基于GPS资料分析银川盆地地壳运动特征

利用银川盆地及周边地区1999—2007年的GPS数据,研究了该区域现今地壳水平速度场特征,根据区域地壳主应变率、面膨胀率及最大剪应变率的空间变化以及小震分布特征,结合该地区的地质构造背景,对黄河断裂的南北段差异特征及盆地构造动力和地震危险性分析研究,结果表明:研究区内GPS测站主要运移方向为E-SE向。贺兰山东麓断裂和黄河断裂北段以拉张兼走滑运动为主,而黄河断裂南段以走滑运动为主,盆地整体处于剪切拉分断陷环境;银川盆地比周围块体的主应变率大,最大主应变方向为NW向,以张应变为主,结合面膨胀率和最大剪应变率也都显示盆地内存在较强的拉张和剪切变形,盆地内地震主要分布在南部地区;主应变率、面膨胀率、最大剪应变率和小震活动性均说明黄河断裂南段比北段活动性强;银川盆地地壳变形程度高,而周边稳定块体变形弱,黄河断裂和贺兰山东麓断裂分别位于应变强弱变化的东、西边界上,断裂具有较强的应变积累,表现出较高程度的地震危险性。     

用GPS 资料分析渭河盆地及邻近地区地壳运动特征

利用中国地壳运动观测网络工程1999 ~ 2002 年渭河盆地及邻近地区GPS 观测资料, 以及陕西省地震局2001 ~ 2002 年的GPS 观测资料, 研究了渭河盆地及邻近地区地壳运动速度场。结果表明, 渭河盆地及邻区的运动速率有明显的WE 向条带状变化特征, 鄂尔多斯块体南缘呈整体不连续性逆时针旋转运动, 相对鄂尔多斯块体内部的榆林测点, 平均速率约为5.7mm/ a;渭河盆地中部的彬县— 西安— 蓝田一线两侧存在一个左旋剪切带( 东侧) 和右旋剪切带, 左旋剪切带的北部区域与铜川— 泾阳— 临潼— 渭南小震频发区恰好对应;鄂尔多斯块体东南缘临汾盆地东侧, GPS 观测点资料表现出应力集中的迹象, 该区与临汾-韩城地震带也有较好的对应关系。     

鄂尔多斯块体周缘地区现今地壳水平运动与应变

位于青藏块体和华北块体之间的鄂尔多斯块体及其周缘地区是中国大陆构造活动最活跃的地区之一,从1300年至今,在块体周边断陷盆地和西南缘断裂带上发生了五次8级以上的地震.为了了解该地区现今地壳运动、应变状态以及断裂滑动分布,我们收集了中国大陆构造环境监测网络2009—2013年、国家GPS控制网、跨断陷盆地的8个GPS剖面等共527个流动站和32个连续站GPS观测数据,获得了高空间分辨率的地壳水平运动速度场,进一步用均匀弹性模型计算了应变率分布.结果表明,块体内部GPS站点向NEE方向运动,速度变化较小,应变率大多在(-1.0~1.0)×10~(-8)/a之间;山西断陷带构造运动与变形最为强烈,盆地相对于鄂尔多斯块体为拉张变形,应变率为(1.0~3.0)×10~(-8)/a,相对于东部山地则为挤压变形,应变率为(-2.0~-3.0)×10~(-8)/a,盆地西侧断裂(如罗云山断裂、交城断裂)以拉张运动为主,拉张速率为2~3mm·a-1,盆地东侧断裂主要以右旋缩短运动为主,速率为1~3mm·a-1;河套断陷带西部的临河凹陷处于较强的张性应变状态,应变率为(2.0~3.0)×10~(-8)/a;块体西南边缘处于压缩应变状态,应变率为(-1.0~-2.0)×10~(-8)/a,六盘山断裂存在明显的地壳缩短运动,速率约为2.1mm·a-1,速率在断裂附近逐渐减小,反映了断裂处于闭锁状态;相对于鄂尔多斯块体内部渭河断裂带为左旋运动,速率为1.0mm·a-1,盆地处在弱拉张变形状态.     

