轻质硬壳海堤断面设计初探

从海堤本身角度看，坝体过重与填料松散是影响其稳定性的主要因素，因此轻质硬壳堤坝是一种很好的选择。该结构采用高强度材料作为外壳，以松散材料填充坝体。根据受力特性、构造要求、施工条件及抗滑稳定条件拟解决结构断面设计的一些基本问题，并结合实例通过对比计算分析，说明轻质硬壳海堤比传统海堤具有更高的整体稳定性。     

黄河三角洲莱州湾西岸防潮工程海堤断面块体稳定性实验研究

以黄河三角洲莱州湾西岸防潮工程海堤断面为工程实例，结合当地的水位及波浪参数，利用物理模型试验的方法，得出了护面块体稳定的极限条件及不同堤坝型式下海堤的冲淤状况，从而验证了海堤护面块体稳定性。     

加筋软土海堤的稳定分析

本文对于淤泥质海岸上的路堤，采用竹筋土工布加固软基的处理方法，进行了三种作用机理的分析研究和不同方法的整体稳定性分析计算，提出了旋转式复合滑动和相应的稳定计算方法，同时还对竹筋格栅按弹性支承结构进行了力学分析与计算。结果表明，这种加筋效果既满足使用要求，又易于施工，比较经济，是一种较为理想的软土海堤的加固方法。     

东南沿海海堤现状调研报告（上海、浙江部分）

这部分是上海市和浙江省的海堤调研，包括新建保护上海市区的黄埔江防汛墙和钱塘江涌潮区的海塘与围垦海堤。介绍了当地海堤建设经验，分析了浙东９４１７号台风毁坏海堤的原因和存在问题，并推荐出较好结构型式的带平台复式斜坡堤和互花米草消浪的作用。建议今后必须进行三防（防浪、防冲、防渗）综合研究海堤的方向。     

降雨影响下的海堤非稳定渗流分析

海堤的稳定关乎到其保护范围内的生命财产安全,渗压是评判海堤安全的重要指标,潮水位长期作用于海堤,是影响其渗压分布的主要因素,而降雨是影响渗压的重要因素。在潮位和降雨作用下,海堤长期处于饱和—非饱和非稳定渗流状态,易导致海堤失稳和滑坡。为及时掌握海堤渗流场分布,有效监控、分析特殊工作环境下海堤的安全稳定,采用合理的降雨入渗模式,输入实际的动态潮位,利用ANSYS热分析模块,模拟计算海堤渗流场分布。根据前次有限元迭代计算结果调整自由面、溢出点,并由基质吸力修正非饱和区渗透系数,使用ANSYS参数化设计语言编写海堤非稳定渗流场分析程序。先不考虑研究时段内降雨入渗对渗压分布的影响,而后进行潮位和降雨共同作用下海堤渗流场的模拟分析,结果与实测数据吻合度良好,为进一步分析海堤稳定性提供依据。     

海堤安全风险评估技术研究

我国现行规范体系中,关于堤防工程安全标准的确定,主要根据工程级别确定设计重现期,从而选定工程设计参数。文中提出了依据安全风险评估的结果确定海堤安全风险等级方法。首先,通过对海堤灾害进行风险识别和分析,将洪水灾害和海堤结构自身安全失效作为海堤灾害两种主要形式,建立了海堤灾害故障树。然后,将水文动力条件作为随机变量,从频率分布角度定量计算海堤洪水灾害风险程度和结构安全失效风险,提出了海堤安全风险评价方法。最后,依据规范中关于海堤等级和重现期标准的规定,结合海堤洪灾安全风险和结构自身安全风险的评价结果,确定海堤安全风险等级。文中提出的海堤安全评价技术依据海堤风险定量计算结果,从海堤现状条件满足其设计功能目标有效程度,判定海堤安全等级的级别,是一种相对较新且更科学的方法。该海堤安全风险评估技术为海堤管理和建设提供科学支撑。     

