引射孔倾角与孔径对钻头体反循环形成影响的仿真分析与实验研究

介绍了引射装置的工作原理及其在反循环取心钻头体上的应用，运用FLUENT流体工程仿真软件分别对不同倾角与不同直径引射孔内部形成的负压进行模拟，得到对应压力分布云图与数值，并根据所得结论制造出带有不同角度和不同孔径的引射装置，在实验室进行试验研究，所得数据与仿真结果比较，二者基本吻合，说明运用仿真技术对引射结构进行优化设计是可靠的，并且过程简单，与过去常用的经验法与试验法相比，成本低，周期短，结论更准确。     

饱和土体原位大型剪切试验方法与实践

由于室内剪切试验结果存在试样结构性扰动和尺寸效应等带来的不确定性问题,且以往的常规原位大型剪切试验是针对天然状态土体,不能获得饱和土体的强度参数,导致岩土结构稳定性分析和工程设计中大多采用反演方法求取强度参数,而很少直接运用这些试验参数.在本次试验方法研究中,试验仪器仍然采用常规的天然土体原位大型剪切试验仪器,针对土体饱和问题,设计了“制样后饱和法”和“饱和后制样法”2种浸水饱和装置,并采用这2套装置在甘肃省黑方台地区进行了7个饱和黄土原位大型剪切试验.结果表明,2种饱和方法都能够使土样饱和,“饱和后制样法”容易达到饱和,试验历时短,但对试样扰动大,甚至导致试样在制样时破坏,试验成功率低;“制样后饱和法”达到饱和历时稍长,对试样扰动小,试验成功率高.与原位天然大剪试验相比,粘聚力c值由44.65kPa下降至17.35kPa,φ值由14.18°降至11.95°;与室内饱和固结快剪相比,饱和黄土原位大剪的c值增加约4kPa,φ值增加3°左右.     

基于引射器原理的投砾装置喷嘴CFD优化仿真分析

地浸钻孔成井工艺中,目前常用的投砾设备主要有渣浆泵与各类自制投砾装置。基于引射器原理的投砾装置是一种现场应用较广的投砾装置,为了提高该投砾装置的工作效率和投砾质量,本文基于计算流体力学的数值模拟软件Fluent对引射器原理的投砾装置的引射器结构进行了数值模拟的优化分析。分析结果表明,引射器喷嘴直径对引射效果具有较大影响,引射器的引射系数随喷嘴直径的增大而逐渐减小,但较小的喷嘴直径会导致对泥浆泵的泵压负荷增大,对于现场使用的BW250型泥浆泵,要求最高压力≯6 MPa,因此引射器喷嘴的直径为5 mm时为最优值;混合室直径增大会降低引射器性能,根据砾料通过能力等确定最优参数为18 mm;混合室长度有利于提高引射器性能,本文优化值为120 mm长度时为较佳混合室管长。优化后的投砾装置较原有基于大喷嘴直径引射器的投砾装置,投砾效率和质量均有大幅提高。     

软土中浅埋法向承力锚位移破坏标准模型试验

为确定浅埋软黏土中法向承力锚的位移破坏标准,利用实验室自行开发的电动伺服加载控制装置,对埋置在饱和软黏土中深度为3倍锚板宽度、系缆力角度为30°的法向承力锚模型进行了荷载和位移控制的静力加载试验。依据试验结果,以极限承载力与锚板宽度为参考,对锚板法向荷载与位移进行归一化处理,通过归一化曲线确定了法向承力锚的位移破坏标准,即破坏位移约为0.38倍锚板宽度。另外,依据锚板的尺寸、埋深及试验土体的强度条件,利用经验公式对锚的极限承载力进行了计算。结果表明,以该位移破坏标准确定的极限承载力与经验公式计算结果基本一致,两者相差均不超过10%,初步验证了该位移破坏标准的合理性。     

抽插式卡口蘑菇头塔上无人提升装置研制及应用

在铀矿勘查钻探施工中,使用普通摘挂式提引器装置和普通爬杆斜脱式提引器装置进行提下钻作业时存在作业劳动强度大、持续时间长、易脱扣等问题和风险。为提高提下钻作业效率和安全性,在借鉴乌兹别克斯坦、哈萨克斯坦等中亚国家钻探施工中塔上无人提升装置的基础上,结合铀矿勘查钻探施工特点,研制了一种抽插式卡口蘑菇头塔上无人提升装置,该提升装置与钻杆连接的蘑菇头设计成卡口式连接,采用抽插式顶杆锁定防脱,与普通的螺纹连接式蘑菇头相比,新型抽插式卡口蘑菇头具有结构简单、操作方便、安全可靠等特点。现场试验结果表明：抽插式卡口蘑菇头塔上无人提升装置与普通摘挂式提引器装置相比,能减少班组人员定额、降低工人劳动强度、保障钻探作业安全;与普通爬杆斜脱式提引器装置相比,能消除蘑菇头与钻杆脱扣事故的发生,提高钻探效率、降低钻探安全风险。     