基于GPS数据分析渭河盆地现今地壳形变特征

基于2001—2015年流动及连续GPS观测资料,借助多面函数拟合法建立渭河盆地水平速度场模型,并计算球面坐标下的应变特征参数。结合陕西地区地质构造背景,分析渭河盆地水平速度场及应变场分布特征。结果表明:(1)渭河盆地西部GPS速度场受青藏块体及鄂尔多斯块体共同作用明显,西部GPS速度场大于中东部,且GPS速度场有顺时针旋转的运动特征。(2)渭河盆地西部主应力场变化复杂,中部的西安地区主应变差异变化明显,与2009年11月5日高陵M_S4.4地震对应;渭河盆地西部出现最大剪应变及面应变高值区及差异变化高梯度带,在西安附近出现最大剪应变及面应变差异变化梯度带,高陵地震震中位于零值线附近。(3)2001—2010年的主应变、最大剪应变、面应变变化比2011—2015年显著,表明高陵地震发生后,应力场进行了释放调整,近期渭河盆地地震紧迫性相对较低。     

基于精密水准的鄂尔多斯西北缘现今垂直运动分析

鄂尔多斯块体受青藏块体和华北块体的挤压,在其周缘形成一系列褶皱和压性断层,构造较为复杂。本文利用1980、1990和2014这3期精密水准资料计算了鄂尔多斯块体西北缘的垂直运动速率,分析结果表明:① 位于阴山断块隆起与鄂尔多斯断块隆起之间的河套盆地相对下沉,其中临河盆地最为明显,下沉速率为2-4mm/a,位于鄂尔多斯块体西缘的吉兰泰-银川断陷带沉降速率有所减缓,目前沉降速率约为2mm/a;② 整个测区表现为明显的山区上升、盆地下沉的继承性运动;③ 穿过乌拉山北缘断裂和磴口-本井断裂的2条水准剖面显示断裂两侧的垂直运动速率差异小于0.5mm/a。     

GPS初步揭示的渭河盆地及边邻地区地壳水平运动特征h

利用中国地壳运动观测网络工程1999~2002年渭河盆地及邻近地区GPS观测资料，以及陕西省地震局2001~2002年的GPS观测资料，研究了渭河盆地及周邻地区地壳运动速度场. 结果表明, 渭河盆地及邻区的运动速率有明显的北东向条带状变化特征，鄂尔多斯块体南缘呈整体不连续性逆时针旋转运动，相对鄂尔多斯块体内部的榆林测点，平均速率约为5.7 mm/a；渭河盆地中部的彬县——西安——蓝田一线，两侧存在一个显著的左旋剪切带，其北部区域与铜川——泾阳——临潼——渭南小震频发区有较好的对应关系.      

青藏块体东北缘现今构造形变与蕴震特征

利用青藏块体东北缘近30年的精密水准网、跨断层形变测量网复测资料，以及近年来GPS观测分析结果，结合地质构造与地震活动，初步研究和探讨了区域构造形变与强震蕴育的一些特征．结果表明:① 本区现今构造形变时空分布很不均匀:主要边界断裂附近构造形变相对强烈，远离则衰减．垂直差异运动强度和变形状态随时间演变，水平运动与变形呈明显的挤压走滑特征；② 印度板块的北推碰撞引起的青藏块体持续NE 向挤压运动所产生的构造应力场，是本区构造形变与地震蕴育的主控应力．构造形变及地震活动的时空分布演化，与块体活动及区域构造应力场动态演化密切相关；③ 构造块体边界地带出现的垂直形变异常隆起与高梯度形变带，以及显著地断层形变异常，是块体运动受阻、构造应力场强化而蕴育强震的一个标志，往往伴随有６级左右及以上强震活动，但地震并不一定发生在运动幅度最大的部位．断层形变异常呈现趋势积累——加速——转折变化特征的地段及附近，往往是应变能积累、强震蕴育发生的场所．      

