Maximum theoretical power absorption of connected floating bodies under motion constraints

In this paper, a mathematical model is presented to evaluate the maximum mean power that can be absorbed by a three-dimensional system of connected floating bodies in waves under a weighted global constraint. The constraint imposed on the motion amplitudes of the system can be used to limit the motions of the bodies in order to make sure that the assumption of linear theory for wave–structure interaction remains valid. The absorbed power of a structure can be considered as the difference between excitation and radiated power without consideration of practical power take off. The solutions for the maximum relative capture widths of rigidly connected two rafts have a good agreement with the calculated ones for the same rafts being seen as a single whole structure. Meanwhile, the results of maximum power absorption of two hinged slender rafts in cuboid shape give a good agreement as well with those by using slender-body approximations. Then dynamics of a hinged two rafts are studied and results show how the maximum efficiency is affected by raft width and restricting the motions.     

枸杞岛海藻场冬季细菌群落结构分析

从枸杞岛海藻场和对照点贻贝场分别采取表层及底层水样,利用细菌通用引物,提取样品总DNA进行聚合酶链式反应(PCR)扩增,采用16SrDNA文库技术,对其细菌群落进行鉴定和分析。结果表明,海藻场表层和底层细菌群落分为5和6个门,贻贝场表层和底层细菌群落分为3和4个门,海藻场中细菌分类门数多于贻贝场内,优势菌均为变形细菌门,分别占克隆文库的比例为40.7%、50%、59.1%和48.1%。γ-变形菌纲为变形细菌门的优势亚群,各个文库中均含有许多未确定其分类的序列,即含有许多未被认知的微生物类群。变形菌门、厚壁菌门和放线菌门为所有水样共有,但在水层垂直分布及不同地理位置间存在较大差异。不同功能类群可能与其特殊生境密切相关。     

Solitary wave propagation influenced by submerged breakwater

The form of Boussinesq equation derived by Nwogu （1993） using velocity at an arbitrary distance and surface elevation as variables is used to simulate wave surface elevation changes. In the numerical experiment, water depth was divided into five layers with six layer interfaces to simulate velocity at each layer interface. Besides, a physical experiment was carried out to validate numerical model and study solitary wave propagation.“Water column collapsing”method （WCCM） was used to generate solitary wave. A series of wave gauges around an impervious breakwater were set-up in the flume to measure the solitary wave shoaling, run-up, and breaking processes. The results show that the measured data and simulated data are in good agreement. Moreover, simulated and measured surface elevations were analyzed by the wavelet transform method. It shows that different wave frequencies stratified in the wavelet amplitude spectrum. Finally, horizontal and vertical velocities of each layer interface were analyzed in the process of solitary wave propagation through submerged breakwater.     

海浪灾害对贻贝脱落率的影响

海洋灾害造成贝类养殖损失的价值评估是海洋科学与水产科学交叉产生的新科学命题,同时也是渔业经济学与保险价值核算的难题.本文从海浪导致贻贝脱落致灾的角度展开研究,采用第三代海浪模型SWAN,以嵊泗海域作为研究区,通过P-Ⅲ曲线拟合、波高重现期分析,定量研究了台风期间贻贝脱落率与有效波高之间的相关性.研究表明,当有效波高达到...     

Life Cycle of Liocarcinus arcuatus (Brachyura: Portunidae) in the Ría de Arousa (Galicia, NW Spain): Role of Beach and Mussel Raft Culture Areas

Abstract. The population biology of the portunid crab Liocarcinus arcuatus is analyzed over a yearly cycle in beach zones and mussel raft culture areas in the Ria de Arousa.
The breeding cycle of this species has two annual peaks, which result in two annual cohorts that are recruited in different areas. The growth rate is higher in the group settled in spring than in autumn, and, especially, in the culture areas compared with the beach zones. There are movements from the beach zones to the raft polygons related to reproductive and feeding behavior as well as growth. The role of mussel culture in the dynamics of this species is discussed.     

Measurements of particle velocities in laboratory-scale random waves

The paper describes measurements of water particle velocities in laboratory-scale irregular, non-periodic surface waves. The measurements were taken over a range of elevations using Laser Doppler anemometry and included observations of particle kinematics at two points separated in plan. The observed statistical and spectral properties were compared with those predicted by both traditional and intermittent linear random wave theory. For elevations which are always submerged, the measured properties were in good agreement with both theoretical approaches. This was not the case for points near mean water level, where the observed properties were approximated more closely by the intermittent approach. However, some departure between observations and the intermittent approach was evident for elevations above mean water level.     

