Matter-element models for comprehensive earthquake predication and their applications

IntroductionExtentes is a new subject established by Chinese Prof. CAI Wen in 1983, which began fromstUdying the transform laws and solution methods for incompatible problems. In theory, eXtensionframes was supported by matter-element and eXtension mathematics. In pranical application, extension methods of itS own has been shaped. Their application techniques in all kinds of domainsare called extension techniques, which have come into the completed period at present. All ofabove have form…     

地震综合预测物元模型及其应用

可拓学始于研究各种主客观相矛盾的不相容问题,本文将它引进地震综合预报当中．通过建立多维地震综合预测物元模型,计算各类指标的关联函数,给出预测指标的定量数值评定结果,研究解决地震综合预测中的不相容问题．初步结果说明,该方法在地震综合预测中有较好的应用前景．      

大陆强震危险区可拓方法综合预测应用研究

可拓学始于研究问题的不相容性，本文将它引进地震综合预报当中。通过建立强震危险区可拓方法综合预测模型，计算各类区域指标的关联函数，对华北地区、南北地震带进行全时空、有限时空扫描的应用检验，研究孕震区地震活动图像的演化特征，探索对强震危险区进行综合预测的新途径。初步结果说明该方法在对强震危险区的综合预测中有较好的应用前景。     

The application of the method of reconstruction a phase space with higher dimensions to the study of seismic processes and earthquake prediction

The method of reconstructing a phase space with higher dimensions can be applied to analysing the observaiton data for studying the dynamic behavior of seismic processes and earthquake prediction. It is found that seismic processes are chaotic. So earthquakes could be determinately predicted only within the predictable period. Here, some related problems (e.g. several primary parameters and the relations among them, the relation between the quality of used data and analytical results, the relation between a reductive process of the fractal dimensions and earthquake prediction and so on) are discussed. The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,15, 470–476, 1993. This study was sponsored by the Chinese Joint Seismological Science Foundation under Contract NO. 9000007.     

Study on evaluation of cities’ ability reducing earthquake disasters

Cities’ ability reducing earthquake disasters is a complex system involving numerous factors, moreover the research on evaluating cities’ ability reducing earthquake disasters relates to multi-subject, such as earthquake science, social science, economical science and so on. In this paper, firstly, the conception of cities’ ability reducing earthquake disasters is presented, and the ability could be evaluated with three basic elements — the possible seismic casualty and economic loss during the future earthquakes that are likely to occur in the city and its surroundings and time required for recovery after earthquake; based upon these three basic elements, a framework, which consists of six main components, for evaluating city’s ability reducing earthquake disasters is proposed; then the statistical relations between the index system and the ratio of seismic casualty, the ratio of economic loss and recovery time are gained utilizing the cities’ prediction results of earthquake disasters which were made during the ninth five-year plan; at last, the method defining the comprehensive index of cities’ ability reducing earthquake disasters is presented. Thus the relatively comprehensive theory frame is set up. The frame can evaluate cities’ ability reducing earthquake disasters absolutely and quantitatively and consequently instruct the decision-making on reducing cities’ earthquake disasters loss. Foundation item: State Important Research Project of China (95130603).     

The research of a comprehensive program for earthquake prediction with seismological methods

In this paper, the MYCIN inexact inference method in Expert System is applied to comprehensive earthquake prediction. And it is proposed that the methods of determining various certainty factors, correcting correlation between anomalous evidences and computing comprehensive certainty factor of occurrence of some moderate or strong earthquake. By use of these methods, 18 earthquake cases since 1966 in North China is tested with seismological anomalies in different seismogenic stage, and the comprehensive certainty factors of occurrence of some moderate or strong earthquake are computed. At last some problems in application are discussed. The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,13, 328–337, 1991.     

Earthquake prediction decision and risk matrix

The issuance of an earthquake prediction must cause widespread social responses. It is suggested and discussed in this paper that the comprehensive decision issue for earthquake prediction considering the factors of the social and economic cost. The method of matrix decision for earthquake prediction (MDEP) is proposed in this paper and it is based on the risk matrix. The goal of decision is that search the best manner issuing earthquake prediction so that minimize the total losses of economy. The establishment and calculation of the risk matrix is discussed, and the decision results taking account of economic factors and not considering the economic factors are compared by examples in this paper. The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismological Sinica,15, 232–238, 1993.     

