Preparation and analysis of coal seam data utilizing paleoenvironment modeling,hazard #7 coal,Eastern Kentucky

Pennsylvanian strata of the Hazard coalfield, Eastern Kentucky, contain fluvial, upper-delta plain facies characterized by thick localized coals, bay-fill shales, levee silt- and sandstones, and channel-fill sands and gravels. Although the deltaic nature of these sediments has long been established, mining and exploration activities in the district require a thorough understanding of small areas within the delta environment. Coal quantity and quality trends in the Hazard #7 seam, the major producer in the area, have been examined in detail.The #7 coal accumulated in a peat swamp restricted laterally by a major fluvial channel. Three types of non-coal parting are recognized. Thin, tabular, fine-grained partings resulted from periods of increased terrigenous influx into the swamp. Lenticular crevasse-splay deposits locally split the coal. Wedge-shaped, fine- to coarse-grained partings, of probable levee origin, are found along the channel margin. Post-swamp deposits consist of thick bay-fill shales, thin shales, silt- and sandstones deposited on floodplains, and channel-fill sandstones and gravels.The modeling technique discussed provides guidance for mine development and regional exploration by prediction of coal seam quantity and quality trends from local geologic features. The thickest #7 coal is split by thin tabular partings and is overlain by thick shale sequences. Coal overlain by silt and sandstone is thinner and unsplit, and typically of higher heat value. Regional seam thinning due to channel scour is recognized. Factors which control the configuration of the coal seam include position within the peat swamp, proximity to the fluvial channel, swamp burial processes, and paleochannel sinuosity.     

Sedimentology of Fraser River delta peat deposits: A modern analogue for some deltaic coals

On the Recent lobe of the Fraser River delta peat accumulation has actively occurred on the distal lower dilta plain, the transition between upper and lower delta plains, and the alluvial plain.Distal lower delta plain peats developed from widespread salt and brackish marshes and were not influenced appreciably by fluvial activity. Lateral development of the marsh facies were controlled by compaction and eustatic sea level rise. The resulting thin, discontinuous peat network contains numerous silty clay partings and high concentrations of sulphur. Freshwater marsh facies formed but were later in part eroded and altered by transgressing marine waters. The peats overlie a thin, fluvial, fining-upward sequence which in turn overlies a thick, coarsening-upward, prodelta—delta front succession.Lower delta plain—upper delta plain peats initially developed from interdistributary brackish marshes and were later fluvially influenced as the delta prograded. The thickest peats occur in areas where distributary channels were abandoned earliest. Sphagnum biofacies replace sedge-grass-dominated communities except along active channel margins, where the sedge-grass facies is intercalated with overbank and splay deposits. The peats are underlain by a relatively thin sequence of fluvial deposits which in turn is underlain by a major coarsening-upward delta front and pro-delta sequence.Alluvial plain peats accumulated in back swamp environments of the flood plain. Earliest sedge-clay and gyttjae peats developed over thin fining-upward fluvial cycles or are interlaminated with fine-grained flood deposits. Thickest accumulations occur where peat fills small avulsed flood channels. Overlying sedge-grass and Sphagnum biofacies are horizontally stratified and commonly have sharp boundaries with fine-grained flood sediments. At active channel margins however, sedge-grass peats are intercalated with natural levee deposits consisting of silty clay. These levees reduce both the number and size of crevasse splay deposits.Coal originating from peats of the different environments of the Fraser delta would vary markedly in character. Peats of the lower delta plain will form thin lenticular coal seams with numerous splits and have a high ash and sulphur content. Peats from the lower to upper delta plain will be laterally extensive and of variable thickness and quality. Basal portions of the seams will contain numerous splits and have a high sulphur content whereas upper portions will be of higher quality. Peats from the upper delta plain—alluvial plain will form thick, isolated and laterally restricted coal seams characterized by low ash and sulphur contents.     

Upper delta plain lacustrine and fluviolacustrine facies from the Westphalian of the Durham coalfield, NE England