Wave power extraction by a train of rafts: hydrodynamic theory and optimum design

A theory is given for a two-dimensional wave power device which consists of a train of floating rafts whose wave-induced rotation about the hinges is used to generate energy. Ideal efficiency, wave forces and raft movements are studied by a linearized shallow water theory which is sufficiently simple to enable an investigation for optimum designs under a variety of criteria of efficiency and cost-effectiveness. For a sample raft train, a numerical theory for arbitrary wavelength is also applied, yielding results which are not essentially different from those by the long wave approximation.     

Transmitted and reflected coefficients for horizontal or vertical plate type breakwater

Surface or submerged horizontal or vertical plate can be considered as a new concept breakwater.This paper investigates the wave-plate interaction of this type of breakwater by use of the boundary element method.The relationships of wave transmitted and reflected among plate thickness,submergence and length are carefully studied by numerical simulation.It is shown that:(1) The transmitted coefficients of submerged horizontal plate or vertical plate will become larger with the increase of plate thickness and reduce rapidly with the decrease of plate submergence.(2) Both surface horizontal and vertical plate are efficient for intermediate and short wave elimination,but vertical plate is more effective.(3) Submerged horizontal plate can act more effectively than submerged vertical plate does.With all wave frequencies,the vertical plate almost has no wave elimination effect.     

波浪在Jarlan型开孔潜堤上的运动

The wave motion over a submerged Jarlan-type breakwater consisting of a perforated front wall and a solid rear wall was investigated analytically and experimentally. An analytical solution was developed using matched eigenfunction expansions. The analytical solution was confirmed by previously known solutions for single and double submerged solid vertical plates, a multidomain boundary element method solution, and experimental data. The calculated results by the analytical solution showed that compared with double submerged vertical plates, the submerged Jarlan-type perforated breakwater had better wave-absorbing performance and lower wave forces. For engineering designs, the optimum values of the front wall porosity, relative submerged depth of the breakwater, and relative chamber width between front and rear walls were 0.1–0.2, 0.1–0.2, and 0.3–0.4, respectively. Interchanging the perforated front wall and solid rear wall may have no effect on the transmission coefficient. However, the present breakwater with a seaside perforated wall had a lower reflection coefficient.     

Laboratory study of wave and turbulence velocities in a broad-banded irregular wave surf zone

The characteristics of wave and turbulence velocities created by a broad-banded irregular wave train breaking on a 1:35 slope were studied in a laboratory wave flume. Water particle velocities were measured simultaneously with wave elevations at three cross-shore locations inside the surf zone. The measured data were separated into low-frequency and high-frequency time series using a Fourier filter. The measured velocities were further separated into organized wave-induced velocities and turbulent velocity fluctuations by ensemble averaging. The broad-banded irregular waves created a wide surf zone that was dominated by spilling type breakers. A wave-by-wave analysis was carried out to obtain the probability distributions of individual wave heights, wave periods, peak wave velocities, and wave-averaged turbulent kinetic energies and Reynolds stresses. The results showed that there was a consistent increase in the kurtosis of the vertical velocity distribution from the surface to the bottom. The abnormally large downward velocities were produced by plunging breakers that occurred from time to time. It was found that the mean of the highest one-third wave-averaged turbulent kinetic energy values in the irregular waves was about the same as the time-averaged turbulent kinetic energy in a regular wave with similar deep-water wave height to wavelength ratio. It was also found that the correlation coefficient of the Reynolds stress varied strongly with turbulence intensity. Good correlation between u′ and w′ was obtained when the turbulence intensity was high; the correlation coefficient was about 0.3–0.5. The Reynolds stress correlation coefficient decreased over a wave cycle, and with distance from the water surface. Under the irregular breaking waves, turbulent kinetic energy was transported downward and landward by turbulent velocity fluctuations and wave velocities, and upward and seaward by the undertow. The undertow in the irregular waves was similar in vertical structure but lower in magnitude than in regular waves, and the horizontal velocity profiles under the low-frequency waves were approximately uniform.     

Investigation of Internal Waves in a Basin with Parabolic Profile of the Bottom

Within the framework of the linear theory of long waves, we study baroclinic free waves in a bounded basin of variable depth without vertical walls. We consider the case of two-layer stratification. The profile of the bottom of the basin and the form of the interface vary according to the parabolic law. Under these conditions, for the first three modes, we obtain analytic expressions for the frequencies of free oscillations, wave velocities, and the profiles of the free surface and interface. We analyze the dependences of frequencies, wave amplitudes, and wave velocities on the parameters of stratification and geometric characteristics of the basin.     

