arild Holt -Jensen . A Population Geography . Huw R. Jones . The Human Mosaic: A Thematic Introduction to Cultural Geography, 3rd ed. Terry G. Jordan and Lester Rowntree . Urban Social Geography: An Introduction . Paul Knox . The Anatomy of Job Loss: The How, Why and Where of Employment Decline . Doreen Massey and Richard Meegan . The Information Society as Post-Industial Society . Yoneji Masuda . Map Librarianship, 2nd ed. Harold Nichols . India: Cultural Patterns and Processes . Allen G. Noble and Ashok K. Dutt , eds. The God that Limps: Science and Technology in the Eighties . Colin Norman . Geography: An Introductory Perspective . Robert E. Norris , Keith D. Harries and John D. Vitek . The Politics of Technology Assessment . David M. O'Brien and Donald A. Marchand . Ethnic Segregation in Cities . Ceri Peach , Vaughan Robinson and Susan Smith , eds. Churches and Church Membership in the United States, 1980 . Bernard Quinn , Herman Anderson , Martin Bradley , Paul Goetting and Peggy Shriver . Energy in Australia: Politics and Economics . Hugh Saddler . Development from Above or Below? The Dialectics of Regional Planning in Developing Countries . Walter B. Stóuhr and D. R. Fraser Taylor , eds. Human Impact on the Ecosystem . Joy Tivy and Greg O'Hare . Plants and People: Vegetation Change in North America . Thomas R. Vale . The Mapmakers: The Story of the Great Pioneers in Cartography from Antiquity to the Space Age . John Noble Wilford .     

Deserts and Aeolian Desertification in China: Book review and some thoughts

Desertification is a global phenomenon that affects about two billion people. It occurs in arid zones where the annual precipitation is below 400 mm, partic- ularly in the marginal areas of the world＇s largest deserts. It is a result of water and wind erosion, over- grazing, global warm-ing, improper soil cultivation, and increased pressure ot population growth, and it causes degradation of soil and natural and agricultural vegetation. The direct result is less food for people and livestock, which influences pop- ulation and animal husbandry fluctuations. Despite ef- forts to combat and reduce desertification, the affected areas are annually increasing.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: The Rice Economy of Asia . Randolph Barker and Robert W. Herdt with Beth Rose. Using Microcomputers: A Guidebook for Writers, Teachers, and Researchers in the Social Sciences . Blaine A. Erie—the Lake that Survived . Noel M. Burns. Geology and Society . Donald R. Coates. Caves and Karst of Kentucky . Percy H. Dougherty, ed. Altered Harvest: Agriculture, Genetics, and the Fate of the World's Food Supply . Jack Doyle. The Middle East and North Africa, A Political Geography . Alasdair Drysdale and Gerald H. Blake. Clamor at the Gates. The New American Immigration . Nathan Glazer, ed. Development and the Landowner: An analysis of the British experience . Robin Goodchild and Richard Munton. Discovering Landscape in England and Wales . Andrew Goudie and Rita Gardner. The Modern Plantation in the Third World . Edgar Graham and Ingrid Floering. Social Relations and Spatial Structures . Derek Gregory and John Urry, eds. The World Food Problem 1950–1980 . David Grigg. Costa Rica: A Geographical Interpretation in Historical Perspective . Carolyn Hall. The Urbanization of Capital: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey Consciousness and the Urban Experience: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey. Reviving Main Street . Deryck Holdsworth, ed. Rural Roads and Poverty Alleviation . John Howe and Peter Richards, eds. Uneven Development in Southern Europe: Studies of Accumulation, Class, Migration and the State . Ray Hudson and Jim Lewis, eds. Karst Geomorphology . J. N. Jennings. The Geomorphology of North-west England . R. H. Johnson, ed. Climate Impact Assessment: Studies of the Interaction of Climate and Society . Robert Kates, Jesse Ausubel, Mimi Berberian, eds. Public Service Provision and Urban Development . Andrew Kirby, Paul Knox, and Steven Pinch, ed. State and Market: The Politics of the Public and the Private . Jan-Erik Lane, ed. Living Cities . Twentieth Century Fund Task Force on Urban Preservation Policies. World Climatic Systems . John G. Lockwood. Urban Ethnicity in the United States. New Immigrants and Old Minorities . Lionel Maldonaldo and Joan Moore, eds. Culture and Conservation: The Human Dimension in Environmental Planning . Jeffrey A. McNeely and David Pitt, eds. The Andean Past. Land, Societies, and Conflicts . Magnus Mörner. Gaia: An Atlas of Planet Management . Norman Myers, ed. Progress in Industrial Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Political Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Rivers and Landscape . Geoff Petts and Ian Foster. Urbanization and Planning in the 3rd World: Spatial Perceptions and Public Participation . Robert B. Potter. One Island, Two Nations? A Political Geographical Analysis of the National Conflict in Ireland . D. G. Pringle. Circulation in Third World Countries . R. Mansell Prothero and Murray Chapman. The Ozarks Outdoors: A Guide for Fishermen, Hunters, and Tourists . Milton D. Rafferty. Suburban Burglary: A Time and a Place for Everything . George Rengert and John Wasilchick. Geomorphology and Soils . K.S. Richards, R.R. Arnett, and S. Ellis, eds. The Homes and Homeless of Post-War Britain . Frederick Shaw. Indochinese Refugees in America . Paul J. Strand and Woodrow Jones, Jr. Wild Horses and Sacred Cows . Richard Symanski. Forever Wild: Environmental Aesthetics and the Adirondack Forest Preserve . Philip G. Terrie. The Regional Economic Impact of Technological Change . A.T. Thwaites and R.P. Oakey, eds. The Good Life . Yi-Fu Tuan.     