海岸侵蚀作用下海岸带地区极端风暴洪水风险评估 —以上海石化为例

海堤是海岸带地区社会经济活动的重要保护屏障。海岸侵蚀的加剧将导致海堤稳定性和安全性降低, 增加海岸带地 区遭受极端风暴洪水的风险, 进而影响到海岸带地区的安全。本文选择上海石化这一遭受海岸侵蚀较为严重的区域作为研究 区, 利用 GIS 分析了 1972—2020 年近岸海床侵蚀特征, 并基于 2000—2020 年-5 m 等深线变化评估了上海石化近岸海堤的 稳定性。结果表明： 1972—2020 年间上海石化前沿海床整体以侵蚀为主, 石化近岸东侧以及西侧局部的浅滩侵蚀明显, 城 市沙滩中段、第 6 次围堤处以及码头东岸海堤稳定性最低。基于上述研究结果, 考虑海堤稳定性薄弱段出现极端风暴洪水漫 堤或溃堤情景, 模拟并分析了上海石化 2010 年 、2030 年和2050 年遭受千年一遇极端风暴洪水的风险。结果显示： 在 2010 年基准年情景下, 受海岸侵蚀作用最明显的城市沙滩和第6 次围堤区域遭遇极端风暴洪水的风险最高, 到 2050 年, 当前稳 定性较好的海堤安全性也将大大降低, 与 2010 年相比, 上海石化近岸地区的直接经济损失将会增加近 3 倍。     

杭州湾北岸漕径-柘林岸段的海堤预警分析

在分析杭州湾北岸漕径一柘林岸段海堤实测断面资料的基础上,利用剖面冲淤对比统计和非参数Mann-Kendall检验对不同岸段的断面稳定性进行研究,以揭示海堤潜在的危险程度。结果表明,海堤安全警戒线可分为三级：第1级：0m等深线,水平距离大堤约为50m;第2级：-3m等深线,水平距离大堤约为150m;第3级：-8m等深线,水平距离大堤约为400m。3级警戒线应视不同岸段而分别评价。     

临江堤防破坏时二线堤防对灾情影响分析

随着治江与海堤建设历史的发展,钱塘江两岸形成许多二线海堤,研究二线堤在临江海堤失效后的作用及其是否保留的必要性对于沿江地区的开发建设是很有意义的。以钱塘江下沙三号大堤为实例,通过比较选择合理的水力计算方法,分析讨论在二线海堤存在与否的不同条件下保护区的受灾水情及二线堤的失效概率等问题。     

决口海堤洪水波传播模拟和分析研究I:方法和验证

选用水槽和港池物理模型方法以及已有的一些物理模型试验成果,结合SWASH模型,对孤立波在海堤斜坡上的爬高和越浪进行验证,确定合适的计算参数;计算和分析几种不同内坡形式的海堤堤顶决口,确定合适的海堤内坡边界条件。研究分析表明,验证后的SWASH模型可以用来进行海侧来波和陆域越堤波浪的联合计算,为决口海堤洪水波传播模拟和分析奠定了基础。     

Probabilistic Analysis for Seismic Stability of Beach Earth Embankment

The current safety factor method for evaluating earth embankment stability is not very rational since the assessment of slope stability is really an uncertainty problem. In order to consider the random property of this problem, the probabilistic analysis is introduced herein. Finally, the stability of a real beach earth embankment is analysed by means of the suggested probabilitic approach. It may be seen that the results of analysis can represent the numerical assessment of the degree of seismic stability.     

Fuzzy Probabilistic Analysis of Seismic Stability of Coastal Embankment

The stability of slope is affected by a number of factors, some of which have not only random property but also fuzzy characteristic. Therefore, the analysis of slope stability is really an uncertain problem. The customary safety factor does not in reality reflect stability scientifically, quantitatively and practically. In order to obtain more practical results, the slope stability is treated as a fuzzy random event for the evaluation of its fuzzy probability. Finally, the seismic stability of an existing coastal embankment is analyzed by means of the suggested fuzzy probabilistic method. It may be seen that the results of analysis can more fully represent the numerical assessment of the degree of slope seismic stability.     

