哈尔滨大顶子山航电枢纽工程蓄水后引起的浸没地质灾害研究

哈尔滨市松北区大顶子山航电枢纽工程蓄水后，哈尔滨段的江水位将常年保持在116m，比枯水期水位高出6m多。届时势必要引起松北区地下水水位的壅高，导致发生区内浸没问题。利用GMS（地下水流模拟系统）软件中SOLID模块，采用钻孔间插值法建立松北区含水系统三维立体模型，进行地下水壅高计算，给出地下水位临界深度，确定研究区内浸没范围；进行浸没评价，提出浸没危害治理工程措施。     

乌鲁木齐台钻孔应变与水位相关性的初步研究

本文利用乌鲁木齐台钻孔应变观测井的水位突然变化求取了应变与水位的相关系数和回归系数,研究了水位与应变的关系以及利用此关系排除水位对观测值的影响,并作了简单的应用。     

基于人工神经网络预测弯道段冰塞壅水

寒冷地区河流冬季常形成凌洪灾害,冰情的预报和预测大致可分为冰塞出现的位置、上游水位升高和开河冰塞的预报.依据实验资料,分析了弯槽段冰塞壅高上游水位和佛汝得数以及冰流量之间的变化关系,采用BP网络对水位壅高及弯槽断面水位进行了模拟预测并和回归分析的结果进行了对比,结果表明:人工神经网络技术可以提高对水位的模拟预测精度.     

凌汛期槽蓄水增量过程模拟

为研究凌汛期槽蓄水增量来源,在分析实测冰情资料基础上,把槽蓄水增量分为水位壅高主河道蓄水量增大、主河道内河水转化为固体冰盖和上滩水形成冰盖及在冰下聚集等3部分,建立河冰动力学模型,模拟河冰生消及槽蓄水增量过程,利用2008/2009年度三湖河口—头道拐河段实测冰情资料对模型进行了验证,表明滩地冰盖及冰盖下滞洪是内蒙古河段槽蓄水增量的主要来源,占最大槽蓄水增量的63.44%,主河道水位壅高引起的槽蓄水增量占26.56%,主槽冰盖蓄水占10.0%。     

云南泸西皮家寨岩溶大泉束流调压壅水开发示范

皮家寨岩溶大泉为上升泉,流量1072．75～1957．5L／s,出露于岩溶盆地边缘槽谷底部松散土层覆盖区,出口及天然径流途径位置低下。根据该泉所处的具体水文地质及工程地质条件,构思设计了新颖的岩溶大泉束流调压壅水技术方案。方案利用了皮家寨岩溶大泉较高的承压水头和下游存在弱透水岩体、上覆弱透水盖层的有利条件,采用帷幕灌浆形成地下防渗帷幕,与地上束流调压池联合,通过开、闭束流调压池上的引水闸和泄水闸调节水位,对大泉进行束流调压壅水开发,使水位壅高,就势将水流输往更高的地区,实现自流引水灌溉。示范工程的建成不仅取代了原有的提水泵站,节约了抽水费用,而且还消除了下游低洼地带农田的长期积水危害。      

桥墩墩型对平衡冰塞水位影响的试验研究

冰塞的出现使上游水位壅高,极易诱发凌洪灾害。桥墩墩型是影响桥墩附近冰塞壅水的重要因素之一。通过模型试验,对不同墩型影响下的平衡冰塞水位增值过程进行研究,并与无桥墩条件和明流情况进行了对比。试验结果表明:在试验冰水流量比条件下,当Fr≤0.145时,无桥墩条件下平衡冰塞水位增值小于有桥墩;当Fr>0.145时,无桥墩条件下平衡冰塞水位增值大于有桥墩;桥墩墩型引起的平衡冰塞水位增值由大到小排序为长方形桥墩、尖端形桥墩、圆端形桥墩和圆柱形桥墩。易发生冰塞的河段,建造桥梁时应当尽量选用圆柱形、圆端形桥墩。     

揭露两个含水层混合井初始混合水位形成机理研究

混合井水位形成机理基础理论研究具有重要的理论意义和广泛的现实意义。为了研究混合井初始混合水位形成机理,以完整揭露两个含水层的地面抽水钻孔为例,通过公式推导获得了混合井初始混合水位计算公式。在高家堡矿井T1、T2钻孔中进行了现场应用,计算T1钻孔洛河组全段地下水位为+927. 399 0 m,T2钻孔洛河组中段地下水位为+926. 236 2 m和+928. 262 5 m。实测T1钻孔洛河组全段地下水位为+927. 74m,与计算值接近;计算的T2钻孔洛河组中段地下水位显著高于该钻孔实测洛河组上段水位(+925. 99 m),符合实际情况。通过对比分析,验证了初始混合水位计算结果的准确性和计算公式的正确性。     