地震前兆信息系统的多目标决策

本文综合考虑了地震预报指标及影响指标效率的有关因素，通过多目标决策的方法，确定地震前兆系统结构，建立综合预报方程，在多震地滇西地区进行实难应用。取得了一定效果。     

我国地震预报研究近十年的发展与展望

简要回顾了我国地震预报的发展过程，并着重对最近10年（尤其是90年代以来）的地震预报研究进展作了较系统的阐述．主要分为：（1）大地震震源区地壳细结构和介质物性的探测研究；（2）地震和前兆数字化观测技术的研制；（3）地震短临预报方法及其判据、指标的研究；（4）地震序列类型和震后趋势早期应用判断方法及其指标的研究；（5）华北北部地震短临预报方法、前兆综合解释模型与短临预报综合判别系统的研究；（6）地震预报新技术、新方法的探索；（7）地震中长期预报研究及我国近期（10年左右尺度）地震重点监视防御区的确定；（8）板内地震孕育发生的物理模型及前兆场物理解释的探索研究．最后还对我国地震预报的未来发展进行了展望．     

康定—泸定地区地震对策及破坏性地震应急反应预案

康定—泸定地区地震对策及破坏性地震应急反应预案余河生（甘孜州地震局）杜江（泸定县地震办公室）康定—泸定地区由于所处的特殊的地震构造和地震活动环境而面临严峻的地震形势。为了做好地震应急工作,甘孜州地震局和泸定县地震办公室分别代政府制定了破坏性地震应急反...     

从经验性预报向以物理为基础的概率预报过渡的若干问题

前言 地震预报是一个既古老又年轻的课题。早在二千七百多年前我国就开始有地震记载。公元132年,东汉张衡发明了世界上最早的地震仪——候风地动仪。但是,世界性的比较科学的地震预报研究大体上从本世纪六十年代开始。日本从1965年开始执行第一个地震预报五年计划。苏联虽自1948年阿什哈巴德地震之后就提出地震预报,但是,在地震学、地球物理和地球化学等方面探索前兆,真正取得进展也始于六十年代末。我国有计划大规模开展地震预报从1966年邢台地震现场开始。美国地震预报起步稍晚,但进展很快。 二十多年的观测、研究和预报实践推动了地震预报事业的发展。地震预报已从束手无策的     

地震前兆检验的地球动力学问题对地震预测问题争论的评述(之三)

地震前兆的效能检验问题既是地震预测研究中的一个基本问题，也是近年来围绕地震预测问题的一个争论焦点。传统的地震预测研究中关于地震前兆机理的一个基本假定，即地震前兆来自地震孕育过程中应力场的某种变化，与传统的地震前兆检验方案，即针对“异常”信息统计与地震之间的“对应”情况，并进行统计显著性检验，存在一个内在的逻辑矛盾。地震前兆的检验不是一个简单的统计问题，而是一个地球动力学问题，不考虑地球动力学的地震前兆检验是没有意义的，由此得到的检验结果则可能对相关研究造成误导。     

地震活动性新指标η,c在综合概率预报中的应用

将近几年提出的地震活动性新指标η、ｃ及ｂ值直接用在地震综合概率预报中，经计算分析，效果较好。在利用地震活动性指标进行综合概率预报时应考虑实际的预报模式。这种模式就是不同的地区可能有不同的ｖ值范围。通过在不同ｖ值下计算结果的综合判别才可能得出较为正确的预报意见。作为例子，文末给出了新疆喀什地区的实际预报计算结果。     

对张北6.2级地震预测的回顾和再研究

对张北6.2级地震在测震学前兆图像、预测回顾及总结的基础上,对部分反映较好的测震学预测指标进行了比较系统的预报效能检验和评估,进一步确定和筛选出部分测震学预测方法的最佳三要素预测指标,为各预测指标的三要素界定和预测效能提供了定量的参考依据。 对各种预报方法进行比较系统和客观的预报效能检验和评估,确定和筛选预测方法的最佳三要素预测指标,这不仅是地震预测预报逐步向科学、客观、严谨和实用化方向迈进的重要途径,而且是探索以震源物理为基础和孕震阶段为依据的多学科异常有机结合的综合概率预测的必要前题。     