岷县漳县6.6级地震前区域地壳运动变形背景与断层形变异常特征

利用甘肃岷县漳县6.6级地震区所在的青藏块体东北缘地区的区域水准、GPS、流动重力和跨断层短测线等地形变监测资料,结合地质构造、动力环境和已往的研究结果,分析了不同类型资料反映的震前区域性地壳变形背景、断层形变异常特征和可能的机理.结果认为：（1）岷县漳县6.6级地震前西秦岭、六盘山等构造区不同程度地存在着GPS水平挤压闭锁高应变积累、垂直隆升异常高梯度带和重力升、降差异剧烈变化等中长期背景;（2）震前到震时发震断裂附近及其外围相关构造区域断层形变异常在空间和时间上的起伏波动变化显著,尤其是汶川地震以来的波动变化在一定程度上反映了与本区构造比邻的龙门山断裂带剧烈右旋错动对本区的影响,与本次岷县6.6级地震过程有关;（3）本区有地形变监测资料积累以来缺乏6级以上震例,虽然存在不同程度的中长期形变背景异常,但何时进入短期-短临阶段确实很难把握,需要不断积累总结和探索提高.     

陕甘宁青地区块体交接带上大地垂直形变演化特征与块体运动

分析了关中、银川、西海固及民乐４个地区褶断隆起与断陷盆地组合构造带上的大地垂直形变演化特征．结果表明，１９７７年前后，鄂尔多斯西侧和南侧的大地垂直形变场变化与大华北应力场的消长过程密切相关．１９８３年以后，青藏块体边缘的民乐、西海固及银川地区继承性构造形变逐渐增大，在此背景下，１９８８年以来在亚板块内部及其边缘地区发生了一系列强震．从现今垂直形变场显示的时空结构来看，青藏亚板块和华北亚板块对交接带上的构造形变交替起着主导作用，并产生了不同的形变特征．     

鄂尔多斯地块周缘近期地震活动趋势分析

依据青藏块体东北缘与鄂尔多斯地块相互作用的“轮闸模型”的有关结论,结合鄂尔多斯地块周缘近年来中强地震活动特征和震源机制解以及青藏块体的地震活动特征,研究了鄂尔多斯地块的现今运动状态.结果表明,鄂尔多斯地块目前继续受青藏块体东北缘强烈左旋压扭作用的控制,其自身构造运动仍处于被完全抑制状态,致使其周缘自1815 年以来的地震活动格局基本未变,而维持着原有的活动水平.     

黄河中游河流阶地的对比及阶地系列形成中构造作用的多层次性分析

黄河在流经青藏市原东北缘海原－同以弧形构造区的过程中,发育了多达10－21组的斯座和侵蚀型阶地,其最大拔河高度为40lm,最高阶地的发育年代为1．57MaBP。通过对该区米家山、车木峡和黑山峡河口3处黄河阶地以及我国北方大范围内河流阶地的对比分析发现,河流阶地系列形成中在构造作用上具有多层次性特征,即它包含了不同范围或规模和不同级次构造隆升作用所导致的阶地。研究区的黄河阶地系列可以划分为3个层次。其中,第一层次的阶地共有6级,为我国北方大范围内同期形成的阶地,它们代表1．6Ma以来青藏高原阶段性隆升的次数,其隆升幅度由西向东逐渐减小;第二层次的阶地共有5级,为海原－天景山构造区内同期发育的阶地,它们代表1．6Ma以来该构造区本身自隆升的次数和幅度;第三层次阶地为发育在米家山东坡的10级不同期阶地,它们代表1．6Ma以来海原构造山地独自的抬升的次数和幅度。阶地发育时间与黄土－古土壤序列的对比还表明,反映青藏高原大范围构造隆升的第一层次阶地与气候变化之间有很好的可对比性,其形成年代均与相应古土壤发育时间的间冰期对应,暗示导致河流下切的在范围构造抬升与强干冷期后同样可导致河流下切的气候暖湿期紧密相关,它们共同组成了构造－气候旋回。第二层次和第三层次阶地的形成时间与气候变化之间无统一特定的关系,显示它们的形成更主要的受控于天景山块体和海原构造带的隆升作用。因此,研究区的河流阶地主要可分为2种成因类型。一种是在大范围构造抬升和气候变化联合作用下形成的构造－气候旋回阶地,此类阶地分布范围广,具有区域间的可对比性;另一种是以局部构造抬升为主导因素形成的脉动式构造旋回阶地,此类阶地的分布受 控于活动构造带,在构造区带内自成体系,不具有区域间的可对比性。     

