双齿围沙蚕对温度、盐度和干露的耐受性研究

本论文主要研究双齿围沙蚕(Perinereis aibuhitensis)对盐度突变、温度突变和盐度渐变、温度渐变及干露的耐受性。实验结果表明:双齿围沙蚕耐受盐度的范围比较广泛,为5~45,适宜的盐度范围为20~30,求得双齿围沙蚕96 h半致死盐度上限为33.1。适宜温度范围为20~30℃,对低温有很强的耐受力。双齿围沙蚕在低温保湿干露10 d未发生死亡,大量死亡集中在13~14 d。本研究结果表明:双齿围沙蚕对环境的适应性较强,耐温、耐盐范围较广,且具有很强的耐干露能力。     

墨西哥湾扇贝稚贝对盐度的耐受力

用壳高15～21mm的墨西哥湾扇贝(Argopecten irradians concentricus)稚贝作为实验材料,控制水温在16和24℃条件下进行对盐度的耐受力实验.实验结果表明,当温度在24℃时,稚贝存活的盐度范围为18.5～44.4,低盐度对稚贝的存活影响明显.稚贝可生长的盐度范围是21.2～41.0(日增长率r>4.0),适宜的生长盐度为24.0～32.0(日增长率r>8.0),其中26.0～28.0的盐度为最佳生长盐度.在16℃条件下,最初8h内,其生存盐度范围为17.4～46.4,但是48h后稚贝的存活盐度范围与24℃温度条件时无明显差别,显示出低温条件会使稚贝对极限盐度的反应速率减缓.当盐度处于接近极限范围时,盐度变化幅度过大易导致稚贝死亡.墨西哥湾扇贝对盐度的适应能力与原生境盐度有关,稚贝预先在盐度为19.5和44.9中适应9d后,再过度到14.3和48.5中,48h后,存活率为78.3%和100%,而若是从盐度为32中直接移到3和48.5中,48h后存活率分别为0和27.3%.显然,通过中间驯化或适应过程,稚贝会提高耐盐能力.此结果表明,在高温多雨的南方海域,应避免在易受淡水中冲击的河口、海湾区域开展墨西哥湾扇贝养殖.     

温度和盐度分别对尖紫蛤胚胎发育的影响

在水温17-32℃（盐度16）、盐度2-23（水温27℃）的范围内采用渐变法进行温、盐度对尖紫蛤（Soletellina acuta Cai et zhuang）胚胎发育的影响试验。结果是：（1）孵化水温27℃,盐度17,历时980min左右尖紫蛤胚胎发育至直线铰合期;（2）尖紫蛤胚胎发育适宜温度范围为23．1～31．...     

温度和盐度对三倍体葡萄牙牡蛎(Crassostrea angulata)稚贝生长和存活的影响

为确定三倍体葡萄牙牡蛎(Crassostrea angulata)稚贝最适环境条件,研究了温度、盐度对其生长和存活的影响。结果表明:三倍体葡萄牙牡蛎稚贝适宜生存温度为11.05～33.81℃,最适宜生存温度为22.00～28.00℃;适宜生长温度为12.00～33.35℃,最适宜生长温度为26.00～28.00℃;温度胁迫条件下,该贝在48 h和96 h的半致死温度在低温端分别为(4.71±0.04)℃和(7.83±0.45)℃;高温端分别为(37.08±0.02)℃和(36.31±0.11)℃;存活率在高温端下降更迅速,表明稚贝对高温更敏感。在盐度耐受性方面:三倍体葡萄牙牡蛎稚贝适宜生存盐度为15.06～44.13,最适宜生存盐度为23.4～33.8;适宜生长盐度为11.76～45.39,最适生长盐度为23.40～26.00;该贝在48h和96h半致死盐度,低盐端分别为(4.68±0.97)和(9.35±0.35),高盐分别为(55.96±0.76)和(53.46±0.67)。综上,当水温为26.00～28.00℃,盐度为23.40～26.00时,更有利于三倍体葡萄牙牡蛎稚贝的存活和...     

温盐度对波部东风螺胚胎发育的影响

本文采用突变和渐变两种方法分别研究了温度和盐度对波部东风螺胚胎发育的影响。由渐变实验获得的胚胎发育温、盐度范围均相应地比突变实验的结果宽;波部东风螺胚胎发育适应的盐度范围比较宽,需要的温度比较高,通常在２００℃以上;在适宜范围内,胚胎发育速度随着温度或盐度的升高而加快,低温、低盐是限制胚胎发育速度的主要因素,然而高温、高盐也会使胚胎发育速度变慢。     