Facies analysis suggests that the productive Westphalian (Upper Carboniferous) Coal Measures of the Durham coalfield in NE England were deposited on an upper delta plain. Distributary channels crossed the plain and were separated by shallow lakes. Detailed examination of largely three-dimensional exposures has revealed the existence of nine laterally and vertically interrelated fluviolacustrine and lacustrine lithofacies. Facies 1 and 2 are interpreted as overbank deposits of distributary channels, Facies 3–5 are regarded as deposits of crevasse splay/minor delta systems, and Facies 6–9 are considered to have formed in areas of diminished clastic sediment supply. Facies 4 and 5 are volumetrically the most important. Facies 3–9 are interpreted as representing progressively less energetic conditions of sedimentation across a lake, from the point of entry of a crevasse splay/minor delta system. The distribution and characteristics of the lithofacies indicate that the upper delta plain lakes were completely or effectively enclosed, up to about 8m deep and had wave fetches of the order of 20 km. These lakes were intermittently infilled by the crevasse-initiated, minor delta systems and, to a relatively minor extent, by overbank flood sediment from channels. Infilled lake surfaces became platforms for plant colonization and peat accumulation. The three dimensional relationships of the various lithofacies provide a model of Coal Measure lacustrine sedimentation, which may have wider implications in extending the model of interdistributary genesis and infilling proposed by Elliott, particularly with respect to detailed facies relationships and to the balance between overbank and crevasse-derived sediment.     

Fluvial channel and overbank deposits from the Westphalian of the Durham coalfield, NE England

The Westphalian (Upper Carboniferous) Coal Measures of the Durham coalfield in NE England were deposited in lower and upper delta plain environments. Distributary channels crossed the plain and were separated by shallow, interdistributary lakes and bays. Detailed observation of three-dimensional (3-D) opencast (surface) mine exposures, in collaboration with subsurface borehole analysis, has revealed the existence of five varieties of channel deposits and two associated overbank facies within the Durham Coal Measures. Major distributary channels were the major avenues of sediment transport across the Coal Measures plain, were variably sinuous, mostly 1–2 km wide and deposited elongate belts of sand mostly up to 5 km wide. Proximal, major crevasse splay channels formed by the breaching of major channel banks during flood events, were straight, sand-filled and up to 400 m wide. Minor distributary channels formed by the sustained operation of such crevasses, varied from straight to highly sinuous, and deposited ‘shoestring’ sand/mud belts up to a few hundred metres wide. Minor crevasse channels, generally straight and up to 50 m wide, were formed through bank breaching of minor, and in a few cases major, distributaries. Distal feeder channels formed down-palaeocurrent extensions of minor distributaries which supplied interdistributary minor delta subsystems, were generally straight and up to 200 m wide. Of the two types of channel overbank (levee) deposits recognized, one, comprising thinly interbedded fine-grained sandstone and siltstone/claystone, is mostly, though not exclusively, associated with major distributary channels. The other, consisting of ‘massive’ siltstones with regularly spaced, thin claystone bands, is uniquely developed at the margins of minor distributary channels. The lower part of the Westphalian A succession in the northern Pennines records a change in the depositional environment upwards from a lower to upper delta plain. Through this transition, major channel deposits show evidence of having evolved from being of dominantly low sinuosity to being more variable in morphology. Channel sedimentation was profoundly influenced by regular, possibly seasonal, variations in flow stage and sediment load.     

Earlier sediment differential compaction in Gibson County, Indiana

A thick wedge of nonmarine gray shale extends from the Galatia Channel and overlies the Springfield Coal Member of the Petersburg Formation (Pennsylvania) in western Gibson Country, but mainly marine black shales overlie the Springfield in the eastern part of the county. The sulfur content of the Springfield coal is lower beneath this wedge of nonmarine gray shale than beneath the marine shales. Fine-grained, compacted bay and overbank deposits form the western delta platform of the coal. Less compacted deposits of fluvial channel sandstone make up the eastern delta platform. Differential compaction of the delta platform of the Springfield coal controlled gray-shale distribution and determined the sulfur content of the coal.     

淮南煤田二叠系沉积相特征及其与烃源岩的关系

在对淮南地区二叠系岩性、矿物和生物化石进行观测研究以及相关地球化学参数测试的基础上,对淮南地区这一时期的沉积相演化特征及其与烃源岩之间关系进行分析。结果表明:淮南地区早、中二叠世时期海水震荡性后退,总体以水下沉积为主,大致可划分为2种沉积亚相:山西组的三角洲沉积和下石盒子组的水下分流河道沉积,又可以进一步细分为前三角洲、泥炭沼泽、分流河道、决口扇、河漫滩等微相,泥页岩在前三角洲和河漫滩相最发育。岩性和显微组分的组成受沉积微环境变化的控制作用明显,“（腐泥组+壳质组）/∑显微组分”以大于等于70%为主,利于生气;有机碳含量则受沉积亚相和沉积微环境的共同控制,山西组泥页岩中有机碳平均质量分数约2.78%,明显高于下石盒子组泥页岩中的1.11%。综合考虑泥页岩累计厚度、有机碳含量及有机质的显微组成等因素认为,研究区山西组和下石盒子组都可作为页岩气的有利勘探层位,尤以“潘集镇-潘集区-泥河镇-平圩镇”这一带最为有利。      