几种钻孔水位测量装置

半导体音响式钻孔水位测定仪是利用电极接触井液时,发出嗡嗡蜂鸣声来确定水位的一种装置。通常,用电极传感的各类装置,电极的制作是非常重要的。如图1所示:按电极的个数不同可分单极式和双极式两种,其中,单极式制作简单且使用较多。为适应在钻孔抽水的同时作水位测定,测试管的电极直径     

DK-82型钻孔水位仪

为了准确地测出钻孔中水位的深度,我们研制了钻孔水位仪。1980年试制成功,经过一年多的使用,效果比较满意。在此基础上经研究改进定型为DK-82型钻孔水位仪,已开始批量生产。该仪器具有线路简单、造     

基于多源数据分析的洼里砾岩地下水循环特征

利用钻孔、地下水位、水质、温度和同位素等多源数据,识别了洼里地区的地质结构、地下水动态、地下水化学、地下水温度和同位素特征,分析了洼里砾岩与奥陶系、第四系含水层的水力联系。洼里砾岩在西部与奥陶系地层直接接触,与奥陶系含水层存在水量交换通道;洼里砾岩与奥陶系和第四系地下水水位具有一致的年际和年内变化特征,水位高值一般出现在1—2月,水位低值出现在5—6月。同时,洼里砾岩、第四系和奥陶系地下水水化学类型均为HCO3-Ca·Mg型,且C-14和S-34同位素值相近,地下水温度变化规律具有区域一致性。结果表明,洼里砾岩岩溶发育,富水性好,与奥陶系和第四系含水层水力联系密切。地下水循环特征表现为:地下水主要接受西部奥陶系地下水补给,自西南向东北方向径流,主要排泄方式为侧向径流和向第四系含水层越流。     

呼吉尔特矿区矿井涌水特征及其沉积控制

鄂尔多斯盆地呼吉尔特矿区属于“水压高、水量大、富水性不均一”的深埋侏罗纪煤田区,各矿井面临较严重的水害防治压力,为了弄清该地区矿井涌水特征及其沉积控制条件,开展了沉积相与顶板钻孔出水层位、钻孔涌水量、工作面涌水量等方面的相关性研究,结果表明:呼吉尔特矿区导水裂缝带范围内,主要发育曲流河沉积相的延安组真武洞砂岩段和直罗组七里镇砂岩段,岩性为细粒-中粗粒砂岩。直罗组早期发育了一套河流相沉积,对延安组顶部的强烈冲刷侵蚀,导致矿区中部的门克庆、母杜柴登井田范围内2-1煤层缺失,并形成了较厚的七里镇砂岩段;矿区两侧的2-1煤层较完整,其上覆七里镇砂岩较薄。七里镇砂岩含水层是工作面回采过程中的最主要充水含水层,各矿井的工作面顶板疏放水钻孔涌水量差异显著,古河床冲刷带中部的矿井钻孔涌水量普遍大于古河床冲刷带两侧,与顶板地质沉积相有较好的对应关系。煤层顶板地质条件（沉积相）的差异性,控制了各矿井工作面回采过程中涌水量大小;直罗组古河流冲刷带两侧广泛发育的富水条带,则影响工作面涌水量的变化规律。      

河北省兴隆县北部岩溶储水结构特征及供水服务能力分析

河北省承德市兴隆县北部地区赋存丰富的岩溶水资源,该岩熔水为当地居民生产生活用水的主要来源.在1:5万水文地质调查研究中,以岩溶水为主要研究对象,查明了区内基础水文地质条件;对岩溶含水岩组进行了划分,查明了区域岩溶储水结构特征,将研究区划分为滦河流域下游柳河流域主要储水结构及滦河流域下游柴白河流域主要储水结构.在研究区实施探采结合孔3眼,施工配套观测孔3眼,对探采结合孔供水服务能力进行分析评估,可为该地区岩溶地下水资源的合理开发利用提供科学依据.     

