回线源瞬变电磁法有限体积三维任意各向异性正演及分析

目前,瞬变电磁法(TEM)数据基本都是基于各向同性模型进行反演解释,这对于存在明显电性各向异性的勘探区域会产生较大的反演解释误差.为分析电各向异性对回线源瞬变电磁信号的影响方式与程度,本文通过求解离散化的全张量电导率时间域Helmholtz方程,实现了基于有限体积法的TEM任意各向异性的三维正演算法.该算法采用基于交错网格的拟态有限体积法(MFV)对时域Maxwell方程组进行空间域离散,并利用后退欧拉算法(Backward Euler Method)进行时间域离散.为提高时域电磁场的求解精度与效率,该算法将时间分段等步长算法与方程直接求解法相结合.通过对一维各向异性模型以及三维复杂各向同性模型进行测试,验证了本算法对于回线源瞬变电磁响应计算的正确性及有效性.最后,通过对几类典型电各向异性介质中大回线源瞬变电磁信号响应的分析,总结了不同电各向异性类型对TEM电磁信号的影响模式,结果表明,主轴各向异性情况下TEM信号主要受水平方向电导率的影响,倾斜各向异性对TEM信号的影响程度远大于水平各向异性,而通过水平各向异性信号能较清晰判断出各向异性主轴方向.     

电性各向异性地层频率域电磁响应模拟

在现有计算机内存和运算速度条件下,电性各向异性地层中频率域电磁响应的数值模拟是一个难点. 为探索各向异性介质模型电磁响应的有效算法,同时为进一步研究各向异性地层测量响应的校正方法奠定基础,从Maxwell电磁响应方程出发,使用由三个彼此垂直的发射线圈和三个彼此垂直的接收线圈组成的线圈结构模型,应用交错网格有限差分法推导了三维频率域电磁响应的差分计算格式,采用预条件双共轭梯度法对所形成的复系数矩阵进行了迭代求解,从而得到电性各向异性地层模型下的线圈测量响应. 应用这些方法进行了多种条件下电磁响应的计算,计算结果表明,所形成的计算方法是准确可靠的,预条件双共轭梯度法的运算效率也较高;电性各向异性地层的电磁响应与地层倾角（或井斜角）、仪器测量方位、地层的水平电阻率和垂直电阻率有关;根据水平方向磁场强度分量可以确定地层界面;在电磁响应计算过程中,背景电导率的取值要尽量接近整个计算区域的平均电导率.     

一维电阻率各向异性对海洋可控源电磁响应的影响研究

地下介质的电阻率常常表现为各向异性,海底裂隙地层和层状沉积序列可能形成宏观电阻率各向异性.在解释海洋电磁资料时,电阻率各向异性的影响不应该被忽略,否则可能会得到错误的海底地电模型.作者编写了电阻率任意各向异性一维层状介质海洋可控源电磁场计算程序,计算了电阻率各向异性层状模型的海洋可控源电磁响应,讨论了覆盖层和高阻储层分别具有电阻率各向异性时的电磁场响应特征.     

Anisotropy Versus Heterogeneity in Continental Solid Earth Electromagnetic Studies: Fundamental Response Characteristics and Implications for Physicochemical State

Electrical anisotropy, the effect of current density in a medium being a function of the orientation of the electric field, is being recognized increasingly as an important effect in explaining Earth electromagnetic observations. A consideration of anisotropy, however, in most cases is an admission of spatial aliasing in earth structure, wherein the averaging volume of diffusive EM fields may be greater than the characteristic dimensions of a family of oriented structures, thus leading to a response which is equivalent to a bulk anisotropic medium. Even for two-dimensional geometries, there can be strong non-parallelism of principal axes of vertical magnetic field relative to the impedance over broad areas, as well as impedance phase variations which leave normal quadrants, if there are multiple directions of anisotropy or anisotropy strike distinct from bulk geometric (2D) strike. This paper concentrates on experience with regional field studies in continental settings where bulk anisotropy is apparent. Upper crustal anisotropy may result from preferred orientations of fracture porosity, or lithologic layering, or oriented heterogeneity. Lower crustal anisotropy may result from preferred orientations of fluidized/melt-bearing or graphitized shear zones, but does not necessarily reflect current state of stress per se. In the upper mantle, the prior causes all may act in pertinent domains, but added to these is the possibility of strong electrical anisotropy due to hydrous defects within shear-aligned olivine crystals (solid-state conduction). Several field examples from continental MT investigations will be discussed, which roughly fall into active transpressional, active transtensional, and fossil transpressional regimes. A general challenge in interpreting data with apparent anisotropic effects is to establish the tradeoff between heterogeneity and anisotropy in the inversion of EM responses.     

频率域海洋可控源电磁垂直各向异性三维反演

地层宏观电性各向异性会对可控源电磁响应产生重要影响.由于海底地层电性结构常表现为电导率各向异性,若仅对海洋可控源电磁(MCSEM)数据进行常规各向同性反演,有可能无法获得准确的反演解释结果,从而削弱MCSEM技术的可靠性.本文实现了电导率垂直各向异性(VTI)条件下频率域海洋可控源电磁数据三维反演算法.其中,三维正演采用基于二次场控制方程的交错网格有限体积法,并利用直接矩阵分解技术来求解离散所得的大型线性方程组,有利于快速计算多场源的响应.反演采用具有近似二次收敛性的高斯牛顿算法对目标函数进行最优化.最后,对具有VTI电性各向异性特征的盐丘构造模型的MCSEM合成数据分别进行了电导率各向同性和垂直各向异性三维反演,结果表明:各向同性三维反演算法无法对受VTI介质影响的MCSEM数据进行正确的反演解释,而垂直各向异性三维反演能够获得更为可靠的地下电阻率结构和异常体分布,展现出对海底电性各向异性结构更为优良的反演解释能力.     