鄂尔多斯盆地东北部山西组下段基准面旋回与聚煤作用

依据基准面旋回的原理,应用露头、钻井和测井资料,通过沉积相分析、基准面对比和密集数据控制的平面制图,研究了鄂尔多斯盆地东北部山西组下段煤层在基准面旋回中的位置、煤层在纵向和横向的变化和平面分布。结果表明:煤层的形成与基准面旋回和相分异作用有关,煤层形成于短期基准面上升的晚期。煤层的分布与河道呈互补关系。在远离河道的泥炭沼泽区,煤层厚度大,灰分低,所夹矸石层少。向河道方向,煤层分叉变薄,灰分高,向碎屑岩过渡。从山23到山21,厚煤层的分布总体上呈向北退却的趋势,反映了山西组下段构成一个中期基准面上升的过程。      

黄陵矿区2^#煤层煤岩及煤相特征分析

应用煤岩学与地球化学相结合的研究方法,探讨了黄陵矿区2#煤层的煤岩学特征及煤相类型。研究表明：2#煤层显微煤岩组分以镜质组为主,煤层从底部到顶部煤相由潮湿森林沼泽向开放沼泽过渡,包含五个次级演化层序,潮湿森林泥炭沼泽相是煤层煤相类型的主体,水动力条件较弱,成煤植物以木本植物为主,形成环境整体上为潮湿—覆水环境。     

鄂尔多斯盆地东北缘神木地区浅湖三角洲沉积作用及煤聚集

鄂尔多斯盆地东北缘延安组含有大量的优质煤,属稳定大地构造条件下的浅湖三角州沉积物。三角洲体系有以下单元组成:(1)前三角洲;(2)三角洲前缘(水下分流河道相和河口坝相);(3)三角洲平原(分流河道相,天然堤、决口扇、沼泽和具决口三角洲的分流间湾);(4)废弃三角洲平原.通过详细的露头观察和岩心研究及沉积岩的地质填图工作,浅湖三角洲特征可归纳如下:(1)推进速度非常快、舌形体长而窄,间湾在其间发育,决口事件频繁发生;(2)前三角洲非常薄(0.2～0.5m),三角洲剖面几乎绝大部分由三角洲前缘和三角洲平原构成;(3)河口坝相由砂岩和泥岩互层组成;(4)水下分流河道砂岩厚度在0.5～3.5m范围内,被河口坝沉积物围绕;(5)在废弃三角洲平原中,由于极少沉积物带入沼泽,因此沉积了厚的低灰煤层。     

海底扇规模优质储集体的分布模式与成因分析——以上新世—更新世孟加拉扇为例

利用高品质3D地震资料搜索刻画深水水道—朵叶复合体的沉积构成并揭示油气储集体的分布模式对于深水油气勘探具有重要的指导意义。利用PaleoScan全三维智能解释手段和三色(RGB)混相分频技术识别解剖了孟加拉扇上新统—更新统深水水道—天然堤体系6种富砂沉积单元,包括补给水道、分支水道、似点坝、决口扇、漫溢扇和末端朵叶。研究认为:补给水道、决口扇、末端朵叶是潜在的规模且优质深水油气储集体类型;而漫溢扇、分支水道和似点坝分别是潜在的规模非优质、非优质非规模以及优质非规模深水油气储层类型。补给水道主要分布在水道—朵叶复合体的上游和中游;决口扇、漫溢扇、分支水道和似点坝主要发育在水道—朵叶复合体的中游;而分支水道和末端朵叶主要分布在水道—朵叶复合体的下游。漫溢扇向供源水道一侧楔状增厚,形成“砂盖泥”的格局;而决口扇向供源水道一侧楔状减薄直至尖灭形成“泥包砂”的格局,相应形成海底扇岩性圈闭。     

松辽盆地白垩系浅水湖泊三角洲沉积微相研究——以大庆杏树岗油田杏三区东部葡Ⅰ1-3小层为例

根据密井网测井、录井以及其它分析化验资料,结合区域地质背景,对松辽盆地杏树岗油田杏三区东部白垩系姚家组一段葡萄花Ⅰ组油层1-3小层(葡Ⅰ1-3小层)沉积微相类型、特征、组合模式和不同地质时期沉积微相平面展布特征及其演化规律进行系统的研究。结果表明,葡Ⅰ1-3小层为浅水湖泊三角洲沉积,主要发育三角洲分流平原和三角洲内前缘2种沉积亚相,含11种沉积微相,具有不同的沉积特征和测井相模式;利用自然电位曲线幅变值和砂体厚度,有效识别天然堤、水上决口沉积、溢岸薄层砂3种有成因联系、测井曲线形态类似的沉积微相;进一步根据各沉积微相的测井曲线形态组合、沉积成因及沉积作用的不同,总结出7种沉积微相组合模式。葡Ⅰ1-3小层沉积演化经历了早期湖退、中期稳定、晚期湖侵3个阶段,不同时期的沉积特征、沉积微相展布各异,总体表现出湖盆发育规模由大变小,再变大,骨架砂体厚度和理想钻遇率逐渐减小的特点。     