Village water supply in Botswana: assessment of recommended yield for production boreholes in a semi-arid environment

More than 90% of the rural villages and settlements throughout Botswana have water supplies based on groundwater. The annual increase in water demand is about 0.3 × 10⁶ m³ and on average around 60 new boreholes are needed annually. In parallel with construction of new production boreholes for rural villages, there is an on-going rehabilitation of existing boreholes which have lost their original yield due to clogging, corrosion, encrustation, etc. The total annual cost of siting, drilling and testing of around 100 new production boreholes for rural villages water supply is estimated at around US$7.5 million (1997 price).Modelling of every groundwater resource for rural village water supply in Botswana is currently not feasible due to a lack of relevant and detailed information. A modelling exercise will assess the resource of the aquifer being studied, but can not give an assessment of the yield of each production borehole. Groundwater supply to rural villages is therefore currently based on the abstraction possible from established production boreholes. Test pumping data from these boreholes are the prime information in such an assessment. However safety factors and the fact that drought periods of longer duration are common in a semi-arid environment must also be considered. A computer program package TESTCURV developed by the Department of Water Affairs is a most useful tool in the assessment of yields for production boreholes for village water supply in Botswana, based on the performance of the well and the aquifer. No replenishment is assumed and the question of sustainable yield is not addressed by the program.     

松散地层钻孔涌水量预报方法研究

本文在讨论岩土饱和度与视电阻率关系的基础上,采用数理统计方法对天水盆地20口井的钻孔涌水量和视电阻率数据进行分析,建立了该地区松散层钻孔涌水量预报回归模型.选用一眼供水井实测数据对预报回归模型进行检验,实际涌水量与模拟值比较,两者相对误差为8.9%;进而采用该回归模型对其它供水井涌水量进行了预报,实际涌水量与预报值相比较,相对误差分别为7.0%、29.5%.结果表明,在河谷潜水井施工中,所建立的涌水量预报回归模型可在成井、抽水前预先估算钻孔涌水量,为地质与钻探决策提供了一定科学依据.     

Enhanced pumping test using physicochemical tracers to determine surface-water/groundwater interactions in an alluvial island aquifer,river Rhône,France

Groundwater extracted from the Barthelasse Island aquifer, surrounded by the river Rhône (southeastern France), contributes to the drinking water supplies of 180,000 inhabitants. Owing to its location close to the river and the presence of two backwaters (oxbow lakes), the pumped groundwater is highly vulnerable to river pollution. A pumping test was conducted over 24 h to analyse and quantify the water exchange processes between the river, backwaters and groundwater. During the pumping test, isotopic (δ¹⁸O, δ²H and ²²²Rn), hydrochemical and hydrophysical monitoring of the groundwater was undertaken. Hydraulic heads were measured in pumping wells and at a piezometer located between the wells. Discrete water samples were collected at several observation points in the field, including the backwater and river. The results show mixing between three end-members, as defined by the deuterium excess and silica concentration, led by river Rhône water which had been affected by water–rock interactions over time and mixing with surface evaporated waters. The pumped water resulted from mixing between three end-members, all of which depended on the river Rhône but differed in terms of residence time in the system. Although the groundwater pumping wells are close to each other (<70 m) and have similar depths, the changes in the contributions from end-member waters at each well were different during the pumping test. Comparing isotopic tracers and geochemistry made it possible to quantify the different hydrological compartments that contribute to the groundwater pumped from the boreholes, which is critical in constructing a conceptual flow model.

     

Groundwater investigation in Kuala Selangor using vertical electrical sounding (VES) surveys

Integrated geoelectrical and hydrochemical surveys were used to investigate and delineate different types of groundwater in the Kuala Selangor alluvial aquifer. Previous hydrogeological borehole investigation showed that this aquifer contains several types of groundwater in relation to its salinity. The high salinity of the groundwater in some areas is believed to be due to either saltwater intrusion from the nearby sea or river infiltration during high tide season. The vertical electrical sounding (VES) method was employed to study and map the subsurface variation of resistivity in the area. For each sounding measurement, a total spread length of 300 m was obtained with a vertical depth penetration of about 60 to 75 m. Chemical analysis of the groundwater samples taken from both shallow and deep boreholes was carried out for the water quality determination. A total of 45 VES stations were succesfully established along three parallel roads with a direction almost perpendicular to the coastal line. The distance between stations varies from 1 to 2 km with a maximum length of about 60 km surveyed line. Results of the vertical electrical soundings as well as the hydrochemistry of the groundwater samples show that the soil and groundwater in the study area can be grouped into fresh and brackish water zones. The subsurface resisitivity sections derived from the VES study suggest that the area is dominated by brackish soil and groundwater zones, especially in the area towards the coast. This result appears to agree well with the groundwater pumped from boreholes scattered around in the area. Water drawn from boreholes near the coast showed higher salinity compared to the water pumped from inland boreholes. Chloride values greater than 250 mg/L are considered to represent the brackish zones whilst values less than 250 mg/L represents zones of fresh soil and groundwater.     

