频谱分解在生物礁储层油气检测中的应用

生物礁是特殊的沉积体,其生长形态、发育规模通常因古地理位置及古气候环境的差异而不尽相同,由于其与围岩存在波阻抗差异,在地震反射剖面上常形成上隆、下凹、内部杂乱反射等特征,解释人员一般也通过该特征来寻找生物礁。但由于振幅异常往往受多种因素的影响,因此降低了生物礁气藏勘探的成功率。这里利用短时傅里叶变换、连续小波变换对生物礁异常体进行频谱分解,通过频降分析,与实钻情况吻合,验证了该方法的有效性。     

成像测井技术在碳酸盐岩水平井中的应用

塔里木盆地北部地区碳酸盐岩油藏储层，非均质性较强，只依靠常规测井判断碳酸盐岩裂缝、溶孔、溶洞很困难．利用地层微电阻率扫描成像(FMI)，对碳酸盐岩水平井储层进行定性分析、定量解释，并能准确识别出碳酸盐岩目的层裂缝的性质、大小、开度、溶蚀孔洞原生孔隙、次生孔隙的发育情况等．同时并利用测试、酸压资料验证了使用成像测井判断裂缝的有效性．     

逆时偏移技术在碳酸盐岩缝-洞储层成像中应用

针对塔里木盆地塔西南地区中-下奥陶统埋藏深度大 (大于 5 000 m)、储层发育规模较小(小尺度溶孔-裂缝为主)的碳 酸盐储层精细成像难题,将基于 GPU 平台的叠前逆时偏移技术应用于研究区 562km2 实际三维地震资料处理中,取得了较好 的成像效果。通过地震剖面、平面相干属性和振幅属性对比分析叠前逆时偏移和传统叠前时间偏移结果表明:对于高陡构 造带成像,逆时偏移成像效果局部好于叠前时间偏移;对于碳酸盐岩内幕“串珠”成像、缝-洞储层刻画方面,逆时偏移 技术占有明显优势。叠前逆时偏移技术有效提高了研究区奥陶系碳酸盐岩缝-洞型储层成像的精度。     

缝洞型碳酸盐岩储层地质建模研究进展

缝洞型碳酸盐岩储层空间分布复杂、非均质性强,建立准确可靠的三维地质模型,是该类油藏高效开发的基础和前提。总结了缝洞型碳酸盐岩储层建模技术方法的发展历程,可分为3个阶段：第1阶段提出了“分区分带”和“岩溶相控”等储集体建模方法,以基于变差函数的两点统计学为主要模拟算法;第2阶段提出了溶洞内部结构建模方法,划分了溶洞类型,总结出不同类型溶洞组合方式,通过成因约束构建不同的岩溶相控模式,建模算法以基于目标与多点地质统计学为主;第3阶段进一步细化储集体成因,针对地下暗河等特定成因的溶洞储集体,通过野外露头与溶洞数据构建训练图像,将先验地质成因模式和后验地震响应相整合,构建综合约束概率体,建立的模型更加精细,能表征出暗河储集体的内部结构要素。对未来缝洞型碳酸盐岩储层地质建模的技术发展进行展望,指出断控岩溶储层建模方法亟需进一步研究,基于深度学习的人工智能地质建模方法是未来的主攻方向。     

反射波成像与纵波径向速度成像在华北油田裂缝型碳酸盐岩储层勘探开发中的联合应用

碳酸盐岩地层因成藏复杂,缝洞储层非均质性强、常规测井响应特征不明显,给勘探和有效开发带来较大难度。缝洞型储层有效性评价是深层油气勘探开发中面临的主要难题。对于储层中尺度较小的裂缝,由于地震的分辨率较低,常规测井方法探测深度较浅,难以对数十米地质构造进行准确评价。近年来发展起来的单井偶极横波反射成像技术能够有效利用低频横波的传播特点,对井旁20～30 m范围内的声反射体进行成像。纵波径向速度成像技术利用多接收阵列反演井壁1 m以内的纵波速度变化,能较好地指示储层的可改造性。偶极横波反射成像较好地发现井壁裂缝延伸以及井旁裂缝,纵波径向速度成像可反映井壁附近储层纵波速度变化,综合认为裂缝较发育,延伸较远或存在井旁隐蔽裂缝储层且井壁纵波径向速度变化较大的层段,具有较好的储层改造潜力。应用该方法对华北油田河西务潜山几口井进行处理分析,分析结果与储层改造后产液有较好的对应性,值得进一步推广应用。     