Airborne imagery of a disintegrating Sargassum drift line

Airborne hyperspectral and thermal infrared imagery collected over the Florida Current provide a view of the disintegration of a Sargassum drift line in 5 m s⁻¹ winds. The drift line consists mostly of rafts 20-80 m² in size, though aggregations larger than 1000 m² also occur. Rafts tend to be elongated, curved in the upwind direction, and 0.1-0.5 °C warmer than the surrounding ocean surface. Long weed ‘trails’ extending upwind from the rafts are evidence of plants dropping out and being left behind more rapidly drifting rafts. The raft line may be a remnant of an earlier Sargassum frontal band, which is detectible as an upwind thermal front and areas of submerged weed. Issues are identified that require future field measurements.     

Study on scattering wave force of horizontal and vertical plate type breakwaters

The interaction between wave and horizontal and vertical plates is investigated by the boundary element method,and the relations of wave exciting force with plate thickness,submergence and length are obtained.It is found that:1) The efficient wave exciting force exists while plate submergence is less than 0.5 m,and the plate is very thin with order O(0.005 m).2) The maximum heave wave exciting force exists,and it is the main factor for surface and submerged horizontal plate while the roll force can be ignored.3) The maximum sway wave exciting force exists,it is the main factor for surface or submerged vertical plate,and the roll force is about 20 times of horizontal plate.     

苏北浅滩养殖筏架附生绿藻入海过程在黄海绿潮形成中的作用

本研究采用现场定量观测为主的研究方法,在2017年5月期间对苏北浅滩竹根沙收紫菜养殖筏架作业过程进行跟踪调查;对养殖筏架绠绳附生绿藻自然脱落和收筏架作业过程人为刮落附生绿藻,以及收筏架作业前后入海的漂浮绿藻生物量进行定量观测。结果表明:筏架绳附生绿藻自然脱落率低,为3.58%±0.78%;收筏架作业过程中绠绳上刮落绿藻生物量为(12±3)kg湿重/根,由此估算2017年整个苏北浅滩刮落的生物量估算可达到万吨湿重;收筏架作业后海域漂浮绿藻生物量是作业前的7.6倍。研究结果进一步明确了收筏架作业过程中人为刮落绿藻是目前筏架附生绿藻最主要的入海方式。刮落绿藻是海水中漂浮绿藻的主要来源,其生物量对南黄海绿潮的规模大小有重要的影响。研究结果为绿潮防控措施的制定和实施提供科学依据。     

Structural styles of Albian rafts in the Espírito Santo Basin (SE Brazil): Evidence for late raft compartmentalisation on a ‘passive’ continental margin

In recent years, hydrocarbon exploration offshore SE Brazil has been focusing on Lower Cretaceous strata deformed by gravity gliding above Aptian salt. A three-dimensional (3D) seismic volume from the Espírito Santo Basin, SE Brazil is here used to: a) test the parameters considered to control raft tectonics on a margin tectonically reactivated in the Cenozoic, and b) investigate the impact of prolonged halokinesis on raft deformation. Offshore Espírito Santo, the combined effects of halokinesis and multiple (Andean) tectonic phases are expressed by local collapse, fault reactivation and late segmentation of Albian rafts. As a result of this deformation we observe four main raft geometries: a) rolled-over rafts, b) tabular rafts, c) collapsed rafts, and d) folded and tilted rafts on the flanks of salt rollers. This work shows that salt rollers formed buttresses to moving Albian-Cenomanian rafts, with withdrawal of salt from underneath some of the rafts leading to their collapse and welding onto pre-salt strata. This process occurred in the studied part of the Espírito Santo Basin with minimum control of post-raft overburden thickness on raft compartmentalisation. Salt withdrawal from underneath the rafts is an important phenomenon as it enhanced connectivity between pre-salt and post-salt units, potentially promoting the migration of hydrocarbons from syn-rift source units into post-salt reservoirs.     