Association between Messinian drainage network formation and major tectonic activity in the Marche Apennines (Italy)

The Marche Apennines (Italy) offer an excellent opportunity to constrain the temporal and spatial relationships between drainage network formation and tectonic activity. Using a combination of field data, seismic lines and boreholes we show that the main deformation phase took place during the Messinian when the area, affected by the Messinian sea level drop, emerged and evolved from marine to continental conditions. The results highlight that during the Messinian emersion a drainage network developed contemporaneously with an increase in tectonic activity that could be related to sea level fall and river erosion. The present‐day river system, which is dominated by transverse rivers that cut straight across the tectonic grain, is located in older Messinian palaeovalleys, even though the region was subsequently covered by water until the late Pliocene–early Pleistocene.     

基于MODFLOW的岩溶管道水流模拟方法探讨与应用

针对岩溶管道水流特征,选取广西寨底岩溶流域为研究对象,分别采用三维有限差分地下水流动模型(MODFLOW)中的Drain和River模块概化模拟岩溶管道特征,结合管道内上游、中游及下游三个观测孔对比分析两种方法的适用性,结果表明:末期等水位线图中位于管道两侧处流线均有形状突变,符合实际管道水流动态特征,且能模拟出管道内水位变化趋势。最后分析两种方法模拟管道水流的原理,Drain模块中岩溶管道仅起排水作用,不允许管道内水流流向周围含水层,而River模块允许岩溶管道水与周围含水层水流交换,因而相对Drain模块而言,应用River模块概化模拟岩溶管道更加精确。       

Detecting groundwater contamination of a river in Georgia, USA using baseflow sampling

Algal blooms and fish kills were reported on a river in coastal Georgia (USA) downstream of a poultry-processing plant, prompting officials to conclude the problems resulted from overland flow associated with over-application of wastewater at the plant’s land application system (LAS). An investigation was undertaken to test the hypothesis that contaminated groundwater was also playing a significant role. Weekly samples were collected over a 12-month period along an 18 km reach of the river and key tributaries. Results showed elevated nitrogen concentrations in tributaries draining the plant and a tenfold increase in nitrate in the river between the tributary inputs. Because ammonia concentrations were low in this reach, it was concluded that nitrate was entering via groundwater discharge. Data from detailed river sampling and direct groundwater samples from springs and boreholes were used to isolate the entry point of the contaminant plume. Analysis showed two separate plumes, one associated with the plant’s unlined wastewater lagoon and another with its LAS spray fields. The continuous discharge of contaminated groundwater during summer low-flow conditions was found to have a more profound impact on river-water quality than periodic inputs by overland flow and tributary runoff.     

封闭不良钻孔矿井瞬变电磁法超前精细探测研究

封闭不良钻孔不同程度地连通含水层,形成隐蔽性较强的导水通道,对巷道掘进和工作面回采构成水害威胁。基于全空间瞬变电磁理论,构建掘进工作面前方封闭不良钻孔三维地质-地球物理模型,模拟研究封闭不良钻孔影响区模型的全空间瞬变电磁场响应特征,进而探讨矿井瞬变电磁法用于封闭不良钻孔超前探测的有效性。数值模拟结果表明,封闭不良钻孔附近含水体在感应电动势多测道图上表现为幅值增强,异常特征明显。结合宁夏双马煤矿I0104₁08工作面运输巷掘进工作面前方封闭不良钻孔超前探测工程开展应用研究,探测结果显示,在钻孔位置的煤层顶板出现局部低阻,表明该钻孔具有一定的导水性,引起顶板局部相对富水性增强。研究结果表明,封闭不良钻孔导致的局部富水性增强可以引起典型且易于识别的瞬变电磁场响应。采用矿井瞬变电磁法进行超前探测,并结合精细化处理解释可以有效查明钻孔附近岩层的相对富水特征,进而对封闭不良钻孔的导水性进行评价,为封闭不良钻孔的治理提供依据,保障矿井安全生产。