后混合磨料空气射流喷嘴结构优化及破煤效果研究

水力化卸压增透技术在煤层瓦斯灾害治理中发挥了重要作用,但在松软煤层中应用时容易导致塌孔、抱钻和喷孔等动力现象。无水化卸压增透是突破松软煤层瓦斯高效抽采技术瓶颈的可行性技术之一。为此,利用磨料空气射流高效破煤岩能力,提出后混合磨料空气射流破煤卸压技术,采用磨料-空气分离输送的双通道方式,将磨料和空气运送至孔底,采用射流泵-拉法尔耦合的后混合喷嘴结构在孔底对磨料进行引射、混合和加速,使磨料具备高冲击动能,实现高效破煤。基于ANSYSFLUENT气固两相流模型,分析后混合喷嘴内磨料引射、混合和加速规律,研究磨料颗粒在加速过程中的受力,获得混合磨料空气射流高效破煤最优后混合喷嘴结构;并开展后混合磨料气体射流破煤实验验证破煤性能。结果表明：磨料冲击动能决定于后混合喷嘴的引射能力和加速能力。后混合喷嘴的引射能力与引射喷嘴的喷嘴出口直径和其扩张段长度有关,合理的引射喷嘴出口直径有助于减小喷嘴出口气流波动,扩张段长度则会影响喷嘴出口气流速度,在本文条件下,引射喷嘴采用两段式,其中收缩段长度2 mm,喉部直径2 mm,扩张段长度5 mm,喷嘴出口直径为3 mm。加速结构对磨料的加速效果主要取决于加速喷嘴...     

开源县谢家沟崩塌稳定性与防治

勘查的基础上,分析成因。采用极射赤平投影法,对崩塌危岩体的稳定性进行评价。结果表明,有两处危岩体各有两组不稳定结构面,分别可能沿着190°和145°方向滑动,造成危岩体崩塌。建议采用拦石网工程进行防护。     

静止土压力系数原位测试装置设计及应用研究

为了便捷地测得静止土压力系数,设计制作了一种静止土压力系数原位测试装置,介绍了该装置的结构及工作原理,并在宁波市轨道交通4号线东钱湖车辆段场地开展原位试验,获得了6个不同深度土层的静止土压力系数K_0值及不同深度地层处K_0值的时程变化曲线。将测试结果与目前常用的试验方法如经验公式法、扁铲侧胀试验法、三轴试验法的结果进行了对比分析,验证了静止土压力系数原位测试装置的可靠性以及测试结果的合理性。其次根据试验所得数据分析了几种试验方法的利弊,得出了常规试验方法会受到不同深度处土体性质差异以及取样过程中土体扰动程度的影响、在使用时需结合地层状况进行综合考虑进行取值的结论。最后通过修正上海地区扁铲侧胀实验对软土土层经验公式中的相关系数,得到了与实验所测数据相符的适用于宁波地区软土层的K_0值计算公式。     

薄层状红页岩细观破坏特性研究

为研究层状红页岩细观破坏特性,采用DSTD-1000型电液伺服刚性压力机对不同层理倾角红页岩进行单轴力学实验,对碎屑进行SEM电镜扫描和XRD衍射实验,获取其力学参数、破坏特征、微观结构及成分相对含量。基于此,利用离散元PFC3D构建不同层理倾角红页岩数值模型,并进行单轴压缩实验来研究红页岩细观破坏特征。结果表明：(1)层理倾角θ=30°、45°、60°、75°时,试样沿层理方向破坏产生滑移面。(2)不同层理倾角试样的裂纹演化过程都呈缓慢增长阶段、加速增长阶段、趋于稳定阶段的变化情况,当θ=45°、60°、75°时,裂纹演化过程中单位应变产生裂纹数较多,导致试样迅速沿层理弱面滑移破坏。(3)细观裂纹赤平极射投影和岩石组构图表明,θ=0°、75°、90°时,微观裂纹倾向分布较为均匀,主要平行于或次平行于加载方向,加载破坏后表现出强烈的各向异性;15°≤θ≤60°时,微裂纹倾向逐渐向层理方向平行。(4)考虑裂纹演化特征的弹性模量法求解的裂纹萌生应力阈值为各层理峰值强度的36.6%～60.3%,裂纹损伤应力阈值为各层理峰值强度的75.1%～90.4%,与大量物理实验所求阈值范围吻合,表明此法...     