山西地区地震综合概率预测模型及回溯性检验

概率地震危险性分析是对相关区域地震活动水平的估计,是量化地震危险性的有效手段。基于泊松分布模型获得山西地区背景地震概率,结合每个单项方法预测效能获取的指标权重,采用综合概率法得到山西地区基于多种单项预测方法的地震综合概率模型。对 1985年以来山西地区 M_S ≥ 5.0地震进行回溯性检验,结果表明：异常点受控于统一应力场,震前各类（包括测震、形变、电磁以及流体学科）预测指标均存在且表现出准同步性;震级大小与异常数量呈一定正相关性,震级越大,异常指标越多,综合概率值越大。     

短期综合前兆异常信息量方法在四川的应用

用地震异常前兆信息量综合数学表达式的方法,选择四川地区映震较好的前兆观测资料,进行地震短期异常前兆信息量的提取,分析四川地区地震短期异常前兆信息量综合时序值变化与四川及邻区6级以上强地震的关系,给出了四川及邻区6级以上地震短期综合预测的指标和方法,该方法能通过R值评分检验。用同样的方法提取不同学科前兆信息量地震短期综合预测的指标和方法,并进行地震预测效能检验,结果表明,不同学科前兆信息量短期综合地震预测效能存在一定的差异。     

Improved stress release model: Application to the study of earthquake prediction in Taiwan area

Introduction Stress release model (SRM) was proposed by Vere-Jones (1978) for statistical study of seismicity. Physically it is a stochastic version of the elastic rebound theory of earthquake genesis. The classical elastic rebound model suggests that the stress has been slowly accumulating until the burst of an earthquake occurrence for stress release. This can be simulated by the jump Markov process in stochastic field, and SRM was developed on the basis of Knopoff (s Markov model (Knop…     

地震学预报方法综合程式的研究

本文将专家系统技术中的 MYCIN 不精确推理方法推广应用到地震学方法的综合预报中,给出了一套确定各类可信度,对异常证据进行相关改正及其计算发震综合信度的方法.并据此利用华北地区1966年以来的18次震例在各阶段的地震学异常进行了检验,求出相应的发震综合信度.最后对应用中的一些问题进行了讨论.      

地震活动图像特征与强震危险区经验性预测依据的初步研究

在研究近期（10年）强震危险性判定和总结四川地区1972--2002年强震预测经验的基础上，清理了中国大陆1920--2002年47次浅源大震事件前地震活动图像特征（M≥4．7），提炼出10个方面12项经验性预测依据：主体活动区、多发时段、关联序列、大陆及地区地震异常图像、地区（带）-地段（震源区）地震增强图像（含信号震、诱发地震、地震条带）、相关地震、窗口地震、复发间隔、大陆及地区缺震、地段缺震与地段强震一缺震转折等。它们在47次震例中的综合出现率≥0．58（即依据比7／12以上）占42例；≥0．66（即8／12以上）占34例。因此，强震（M≥4．7）活动图像经验性预测依据可以作为预测有较大可能发生大地震危险区的依据之一。     

3-D finite element modeling for evolution of stress field and interaction among strong earthquakes in Sichuan-Yuannan region

Based on the latest achievement about activities of geological structure, a 3-D finite-element model containing four layers of upper crust, lower crust (two layers) and upper mantle is established in the paper. By repeated tests and revisions, the boundary conditions of the model are determined. And then the background stress field, the stress field caused by fault creep and the stress field triggered by strong earthquake in Sichuan-Yunnan region, as well as their dynamic variations are calculated. The results indicate that the latter earthquake often occurs in the area with positive Coulomb rupture stress change associated with the former one, the former earthquake has a triggering effect on the latter one to a certain extent, and strong earthquake often occur in groups under the background of high stress, which is of great significance for distinguishing seismic anomalies, as well as for improving the level of earthquake prediction. Foundation item: State Key Basic Research Project (G1998040702) and Key Project of State Science and Technology during the tenth Five-year Plan (2001BA601B02-01-03).