频谱分解技术在泥页岩储层含气性预测中的应用——以柴达木盆地鱼卡凹陷为例

针对柴达木盆地北缘鱼卡凹陷中侏罗统大煤沟组泥页岩,利用地震频谱曲线在不同流体介质储层中的形态、斜率、主频与中心频率的差值等属性参数特征,识别陆相泥页岩层系的地震频谱属性特征,预测含气性。研究结果表明,中侏罗统大煤沟组上部能量系数较低,平均为0.6719,下部能量系数较高,平均为0.7521,结合现场含气量和全烃特征认为,可以以能量系数0.7为界线,作为识别下部和上部含气性的标志,下部明显比上部含气性好。平面上进一步圈定了2个有利目标区,得到柴页1井勘探验证。因此,频谱分解技术可应用于中国陆相页岩气的勘查开发。     

频谱分解技术在泥页岩储层含气性预测中的应用——以柴达木盆地鱼卡凹陷为例

针对柴达木盆地北缘鱼卡凹陷中侏罗统大煤沟组泥页岩,利用地震频谱曲线在不同流体介质储层中的形态、斜率、主频与中心频率的差值等属性参数特征,识别陆相泥页岩层系的地震频谱属性特征,预测含气性。研究结果表明,中侏罗统大煤沟组上部能量系数较低,平均为0.6719,下部能量系数较高,平均为0.7521,结合现场含气量和全烃特征认为,可以以能量系数0.7为界线,作为识别下部和上部含气性的标志,下部明显比上部含气性好。平面上进一步圈定了2个有利目标区,得到柴页1井勘探验证。因此,频谱分解技术可应用于中国陆相页岩气的勘查开发。     

塔北隆起西部缝洞型碳酸盐岩储层表征与评价

缝洞型碳酸盐岩储层存在强烈的空间非均质性,储层表征与评价难度极大。塔北隆起西部W区块奥陶系中统顶部发育稳定的台地相碳酸盐岩缝洞型储层。应用古地理坐标转换构造建模技术、测井储层分析方法,并结合缝洞型储层地震属性进行储层相研究,以储层相分析成果为基础建立双孔隙度模型,对缝洞型储层进行定量表征,最后结合AVO流体预测,进行综合评价。研究表明:该区碳酸盐岩储层类型主要为裂缝型、裂缝孔洞型,裂缝既是储集空间又是孔洞形成的诱导因素;本征值裂缝属性和地震波形分类属性对裂缝与孔洞响应较为敏感;储层含油饱和度提高之后, AVO现象更趋明显,叠前AVO反演的流体预测技术能对缝洞型碳酸盐岩储层流体进行合理预测、评价。     

碳酸盐岩微相环境分析及缝洞与油气关系

以鄂尔多斯东部勘探区为例，将奥陶系碳酸盐岩用微相划分成７种类型，并对各种类型进行了环境分析，进而研究各种岩类孔、缝、洞发育程度及其与油气储集的关系，旨在为该区找气勘探提供依据。     

缝洞型碳酸盐岩储层多类多尺度建模方法研究:以塔河油田四区奥陶系油藏为例

碳酸盐岩缝洞型储层历经多期构造运动以及强烈的风化、剥蚀和淋滤作用,储集空间类型多样,形态极不规则且随机分布,导致储层三维空间描述困难,现有的碎屑岩储层建模方法难以直接借鉴。文中提出碳酸盐岩缝洞型储层应该按照大型洞穴、溶蚀孔洞、大尺度裂缝、小尺度裂缝的"多类多尺度建模"的基本思路。以钻井和地震识别成果作为大型洞穴确定性数据,以地震波阻抗的大型洞穴发育概率体作为井间约束数据,在垂向岩溶分带和平面古地貌分区的岩溶相控下,采用具有趋势的序贯指示模拟方法,建立大型洞穴离散分布模型;以大型洞穴分布作为"相控"约束条件,以井孔解释的溶蚀孔洞作为硬数据,采用序贯指示模拟算法,建立溶蚀孔洞随机分布模型;根据蚂蚁体地震属性自动拾取的断裂信息,人机交互补充和修正地震解释断层数据,建立确定性的大尺度裂缝离散分布模型;基于大尺度裂缝离散分布模型建立井间裂缝发育概率体,根据井孔裂缝密度、裂缝产状,结合退火模拟和基于目标的示性点过程模拟方法,建立小尺度裂缝离散分布模型。以塔河油田四区奥陶系缝洞型油藏为例,建立研究区缝洞型储集体空间展布模型,再现缝洞型储层的结构形态。     

Application of Spectral Decomposition to Detection of Fracture-Cavity Carbonate Reservoir Beds in the Tahe OUfield,Tarim Basin,NW China