确山盘龙废弃采坑边坡稳定性评价

以确山盘龙废弃采坑边坡为例,分别采用赤平极射投影法与极限平衡法从定性与定量的角度对采坑岩质边坡进行稳定性分析,再综合两种分析结果得出评价结论,提高了边坡稳定性评价的时效性和准确性。     

稠油注蒸汽吞吐和蒸汽驱力学问题研究

对水-水蒸汽两相流体流经配汽孔过程的能量分析,导出配汽孔面积与地层压力之间的关系;应用气液两相流体力学和传热学的原理,建立了井筒内的能量方程及分层配汽井筒工况分析的数据模型;根据动平衡理论,设计出一种新型的自动调节配汽器,实现固定配汽比例的目的。     

泥质薄夹层不同参数对油砂SAGD 开发效果的影响

泥质夹层对油砂SAGD的开发效果具有一定影响。以加拿大麦凯河某区块为研究对象,利用数值模拟手段,对位于注入井上方和注采井间的泥质薄夹层进行表征,模拟对比了泥质薄夹层的位置、延展长度、渗透率、厚度以及条数对SAGD开发效果的影响,得到了油砂SAGD开发的泥质薄夹层的临界参数。研究表明,泥质薄夹层位于注入井上方时对SAGD开发效果影响较小,位于注采井间时有不利影响,且越靠近生产井,蒸汽腔发育越晚,累产油量越低。注采井间泥质薄夹层超过7条、延展长度超过20 m时蒸汽腔几乎不发育,而渗透率与厚度对SAGD开发效果影响不明显。因此油砂SAGD布井时注采井间应尽量避开泥质薄夹层,从而有效降低泥质薄夹层对SAGD的影响。该研究结果,对于指导油砂SAGD部署、规避地质风险、实现SAGD高效开发具有重要指导意义。     

水压脉冲堵漏灌注器的研究

水压脉冲堵漏灌注器是利用水压脉冲产生的脉动压力，在钻孔内实现动压注浆的灌注装置。介绍了水压脉冲堵漏灌注器的原理、特点、结构、工作程序、性能指标及生产试验情况。     

Geologic assessment and injection design for a pilot CO<Subscript>2</Subscript>-enhanced oil recovery and sequestration demonstration in a heterogeneous oil reservoir: Citronelle Field,Alabama, USA

CO₂ pilot injection studies, with site-specific geologic assessment and engineering reservoir design, can be instrumental for demonstrating both incremental enhanced oil recovery and permanent geologic storage of greenhouse gases. The purpose of this paper is to present the geologic and reservoir analyses in support of a field pilot test that will evaluate the technical and economic feasibility of commercial-scale CO₂-enhanced oil recovery to increase oil recovery and extend the productive life of the Citronelle Oil Field, the largest conventional oil field in Alabama (SE USA). Screening of reservoir depth, oil gravity, reservoir pressure, reservoir temperature, and oil composition indicates that the Cretaceous-age Donovan sand, which has produced more than 169 × 10⁶ bbl in Citronelle Oil Field, is amenable to miscible CO₂ flooding. The project team has selected an 81 ha (200 ac) 5-spot test site with one central gas injector, two producers, and two initially temporarily abandoned production wells that are now in production. Injection is planned in two separate phases, each consisting of 6,804 t (7,500 short tons) of food-grade CO₂. The Citronelle Unit B-19-10 #2 well (Permit No. 3232) is the CO₂ injector for the first injection test. The 14-1 and 16-2 sands of the upper Donovan are the target zones. These sandstone units consist of fine to medium-grained sandstone that is enveloped by variegated mudstone. Both of these sandstone units were selected based on the distribution of perforated zones in the test pattern, production history, and the ability to correlate individual sandstone units in geophysical well logs. The pilot injections will evaluate the applicability of tertiary oil recovery to Citronelle Field and will provide a large volume of information on the pressure response of the reservoirs, the mobility of fluids, time to breakthrough, and CO₂ sweep efficiency. The results of the pilot injections will aid in the formulation of commercial-scale reservoir management strategies that can be applied to Citronelle Field and other geologically heterogeneous oil fields and the design of similar pilot injection projects.     