Impact of Biodeposition on Macrofaunal Communities in Intertidal Sandflats

Abstract. This investigation deals with the changes in macrofaunal communities in intertidal sandflats caused by the input of organic material via biodeposition produced by mussel beds. The area of investigation was the back barrier tidal flat system behind the East Frisian Island of Spiekeroog. Due to erosion by the ebb current a plume of biodeposits extended from an area of mussel beds ( Mytilus edulis ) towards the adjacent sandy sediments. This plume represented a gradient of decreasing contents of organic material. Five stations were installed along this gradient to analyse the effects of this organic input on the macrofaunal communities; a control station was placed on sandy sediments.
The macrofaunal communities differed along the transect. In the mussel patches oligochaetes dominated, whereas deposit-feeding polychaetes increased along the transect. These polychaetes were different from the communities of the sand flats. The changes in the macrofaunal communities discussed in the framework of the organic carbon contents of sediments and interspecific relationships.
After a cover of green algae during summer and after a cold winter, the mussels were almost completely eliminated from the area of investigation and reaggregated in another area of the flat. The layer of biodeposits eroded as well. After the decrease in contents of organic matter, the macrofaunal communities no longer followed the transitional distribution but showed a diffuse and seasonally influenced distribution.
The results indicate that biodeposits changed the quality of the sediment structure of the sand flats and that the amount of organic matter (TOC) is a main structuring factor for the macrofaunal communities.     

浒苔孢子在不同材料基质上的附着萌发差异性研究

本研究针对黄海绿潮早期发生过程,以浒苔生殖细胞附着生长特征为切入点,以其主要原因藻种浒苔(Ulva prolifera)为材料,对比研究了不同材料附着基质对浒苔孢子附着萌发的影响。发现孢子在2—6h内的附着率达到80%,尤其是在前2h内的附着速率最快,而且在不同材料的基质上都能完成附着萌发,但萌发数量存在显著差异性,孢子在紫菜养殖筏架相关材料(塑料、竹片、尼龙网衣、塑料网衣)上的萌发率显著高于浅滩、礁石和养殖池相关材料(细砂、海泥、石块)。浒苔孢子还可以在藻段上完成附着萌发,而橡胶和鱼粉袋相关材料对浒苔孢子的萌发存在抑制作用。对比浒苔孢子和配子的萌发特性发现两者有异同点,两者在塑料、竹片等筏架相关材料上萌发率均较高,而孢子在藻段以及橡胶浸出液和鱼粉溶液中的萌发数均显著高于配子。本研究发现紫菜养殖筏架更有利于浒苔孢子的附着萌发,这进一步说明苏北浅滩数十万亩的紫菜养殖筏架在绿潮早期形成过程中为浒苔孢子提供了重要的附着基质。本研究结果将为探讨紫菜养殖筏架在绿潮早期发生过程中的重要作用,并为养殖筏架防附着材料的选用提供参考。     

Artificial reef effect and fouling impacts on offshore wave power foundations and buoys – a pilot study

Little is known about the effects of offshore energy installations on the marine environment, and further research could assist in minimizing environmental risks as well as in enhancing potential positive effects on the marine environment. While biofouling on marine energy conversion devices on one hand has the potential to be an engineering concern, these structures can also affect biodiversity by functioning as artificial reefs. The Lysekil Project is a test park for wave power located at the Swedish west coast. Here, buoys acting as point absorbers on the surface are connected to generators anchored on concrete foundations on the seabed. In this study we investigated the colonisation of foundations by invertebrates and fish, as well as fouling assemblages on buoys. We examined the influence of surface orientation of the wave power foundations on epibenthic colonisation, and made observations of habitat use by fish and crustaceans during three years of submergence. We also examined fouling assemblages on buoys and calculated the effects of biofouling on the energy absorption of the wave power buoys. On foundations we demonstrated a succession in colonisation over time with a higher degree of coverage on vertical surfaces. Buoys were dominated by the blue mussel Mytilus edulis. Calculations indicated that biofouling have no significant effect in the energy absorption on a buoy working as a point absorber. This study is the first structured investigation on marine organisms associated with wave power devices.     

Numerical investigation on the dynamics of a vertical wall defenced by an offshore breakwater

The numerical and experimental investigations on the performance of an offshore-submerged breakwater in reducing the wave forces and wave run-up on vertical wall are presented. A two-dimensional finite-element model is employed to study the hydrodynamic performance of the submerged breakwater under the action of regular and random waves. The numerical prediction has been supported with experimental measurements. The wave forces and wave run-up on the vertical wall were measured for different breakwater configurations. The applicability of linear theoretical model in the prediction of wave forces on the wall by a submerged breakwater has been discussed.     

Numerical Simulation of Wave Field near Submerged Bars by PLIC-VOF Model

Investigating the wave field near structures in coastal and offshore engineering is of increasing significance. In the present study, simulation is done of the wave profile and flow field for waves propagating over submerged bars, using PLIC-VOF （Pieeewise Linear Interface Construction） to trace the free surface of wave and finite difference method to solve vertical 2D Navier-Stokes （N-S） equations. A comparison of the numerical results for two kinds of submerged bars with the experimental ones shows that the PLIC-VOF model used in this study is effective and can compute the wave field precisely.