Kinematic features of the seismogenic fault of the Tangshan earthquake and the recurrence period of large earthquakes

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Barotropic model of the atmosphere and seasonal changes of the lod

Summary The spherical barotropic model in combination with angular momentum conservation in the Earth-atmosphere system is used to calculate the difference in the LOD between winter and summer.     

土的工程力学性质与其电阻率关系实验研究

建立岩土的工程力学性质与其地球物理参数的量化关系是实现工程物探资料量化解释的必然前提。本次工作在分析影响土的工程力学性质和电阻率的共同因素基础上，通过室内实验，研究了不同类型土的粒度成分、含水率、饱和度、密实度与其电阻率的关系，并在此基础上探讨了耗土的压缩系数、粘聚力、压缩模量与电阻率的关系，得出了一系列的关系曲线及一些拟合公式，并对这些公式的含义进行了解释。     

基于论文、作者特征分析《山西地震》的现状

为提高《山西地震》的稿件质量,明确目前办刊中存在的问题,文章对2008年至2017年刊物的载文量、基金论文比指标、论文分类以及近18年第一作者的情况进行统计分析,进一步了解作者群的特点,发现核心作者。通过分析,明确今后发展的改进方向。     

On the bulk parameterization of snow and its application to the quantitative studies of precipitation growth

Appropriate formulation of bulk parameterization of snow growth and evaporation based on observational characteristics of snow particles is presented. The parameterization is compared to that of S. A. Rutledge and P. V. Hobbs and to detailed treatment in which snow particles are assumed to grow or evaporate in each size bin separately. On the contrary to bulk parameterization of rain, snow diffusional growth or evaporation is accurately represented in the suggested bulk formulation, but growth by riming is overpredicted. Integrations of water budget equations in a one-dimensional updraft have shown that quantitative results, e.g., precipitation intensity, cloudwater content, supersaturation with respect to ice, depend on the parameterization scheme employed, which suggests that comparisons of field measurements with parameterized model outputs is usually not straightforward.     

Contributions of terrestrial and GRACE data to the study of the secular geoid changes in North America

This paper tests and discusses different statistical methods for modelling secular rates of change of the geoid in North America. In particular, we use the method of principal component/empirical orthogonal functions (PC/EOF) analysis to model the geoid rates from Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite data. As demonstrated, the PC/EOF analysis is useful for studying the contributions from different signals (mainly residual hydrology signals and leakage effects) to the GRACE-derived geoid rates. The PC/EOF analysis leads to smaller geoid rates compared to the conventional least-squares fitting of a trend and annual and semi-annual cycles to the time series of the spherical harmonic coefficients. This is because we filter out particular spatiotemporal modes of the regional geoid changes.We apply the method of least-squares collocation with parameters to combine terrestrial data (GPS vertical velocities from the Canadian Base Network and terrestrial gravity rates from the Canadian Gravity Standardization Net) with the GRACE-derived vertical motion to obtain again the geoid rates. The combined model has a peak geoid rate of 1.4 mm/year in the southeastern area of Hudson Bay contrary to the GRACE-derived geoid rates that show a large peak of 1.6–1.7 mm/year west of Hudson Bay. We demonstrate that the terrestrial data, which have a longer time span than the GRACE data, are important for constraining the GRACE-derived secular signal in the areas that are well sampled by the data.     