Role of piles in mitigating the movement of pipes in soft grounds during embankment loading

Abstract

Pipes buried in soft ground can be damaged due to the vertical and lateral movement of the ground during the construction of the embankment. To investigate such a movement of the soft ground, full-scale tests using embankment piles and stabilizing piles were conducted for 70?days. A pile-supported embankment has been used to reduce the deformation of soft ground by transferring the embankment load through piles to the firm layer below the soft ground, whereas stabilizing piles have been employed to resist the lateral earth pressure that is induced in soft ground by embankment loads. The Coupling Area (CA), which was defined as the quantitative index to determine the resistance effect of both settlement and lateral flow of the soft ground when the embankment was reinforced, is adapted. The analysis results of the CA indicate that the piled embankment was more effective for preventing the damage to buried pipe installed near the embankment, while the stabilizing piles had almost the same effect as the piled embankment when the pipe was buried far away from the embankment.     

一种轻质硬壳海堤的断面设计和可靠性分析

针对软基堤坝易沉陷，滑移，倒塌，施工难，工期长的问题，提出一种新型的筑堤结构。该结构采用高强度材料作为外壳，以轻质材料放置于易沉滑的部位，以松散材料填充坝体，根据受力特性，构造要求，施工条件及抗滑稳定条件，拟解决结构断面设计的一些基本问题，并结合实例运用专业程序进行了对比计算分析，说明轻质硬壳堤坝比传统堤坝具有更高的可靠性。     

Short-Term Stability Evaluation of an Embankment Constructed on Marine Clay Foundation at Kobe Airport

This article introduces the application of a stability analysis method that accounts for strength anisotropy on the embankment constructed at the Kobe airport. Shear strength anisotropy is induced by the in-situ state of stress along a potential slip surface of the embankment. In addition, the effects of the shearing rate on the undrained shear strength of the marine clay are examined in detail based on the results of a series of constant-volume direct shear box (DSB), triaxial compression (TC), and triaxial extension (TE) tests varying shearing rates. The most critical slip surface was selected from the deterministic slope stability analysis using unconfined compression tests of undisturbed clay samples from the field. For the most critical slip surface, the potential factor of safety of the embankment is estimated to be within the range of 1.21 to 1.28, as indicated by the results of the stability analyses using the strengths obtained from the DSB, TC, and TE tests and varying shearing rates.     

Acute ecological risk associated with soot deposition: a Persian Gulf case study

Many studies have been carried out in the past to provide solutions to the threat of chemicals to the ecosystem. However, the basic scientific capability to predict the risk of adverse effects on the ecological system has not kept pace with society's increasing demand for uses of chemicals. As a scientific methodology for quantifying the risk to the environment associated with exposure to chemicals, ecological risk assessment is increasingly important in environmental problem solving. The purpose of this paper is to present a methodology for conducting ecological risk assessment using deterministic and probabilistic approaches. A systematic discussion on elements of ecological risk assessment is presented. A framework of ecological risk assessment is explained with the help of the Persian Gulf environmental problem as a case study. The study was based on the output of a long-range transport model of soot deposition in the Gulf. Results of the assessment using the deterministic and probabilistic approaches are discussed.     

Properties of geogrid-reinforced marine slope due to the groundwater level changes

Evaluation of slope stability, especially in the absence of a proper bed such as marine soils, is one of the most important issues in geotechnical engineering. Using geogrid layers to enhance the strength and stability of embankments is regarded as a commendable stabilization method. On the other hand, groundwater level erratically fluctuates in coastal areas. Therefore, the aim of this research is to study the effects of groundwater level changes on stability of a geogrid-reinforced slope on loose marine soils in Qeshm Island, Iran. At first, geotechnical properties of the site were obtained by comprehensive series of geotechnical laboratory and in situ tests. Then, by simultaneous changes of groundwater level and several parameters such as embankment slope, loading, geogrid length, geogrid number, and tensile strength of geogrid, different characteristics such as embankment safety factor (SF), vertical and horizontal displacements at embankment top and embankment base were studied. It was observed that groundwater level had significant effects on behavior of the embankment. For most of the observations, by decreasing the groundwater level, the displacements decreased and consequently safety factor increased. Increasing the length, number, and tensile strength of geogrid led to the reduction of displacements and an increase in the safety factor.