涟邵煤田北段测水煤系岩相古地理与聚煤作用

测水组是湘中早石炭世主要的含煤地层。该区早石炭世的海侵主要来自西南侧,物源主要来自东北方向的雪峰古隆起。测水早期沉积物有煤、泥岩、砂质泥岩及细砂岩,沉积环境为潟湖相、泥炭沼泽相、潮坪相及滨海相;晚期主要沉积了细-粗粒石英砂岩、砂质泥岩、泥岩及石灰岩,沉积环境有滨外泥质陆棚、滨外碳酸盐陆棚及滨海相。煤层主要形成于潟湖淤浅而成的泥炭沼泽环境,含煤性与煤系厚度、砂岩含量及砂泥比值等有一定相关性,富煤带只存在于一定厚度的含煤地层分布区。本区于早石炭世时期形成了西部金竹山和东部太平寺二个聚煤中心,其中西部含煤性及煤层稳定程度比东部好,是勘查找煤的重要地区。     

平顶山矿区二_1煤层煤相分析

应用煤岩学和煤化学方法,对平顶山矿区二_1煤层的煤相组成、泥炭沼泽类型及其形成条件进行了探讨。将煤相划分为还原相和氧化相。它们具有相应的定性和定量指标。二_1煤层由3～4个周期性相序构成,反映了成煤沼泽由森林沼泽向草本或草本木本混生沼泽的演化过程。这种相序可能代表一种滨海平原环境下的聚煤特征。二_1煤属贫营养的雨成凸起沼泽,基本上为原地堆积成煤。二_1煤层形成于淡水泥炭沼泽,但其顶部曾受过半咸水环境影响。     

滇东田坝黔西土城晚二叠世煤系上段煤岩特征及煤相分析

本文通过滇东田坝黔西土城晚二叠世煤系上段沉积相、煤层特征和煤岩煤质的综合研究,系统分析了区内煤层形成时的沉积环境.按成煤的古地理位置分为上三角洲煤相和上、下三角洲过渡带-下三角洲煤相两大类型.根据成煤的原始质料、结构构造、煤岩特征和成煤前后环境,详细划分出八种泥炭沼泽相.着重探讨3号煤层形成时的泥炭沼泽相特征及其变化.     

松辽盆地王府凹陷泉三、四段浅水三角洲沉积特征及模式

在岩心观察的基础上,结合测井、地震和区域背景资料分析,认为王府凹陷泉三、四段沉积时期普遍发育浅水三角洲沉积。由于受地形、古气候和水动力条件等多重因素的影响,研究区发育的浅水三角洲在沉积构造、沉积序列、微相类型、三角洲内部结构以及地球物理响应特征等方面呈现出与经典三角洲不同的沉积特征:具有建设性三角洲沉积特征,平面上呈网状,前缘相带延伸较远。具有相对发育的水下分流河道,河口砂坝欠发育;垂向上发育多次间断正韵律。紫红色泥岩大面积展布,生物扰动强烈。砂岩中发育强水动力浅水沉积构造,Gilbert型三角洲的3层结构不明显。浅水三角洲识别出两个亚相和7个微相。研究区具有良好的生储盖配置关系,利于岩性油气藏的形成,其中水下分流河道和分流河道砂体储层物性好,为最有利储层。     

黄河北煤田潮坪沉积体系及成煤作用

黄河北煤田煤系广泛发育潮坪沉积体系,通过对其沉积特征及沉积模式的研究,认为潮坪沉积体系主要包括潮道（潮沟或潮渠）、泥坪、沙坪、砂泥混合坪及潮坪沼泽和潮坪泥炭沼泽相等沉积相类型,其特征是砂泥比值较高,沉积厚度大,为含煤地层发育提供物质基础;在沉积环境演化方面与整个鲁西南地区沉积特征相似,整体为海水逐渐衰退的过程;在潮坪沼泽和潮坪泥炭沼泽中形成含硫量相对较高的煤层与海平面的变化密不可分,潮坪沉积物中发育的10煤、8煤、7煤、6煤等与潮坪泥炭沼泽沉积在该区分布特点具有一致性,由此可知,潮坪沉积体系的沉积物与煤层形成特点和形成规律有着密切关系,为研究区成煤作用研究提供了理论依据。     