稠油油藏井间泥岩夹层对双水平井SAGD开发效果的影响

为定量描述稠油油藏蒸汽辅助重力泄油(SAGD)开采过程中注采井间夹层对双水平井泄油通道与开发效果的影响,针对新疆油田A区块,利用CMG数值模拟软件建立了表征SAGD注采井间夹层的数值模拟模型,对注采井间存在不同大小、间距及物性夹层情况下的SAGD蒸汽腔发育形态与开发效果进行对比,得到了稠油油藏夹层非均质影响SAGD开发的临界特征参数。矿场实际的非均质SAGD井组夹层展布特征、蒸汽腔发育特征及生产效果对比结果表明,得到的结论与矿场实践一致,因此可用于指导并实现经济、高效的稠油油藏双水平井SAGD开发。     

Gaussian Process Emulators for Computer Experiments with Inequality Constraints

Physical phenomena are observed in many fields (science and engineering) and are often studied by time-consuming computer codes. These codes are analyzed with statistical models, often called emulators. In many situations, the physical system (computer model output) may be known to satisfy inequality constraints with respect to some or all input variables. The aim is to build a model capable of incorporating both data interpolation and inequality constraints into a Gaussian process emulator. By using a functional decomposition, a finite-dimensional approximation of Gaussian processes such that all conditional simulations satisfy the inequality constraints in the entire domain is proposed. To show the performance of the proposed model, some conditional simulations with inequality constraints such as boundedness, monotonicity or convexity conditions in one and two dimensions are given. A simulation study to investigate the efficiency of the method in terms of prediction is included.     

钻孔固管止水注灰器的应用

大直径(直径168～600mm)工程孔,不仅需要良好的止水效果,而且还需要对钻孔的套管进行有效固定。基于直接通过套管加压注灰技术的分析,开发研制成功了钻孔固管止水注灰器。该钻孔固管止水注灰器利用弹簧的无压释放特性,在注浆泵的作用下将上部水泥浆液压入钻杆,使之流入接头的注灰通道内,水泥浆液顶开锥形顶,弹簧被压缩;而当注浆泵不再工作、无压力作用时,锥形顶在弹簧的反作用下顶住灰浆通道,靠锥形顶的锥面封严灰浆通道,使灰浆不会反流到钻杆内。5.12大地震后发现,在同一地区,使用该技术的钻孔套管均未发生变形,其它套管则出了不同程度的变形,由此可见该技术的科学性和实用性。     

Interpretation of well-cell pressures on hexagonal grids in numerical reservoir simulation

Peaceman’s equivalent well-cell radius for 2D square grids has been generalized to 2D grids consisting of regular hexagons. The development consists of the following steps. Firstly, the analytical solution for the pressure drop between injector and producer for wells in a seven-spot pattern is determined. Secondly, this solution is compared with the numerical solution on hexagonal grids for a sixth of a seven-spot pattern. Finally, the equivalent well-cell radius is calculated, and its asymptotic behavior for infinitely fine grids is derived. The results are valid for both steady-state and unsteady-state conditions.     

Probabilistic assessment of the impact of coal seam gas development on groundwater: Surat Basin,Australia

Modelling cumulative impacts of basin-scale coal seam gas (CSG) extraction is challenging due to the long time frames and spatial extent over which impacts occur combined with the need to consider local-scale processes. The computational burden of such models limits the ability to undertake calibration and sensitivity and uncertainty analyses. A framework is presented that integrates recently developed methods and tools to address the computational burdens of an assessment of drawdown impacts associated with rapid CSG development in the Surat Basin, Australia. The null space Monte Carlo method combined with singular value decomposition (SVD)-assisted regularisation was used to analyse the uncertainty of simulated drawdown impacts. The study also describes how the computational burden of assessing local-scale impacts was mitigated by adopting a novel combination of a nested modelling framework which incorporated a model emulator of drawdown in dual-phase flow conditions, and a methodology for representing local faulting. This combination provides a mechanism to support more reliable estimates of regional CSG-related drawdown predictions. The study indicates that uncertainties associated with boundary conditions are reduced significantly when expressing differences between scenarios. The results are analysed and distilled to enable the easy identification of areas where the simulated maximum drawdown impacts could exceed trigger points associated with legislative ‘make good’ requirements; trigger points require that either an adjustment in the development scheme or other measures are implemented to remediate the impact. This report contributes to the currently small body of work that describes modelling and uncertainty analyses of CSG extraction impacts on groundwater.