盐度对口虾蛄仔虾摄食、存活和掘穴的影响

为研究口虾蛄(Oratosquilla oratoria)仔虾在人工养殖条件下的盐度适应性,作者分别实验分析了盐度突变和渐变对其累积存活率、摄食率和掘穴行为的影响。实验结果表明,仔虾盐度耐受能力较强,突变组的仔虾存活盐度为15~45,渐变组的仔虾存活盐度为5~54;仔虾的适宜盐度为21~33,24 h存活率在80%以上;盐度对口虾蛄的摄食影响较大,突变盐度为21~33时,仔虾摄食较为活跃,低于18或高于42基本不摄食;盐度渐变组摄食活跃范围为19~38,低于9或高于50基本不摄食;盐度突变对口虾蛄仔虾掘穴的影响显著,盐度突变至21和33时,掘穴时间极显著延长。本实验结果可以为口虾蛄的人工养殖和增殖放流提供参考和依据。     

天津厚蟹对盐度和温度的耐受性

研究了天津厚蟹Helice tientsinensis对盐度和温度的耐受性。天津厚蟹对盐度的耐受能力极强,在温度9~34℃盐度为0的淡水介质中均能存活96h以上;在10℃、20℃及30℃的高渗介质中暴露96h后,天津厚蟹全部存活的盐度分别是65、56和50,全部死亡的盐度分别为83、74和68。天津厚蟹对低温的耐受力较强,在0、30和50盐度水平下,耐受低温的能力差别较大,能耐受96h的最低温度分别是9℃、2℃和6℃。天津厚蟹对高温也有较强的耐受能力,在0、30和50盐度水平下,分别在34℃、36℃和35℃下能耐受96h;盐度50温度38℃时,在开始的24h内无死亡,但48h后死亡率急剧上升,同样规律也出现在30和0溶液中,前者温度是39℃,后者为35℃。研究结果还表明盐度和温度的交互效应显著,二者的交互作用对天津厚蟹的存活亦有显著性影响(P0.05),温度升高(从10℃到20℃再到30℃)致使其耐盐能力显著下降,而盐度的剧烈变化(从30到50或从30到0)也致使其耐温能力显著下降。     

温度、盐度对半滑舌鳎胚胎发育的影响

温度及盐度是鱼类苗种生产当中2个重要的因子。研究了在不同水温、盐度条件下,半滑舌鳎胚胎发育的情况。通过对孵化时间、孵化率、初孵仔鱼畸形率、活力的比较,发现温度对受精卵的孵化影响显著。受精卵在18℃以下及28℃以上均不能孵化出仔鱼,在18~28℃水温条件下,受精卵可以孵化,其适宜的孵化水温为22~23℃,且随着温度升高受精卵孵化时间逐渐缩短。在水温23℃下,受精卵在盐度16以下及48以上均不能孵化出仔鱼,在盐度18~46的范围内,受精卵均可以孵化出仔鱼,盐度38以上均为畸形,且孵化时间不受盐度的影响,其适宜孵化盐度为28~32。     

温度和盐度对紫刺参(Apostichopus japonicus Selenta)稚参存活、生长和着色的影响

采用实验生态学方法,以紫刺参为研究对象,分别研究了6个温度条件下(14oC,18oC,22oC,26oC,30oC,34oC)和5个盐度条件下(23,27,31,35,39)紫刺参稚参和对照组普通刺参稚参的存活、生长及体色变化情况。结果表明:水温22oC实验组紫刺参在不同水温实验中的成活率最高,为87.0%,水温18oC和34oC时的紫刺参成活率高于普通刺参;水温高于22oC实验组的紫刺参体长增长显著高于普通刺参,以水温为14oC实验组的紫刺参SGR最低,为4.63%/d。盐度31实验组紫刺参在不同盐度实验中的成活率最高,为86.3%;紫刺参与普通刺参SGR随盐度的升高均呈现先上升后下降的趋势,在盐度39实验组中,紫刺参SGR为5.47%/d,显著高于普通刺参;在不同环境条件下,刺参开始着色到变色完成的时间为7—23d,当水温为22oC、盐度为31时,紫刺参在32—48日龄完成变色,随着盐度或水温的改变,变色时间逐渐从16d延长至22d。紫刺参相比普通刺参有更广的适温范围和耐高盐能力。     

温度和盐度变化对大泷六线鱼幼鱼存活与生长的影响

研究了温度和盐度变化对大泷六线鱼(Hexagrammos otakii)幼鱼存活与生长的影响.结果表明,温度和盐度变化对大泷六线鱼4月龄幼鱼存活与生长的影响显著(P＜0.05),4月龄幼鱼存活与生长适宜水温为14～23℃,最适水温为17～23℃,在适温范围内幼鱼具有较高的存活率和生长率,温度过高或过低均对其生长发育有抑制作用.在20℃±0.5℃时生长率达到峰值,为20.89 mg/d.适宜盐度为15～40,最适盐度为25 ～ 35,在盐度30时生长率达到最大值17.1 mg/d.     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.