华北陆表海盆地海侵事件聚煤作用研究

在研究了陆表海盆地聚煤作用特点的基础上,提出了海侵事件成煤作用观点,分析了其机理。海侵导致了陆表海盆地沼泽环境的形成,进而形成泥炭沼泽,而随后的海侵事件导致了先形成的泥炭迅速处于深水环境最终成煤。海侵事件成煤作用形成的重要层位如煤层、海相层均具有较好的等时性。      

On balanced and unbalanced accommodation/peat accumulation ratios in the Cretaceous coals from Gates Formation, Western Canada, and their sequence-stratigraphic significance

Coal composition was investigated by means of photometric and maceral analyses on closely spaced lithotype-based strip samples over the full thickness of several paralic coal seams from the Cretaceous Gates Formation of the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin. The aim of this investigation was to test various methods of identifying accommodation trends in coal and use them to refine sequence-stratigraphic interpretation of continental sediments. Conventional sequence stratigraphy derives its subdivisions and significant surfaces from the records left by relative sea-level oscillations. These records either do not project into the continental realm, or are difficult to recognise in clastic non-marine sediments. Paralic coal seams have been selected to study this problem, because they are not entirely removed from marine influence and, compared with most inorganic deposits, coal has stored a greater wealth of information that can be analysed at a higher level of resolution. The study has led to the identification of five new surfaces with chronostratigraphic potential in the sequence-stratigraphic analysis of non-marine sediments. Two of these surfaces, called paludification surface (PaS) and terrestrialisation surface (TeS), occur at the bases of the investigated coal seams, while two other surfaces, referred to as non-marine flooding surface (NFS) and give-up transgressive surface (GUTS), form the tops of the coal. The fifth and probably most important new surface, called the accommodation-reversal surface (ARS), is independent of any particular facies and may either coincide with some of the other surfaces or occur separately. The proportion of detrital minerals has been used as the chief discriminator between different mire types and accommodation trends. Other useful indicators of mire type and peat dispersal have been the proportions of sporinite and inertodetrinite, as well as some derived maceral and/or mineral ratios, e.g., the groundwater influence index and the tissue preservation index. Isometamorphic variations of telovitrinite reflectance and fluorescence, as well as their coefficients of variation were also found to contribute to the identification of cyclic shifts between balanced and unbalanced accommodation/peat accumulation ratios. Some of these cycles, which are backed up by clastic stratigraphy, appear to correspond to the development of shallowing-upward and deepening-upward parasequences. Superimposed high-frequency, low-amplitude perturbations in the coal cycles relate to smaller-scale accommodation cycles of sub-parasequence level, not always recognised in non-marine strata. These sub-parasequence coal cycles do not always continue the shallowing-upward trend typical of conventional parasequences. Several coals were found to contain stacks of small-scale cycles with upward increasing accommodation signatures either in their lower or upper halves, or over the whole seam section.     

贵州金沙木孔煤矿可采煤层常量元素特征及沉积环境分析

对金沙木孔煤矿可采煤层的常量元素分析,利用硫分、C/S值、灰成分作为参照指数,讨论金沙木孔煤矿可采煤层的沉积环境.金沙木孔煤矿上煤组2、3和4号煤层形成于陆源物质供给较丰富,盐度低、弱还原的下三角洲泥炭沼泽环境;而5和7号煤层形成于盐度中等,弱还原受到海水影响较大的泻湖相泥炭沼泽环境.     

利用测井曲线判识鸳鸯湖矿区成煤环境及沉积类型

根据以往钻孔及其测井资料,对鸳鸯湖矿区早-中侏罗世延安期的沉积环境及沉积类型进行了划分：即垂向正层序湖泊三角洲平原相沉积与反层序的三角洲前缘相、湖湾相沉积。前者表现为浅湖泊三角洲的推进,后者表现为浅湖泊三角洲的废弃。其中三角洲平原相沉积类型包括分流河道天然堤沉积组合,决口扇泛滥平原沉积组合,以及泥炭、沼泽沉积组合;三角洲前缘相沉积类型包括河口坝沉积（近端坝、远端坝）、水下分流河道沉积、水下天然堤、分流间湾沉积。通过对比各种沉积组合在自然伽马、视电阻率等测井曲线形态上的反映特征,指出测井曲线异常形态能够反映本区的沉积旋回,并以此总结出了鸳鸯湖矿区的成煤环境、沉积旋回的划分及聚煤规律。