THE MOST PERFECT EXAMPLE OF AN ALIEN ECOLOGY EVER CONSTRUCTED

Much science-fiction literature is based upon the creation and exploration of alternative environments. Stanley G. Weinbaum's short story, “Parasite Planet,”introduces an unusual environment that may be wrong in the light of recent evidence on Venus but still stimulates the geographical imagination.     

Metals and models: Diagenic modelling in freshwater lacustrine sediments

This review aims to distill and synthesize the existing information on the use of models to describe and predict the distribution and movement of metals in lacustrine sediments. As such it examines the causes of metal diagenesis, the origin and form of the equations that govern these phenomena, and the predictability or measurability of the parameters that appear in the models. The paper concludes by highlighting some seminal results from modelling studies, including the determination of the factors controlling the formation of surficial Mn-Fe-enriched zone or layers, the substantial contribution possible from metal reduction to organic matter regeneration, the calculation of mixing-corrected metal input histories to lakes, and the prediction of growth rates and morphologies for both deep-sea and lacustrine ferromanganese nodules.     

Guidelines to Authors

正1.Aims and scope Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions(SCAR)is a bimonthly journal that publishes in English the latest research achievements in processes and the patterns of the Earth surface system in cold and arid regions.Researches in cold regions emphasize particularly on the cold-region-characterized physical,chemical and biological processes and their interactions,and on the response of cryosphere to global change and human activities as well as their effects on environment and the acclimatizable strategies;focus on the objects of glacier,snow,river,lake,sea ice,permafrost and seasonal frozen ground,and periglacial geomorphology,etc.;and think much of cold regions     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Portable Utopia: Glasgow and the United States 1820–1920. Bernard Aspinwall. Studies in Russian Historical Geography. James H. Bater and R. A. French, eds. Water and Sanitation: Economic and Sociological Perspectives. Peter G. Bourne, ed. Green Politics. Fritjof Capra and Charlene Spretnak. The Southern Cone: Realities of the Authoritarian State. César N. Caviedes. Women in Third World Development. Sue Ellen Charlton. Land Management: New Directions. David Chiddick and Alan Millington, eds. Geography and Ethnic Pluralism. Colin Clarke, David Ley, Ceri Peach, eds. Geomorphological Hazards in Los Angeles. R. U. Cooke. Regional Impacts of United States-Mexico Economic Relations. Alfonso Corona and Lay James Gibson. eds. Patterns of Jobs and Geographic Mobility. Torvald Gerger. Cities and Sickness: Health Care in Urban America. Ann Lennarson Greer and Scott Greer, eds. Neighborhoods: Their Place in Urban Life. Howard W. Hallman. Development and the Rural-Urban Divide. John Harriss and Mick Moore, eds. Patterns of Undocumented Migration: Mexico and the United States. Richard C. Jones, ed. Central Place Theory. Leslie J. King. The Geography of Western Europe: A Socio-economic Survey. Paul L. Knox. Regions and Resources: Strategies for Development. David T. Krisge, Daniel A. Seiver, Oliver S. Goldsmith and Michael J. Scott. Geography of Crowding and Human Response. A Study of Ahmedabad City. K. M. Kulkarni. Haciendo Pueblo. The Development of a Guadalajaran Suburb. Kathleen Logan. The Imperial Lion: Human Dimensions of Wildlife Management in Central Africa. Stewart A. Marks. Water in the Hispanic Southwest: A Social and Legal History, 1550–1850. Michael C. Meyer. Imlil: A Moroccan Mountain Community in Change. James A. Miller. Tourism in Canada: Selected Issues and Options. Peter E. Murphy, ed. David Harvey's Geography. John L. Paterson. Raster Scanning, Processing and Plotting of Cartographic Documents. Donna J. Peuquet and A. Raymond Boyle. The USSR and the Muslim World: Issues in Domestic and Foreign Policy. Yaacov Ro'i, ed. Environmental Perception and Behavior: An Inventory and Prospect. Thomas F. Saarinen, David Seamon, and James L. Sell. Incised channels, Morphology, Dynamics, and Control. Stanley A. Schumm, Michael D. Harvey, and Chester C. Watson. The Gap Between Rich and Poor: Contending Perspectives on the Political Economy of Development. Mitchell A. Seligson, ed. Twentieth-Century Richmond. Planning, Politics and Race. Christopher Silver. Land Conservation and Development: Examples of Land-Use Planning Projects and Programs. F. R. Steiner and H. N. van Lier, eds. Biogeography: Recent Advances and Future Directions. J. A. Taylor, ed. Late Quaternary Environments of the Soviet Union. A. A. Velichko, ed. H. E. Wright, Jr. and C. W. Barnosky, eds.