Ordovician fracture-cavity carbonate reservoir beds are the major type of producing formations in the Tahe oilfield,Tarim Basin.The seismic responses of these beds clearly changes depending on the different distance of the fracture-cavity reservoir bed from the top of the section.The seismic reflection becomes weak or is absent when the fracture-cavity reservoir beds are less than 20 ms below the top Ordovician.The effect on top Ordovician reflection became weaker with deeper burial of fracture-cavity reservoir beds but the developed deep fracture-cavity reservoir beds caused stronger reflection in the interior of the Ordovician.This interior reflection can be divided into strong long-axis, irregular and bead string reflections,and was present 80 ms below the top Ordovician.Aimed at understanding reflection characteristics,the spectral decomposition technique,which uses frequency to"tune-in"bed thickness,was used to predict Ordovician fracture-cavity carbonate formations in the Tahe oilfield.Through finely adjusting the processing parameters of spectral decomposition,it was found that the slice at 30 Hz of the tuned data cube can best represent reservoir bed development.Two large N-S-trending strong reflection belts in the mid-western part of the study area along wells TK440- TK427-TK417B and in the eastern part along wells TK404-TK409 were observed distinctly on the 30 Hz slice and 4-D time-frequency data cube carving.A small N-S trending reflection belt in the southern part along wells T403-TK446B was also clearly identified.The predicted reservoir bed development area coincides with the fracture-cavities connection area confirmed by drilling pressure testing results. Deep karst cavities occur basically in three reservoir bed-development belts identified by the Ordovician interior strong reflection.Spectral decomposition proved to be a useful technique in identifying fracture-cavity reservoir beds.     

Application of Spectral Decomposition to Detection of Fracture-Cavity Carbonate Reservoir Beds in the Tahe Oilfield, Tarim Basin, NW China

Ordovician fracture-cavity carbonate reservoir beds are the major type of producing formations in the Tahe oilfieid, Tarim Basin. The seismic responses of these beds clearly changes depending on the different distance of the fracture-cavity reservoir bed from the top of the section. The seismic reflection becomes weak or is absent when the fracture-cavity reservoir beds are less than 20 ms below the top Ordovician. The effect on top Ordovician reflection became weaker with deeper burial of fracture-cavity reservoir beds but the developed deep fracture-cavity reservoir beds caused stronger reflection in the interior of the Ordovician. This interior reflection can be divided into strong long-axis, irregular and bead string reflections, and was present 80 ms below the top Ordovician. Aimed at understanding reflection characteristics, the spectral decomposition technique, which uses frequency to "tune-in" bed thickness, was used to predict Ordovician fracture-cavity carbonate formations in the Tahe oilfield. Through finely adjusting the processing parameters of spectral decomposition, it was found that the slice at 30 Hz of the tuned data cube can best represent reservoir bed development. Two large N-S-trending strong reflection belts in the mid-western part of the study area along wells TK440- TK427-TK417B and in the eastern part along wells TK404-TK409 were observed distinctly on the 30 Hz slice and 4-D time-frequency data cube carving. A small N-S trending reflection belt in the southern part along wells T403-TK446B was also clearly identified. The predicted reservoir bed development area coincides with the fracture-cavities connection area confirmed by drilling pressure testing results. Deep karst cavities occur basically in three reservoir bed-development belts identified by the Ordovician interior strong reflection. Spectral decomposition proved to be a useful technique in identifying fracture-cavity reservoir beds.     

Application of Spectral Decomposition to Detection of Fracture-Cavity Carbonate Reservoir Beds in the Tahe Oiifieid, Tarim Basin, NW China

Ordovician fracture-cavity carbonate reservoir beds are the major type of producing formations in the Tahe oilfield, Tarim Basin. The seismic responses of these beds clearly changes depending on the different distance of the fracture-cavity reservoir bed from the top of the section. The seismic reflection becomes weak or is absent when the fracture-cavity reservoir beds are less than 20 ms below the top Ordovician. The effect on top Ordovician reflection became weaker with deeper burial of fracture-cavity reservoir beds but the developed deep fracture-cavity reservoir beds caused stronger reflection in the interior of the Ordovician. This interior reflection can be divided into strong long-axis, irregular and bead string reflections, and was present 80 ms below the top Ordovician. Aimed at understanding reflection characteristics, the spectral decomposition technique, which uses frequency to ＂tune-in＂ bed thickness, was used to predict Ordovician fracture-cavity carbonate formations in the Tahe oilfield. Through finely adjusting the processing parameters of spectral decomposition, it was found that the slice at 30 Hz of the tuned data cube can best represent reservoir bed development. Two large N-S-trending strong reflection belts in the mid-western part of the study area along wells TK440- TK427-TK417B and in the eastern part along wells TK404-TK409 were observed distinctly on the 30 Hz slice and 4-D time-frequency data cube carving. A small N-S trending reflection belt in the southern part along wells T403-TK446B was also clearly identified. The predicted reservoir bed development area coincides with the fracture-cavities connection area confirmed by drilling pressure testing results. Deep karst cavities occur basically in three reservoir bed-development belts identified by the Ordovician interior strong reflection. Spectral decomposition proved to be a useful technique in identifying fracture-cavity reservoir beds.     