集集地震等震线和PGA、PGV等值线关系的研究

本文通过比较集集地震的等震线、加速度和速度等值线的相似度,发现加速度等值线和烈度等震线有更好的相似性,后通过数学分析也得到了相同的结果。由于集集地震中受损的大部分是短周期脆性结构,本文的研究结果可以说明:和峰值速度相比,地震动峰值加速度能够更好地体现地震动对脆性结构的破坏势。峰值速度也和震害有一定的相关性,但对于脆性结构它所体现的破坏能力不如峰值加速度。     

Linkage between the second uplifting of the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau and the initiation of the Asian monsoon system

During the period from 25 to 17 Ma BP, when the second plateau uplifting, i.e. the second phase of the Himalaya movement, occurred, the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau reached an altitude high enough to chbge the situation of the general circulation. Such an effect of the plateau on the atmospheric circulation was accompanied by the warrning of the tropical ocean, the enhancement of the cross equatorial current, the enlargement of the marginal sea basins in the east-southeastern Asia, the westward extending of the Asian continent and the regression of the Paratethys Sea. As a result, the thermal difference was enlarged, and the air currents were enhanced between continents and oceans; finally the Asian monsoon system, mainly the summer monsoon, was initiated. The former planet wind system was then substituted by the monsoon system, and this caused the important environmental changes, such as the large shrinkage of the dry steppe in Central Asia, and the extension of the humid forest zone in East Asia. Thme changes have been dated at 21.8 Ma BP on the Lingxia profile in the northeastern border of the Tibet Plateau, when the savanna was transformed into the forest. Project supported by the National Climbing Project and Chinese Academy of Sciences (KZ951-A1-204)     

Comparison of River Terraces in the Middle Reach Valleys of the Yellow River and Analysis on the Multi-Gradational Features of Tectonism in the Formation of Terrace Series

Where the Yellow River flows through the Haiyuan-Tongxin arc-form tectonic region on the northeastern side of the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau, as many as 10～21 basis and erosion terraces have been produced, among which the biggest altitude above river level is 401m and the formation age of the highest terrace is 1.57 Ma B.P. Based on comparative analysis of the Yellow River terraces located separately in the Mijiashan mountain, the Chemuxia gorge, the Heishanxia gorge and the other river terraces in the vast extent of the northern part of China, it has been found that the tectonic processes resulting in the formation of the terrace series is one of multi-gradational features, i.e., a terrace series can include the various terraces produced by tectonic uplifts of different scopes or scales and different ranks. The Yellow River terrace series in the study region can be divided into three grades. Among them, in the first grade there are 6 terraces which were formed separately at the same time in the vast extent of the northern part of China and represent the number and magnitude of uplift of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau since 1.6 Ma B. P. ; in the second grade there are 5 terraces which were separately and simultaneously developed within the Haiyuan-Tianjingshan tectonic region and represent the number and magnitude of uplift of this tectonic region itself since 1.6Ma B. P.; in the third grade there are 10 terraces which developed on the eastern slope of the Mijiashan mountain and represent the number and amplitude of uplift of the Haiyuan tectonic belt itself since 1.6Ma B.P. Comparison of the terrace ages with loess-paleosoil sequence has also showed that the first grade terraces reflecting the vast scope uplifts of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau are very comparable with climatic changes and their formation ages all correspond to the interglacial epochs during which paleosoils were formed. This implies that the vast extent tectonic uplifts resulting in river down-cutting are closely related to the warm-humid climatic periods which can also resnit in river downward erosion after strong dry and cold climatic periods, and they have jointly formed the tectonic-climatic cycles. There exists no unanimous and specific relationship between the formation ages of the second and third grade terraces and climatic changes and it is shown that the formation of those terraces was most mainly controlled by tectonic uplifts of the Tianjingshan block and the Haiyuan belt. The river terraces in the study region, therefore, may belong to 2 kinds of formation cause. One is a tectonic-climatic cyclical terrace produced jointly by vast extent tectonic uplifts and climatic changes, and the terraces of this kind are extensively distributed and can be well compared with each other among regions. Another is a pulse-tectonic cyclical terrace produced by local tectonic uplifts as dominant elements, and their distribution is restricted within an active belt and can not be compared with among regions.