谱分解技术在预测煤层岩浆岩侵入区的应用

岩浆岩的侵入问题一直严重影响着煤矿的安全和高效生产,如何准确地划分出岩浆岩侵入区范围是急需解决的关键问题之一。通过对正演模型数据和实际数据的谱分解分析,发现正常煤层与岩浆岩侵入煤层间存在着明显的频谱差异。正常煤层反射波在其主频对应的谱分解切片上的能量较强,而岩浆岩侵入煤层反射波在同一谱分解切片上的能量较弱。对于实际煤层数据来说,通过钻井标定,即可以定量、准确地划分出岩浆岩侵入区的范围。以大屯煤电公司徐庄煤矿为例,对7煤层谱分解沿层切片与振幅沿层切片进行了对比解释,结果证实谱分解技术对预测煤层岩浆侵入范围是切实可行的。     

RMS提取技术在溶洞型碳酸盐岩储层地质建模中的应用

三维地质建模在油气田的开发过程中发挥着越来越重要的作用。在碎屑岩储层的应用中已经形成一套较为成熟、效果良好的方法技术,但是在碳酸盐岩储层预测的应用中尚处于探索阶段。应用PETREL储层建模软件,以地震属性RMS提取技术为建模核心方法,建立塔河4区碳酸盐岩溶洞的分布模型,并且对塔河4区实际洞穴与此模型预测结果进行对比统计,72个样点中吻合的有54个,吻合率为75%,较为准确的再现塔河4区地下空间分布,此模型可为以后的勘探开发提供有效依据。     

深层超深层碳酸盐岩优质储层发育机理和“三元控储”模式

优质储层发育与分布是深层、超深层碳酸盐岩勘探的关键.近几年四川普光、通南巴和元坝等一系列深层超深层气田的发现,不断在深度上突破早期的认识,探索这类极限条件下优质储层发育机理,成为勘探的热点和难点.本文根据普光气田主要钻井的岩芯观察、薄片、孔渗、电子显微镜、同位素分析等数据资料的分析与统计,探讨普光气田优质碳酸盐岩储层发育的主控因素,提出沉积-成岩环境控制早期孔隙发育、构造-压力耦合控制裂缝与溶蚀、流体-岩石相互作用控制深部溶蚀与孔隙的保存的"三元控储"机理.     

裂缝性碳酸盐岩储层保护技术研究进展

概述了近年来国内外裂缝性碳酸盐岩储层保护技术的研究进展。主要介绍了裂缝性碳酸盐岩储层损害的评价方法、损害机理以及储层保护技术的研究现状,并与成熟的碎屑岩储层保护技术相比较,分析了裂缝性碳酸盐岩储层保护技术的发展方向。     

波阻抗反演方法在塔河碳酸盐岩储层预测中的应用

详细分析了约束稀疏脉冲反演、地震特征反演以及随机反演3种反演算法及其特点,针对塔河油田碳酸盐岩储层进行了反演试算对比.研究结果表明,约束稀疏脉冲反演结果与地震反射资料特征有较好的对应关系,但其反演结果分辨率不高.随机反演能客观地描述碳酸盐岩缝洞型储层非均质性极强的分布特征,克服了其他反演结果存在连续性、成层性的缺陷,但该方法难以求取准确的变差函数.3种反演结果中,地震特征反演结果与井史储层发育段的吻合率最高,说明地震特征反演在塔河奥陶系碳酸盐岩储层预测中仍然是一种较好的方法.     

谱分解技术在煤层厚度预测及沉积环境方面的应用

谱分解技术是通过短时窗离散傅里叶变换(DFT)将地震资料从时间域转换到频率域,得到振幅谱及相位谱调谐体的一项处理技术。通过谱分解顺层相位与频率切片可以较清晰地了解区内煤层的岩性特征及沉积环境,从而预测煤厚。基于该项技术,以山西省沁水盆地某研究区山西组3煤层为例,研究了3号煤层厚度与下伏砂岩厚度的对应关系,发现3煤层厚度与基底分流河道砂岩厚度呈负相关关系,即煤层厚度随基底砂岩厚度增大而减小。由此认为在三角洲平原沉积环境下,在钻孔较少且分布不均匀时,可通过谱分解属性切片对煤层基底砂岩厚度的预测来推断煤厚。该区利用谱分解技术预测的煤厚趋势与振幅法获得的煤厚趋势相比,其精度较高,因此,谱分解技术不失为一种较好的煤层预测方法。