用积分方程法模拟各向异性地层中三维电性异常体的电磁响应

本文研究并建立了一种模拟各向异性地层中三维电性异常体电磁响应的积分方程算法.首先讨论了并矢Green函数及其相关积分的计算,将水平层状各向异性地层中的电场并矢Green函数分解成含有奇异项的直达波与非奇异的来自各个层界面的反射和透射波两个部分,再应用等效体积单元和表面积分技术对积分方程的奇异核进行离散化处理以便提高离散方程的精度.然后为了节省计算机内存以及计算时间,引入基于Krylov子空间的迭代算法求解积分方程的离散化矩阵方程.最后通过与现有文献中的结果作对比从而检验了所述算法的有效性,并结合具体算例考察分析了地层的各向异性对三维电性异常体电磁响应的影响特征和规律.     

Electromagnetic divergence correction for 3D anisotropic EM modeling

Until now, the application of divergence correction has been focusing on the electromagnetic (EM) isotropic modeling. However, in regions where the earth demonstrates strong electrical anisotropy due to lamina or faults saturated with water, the traditional divergence corrections may not be working for EM modeling. In this paper, based on the divergence-free property of the current density, we propose a divergence correction technique to speed up the EM modeling process for a 3D arbitrarily anisotropic earth. The volume current density weighting method is adopted for the discretization of divergence correction, so it can be applied to non-uniform grid model. By enforcing the constraints associated with the divergence-free property, the quasi-minimal residual (QMR) iterations and the total computational time for the EM modeling are largely reduced. Furthermore, we discuss how to divide the QMR process into sections and the influence of the number of iterations and the normalized residual on the solution process. We take a helicopter-borne EM system over a 3D earth with arbitrarily electrical anisotropy as an example to examine the effectiveness of our anisotropic divergence correction technique on the EM modelings.     

RESOLVING ANISOTROPY IN LAYERED MEDIA BY JOINT INVERSION*

A finite number of layers must normally be used to represent the electrical properties of a horizontally-layered region. It is well known that these representative layers must include anisotropy. Applying the concept of joint inversion to DC resistivity and magnetotelluric (electromagnetic) data from a structure consisting of many fine layers, we show how the resistivities in the horizontal and vertical directions can be separately determined in each layer. The results are related to the contrasts existing in the interbeds which comprise the composite layers. The method has applications in both engineering and exploration.     

电导率任意各向异性海洋可控源电磁三维矢量有限元数值模拟

现有海洋可控源电磁三维数值模拟方法大多基于电导率各向同性介质理论,不能模拟海底地层电导率各向异性的实际情况.本文给出了电导率各向异性三维介质中电性源海洋可控源电磁二次电场的边值问题以及相应的变分问题,采用长方体单元对研究区域剖分,将场分量定义在剖分单元的边上,利用矢量有限单元法求解变分问题,实现了电导率任意各向异性海洋可控源电磁三维矢量有限元数值模拟.这个新的正演方法可以计算电导率任意各向异性三维地电模型的海洋可控源电磁响应,基于二次场矢量有限元法直接求解电磁场,避免了传统有限元方法可能遇到的伪解问题和难于处理电场法向分量不连续的问题,提高了数值模拟计算精度.一维电导率各向异性模型电磁场数值解与解析解吻合得相当好,无论在源附近还是远离源处相对误差均不超过1%.电导率各向异性二维模型的计算结果与已有文献采用的非结构有限元模拟结果十分吻合.三维地电模型数值模拟结果显示,电导率各向异性张量电导率主轴分量和欧拉角对不同装置海洋可控源电磁响应均有着明显的影响.     

大地电磁各向异性二维模拟及实例分析

经过半个多世纪的发展,国内外利用大地电磁法研究地球内部电性结构取得了令人瞩目的成就,这些研究成果多数是基于电性各向同性理论.然而地球内部普遍存在电性各向异性现象,地壳和上地幔中存在的电性各向异性是地电模型、地下结构和构造模型间一个重要的联系因素.本文首先由麦克斯韦方程出发,引入张量电导率,根据二维电性各向异性结构的特点,得到一组关于平行走向的电场分量E_x和磁场分量H_x的偏微分方程.使用有限差分法求解偏微分方程,求出E_x和H_x的近似解,并以此求得其它场分量;随后,通过对普通及特殊的二维电性各向异性结构做正演模拟,研究其对观测大地电磁场的影响,从而认识在普通及某种特定地质条件下的电磁传播特性,为其后对大地电磁实测资料的处理解释奠定理论基础;最后,以本文的研究成果为基础,将电性各向异性理论引入对实测大地电磁资料的处理解释中,通过对新疆某地的大地电磁资料做二维正演拟合解释,说明了电性各向异性现象的普遍存在,也验证了理论的正确性及算法的实用性,为今后分析解释大地电磁资料中的电性各向异性现象提供理论依据和技术指导,并开拓了对大地电磁实测资料处理的思路和方法.     

带地形的大地电磁各向异性二维模拟及实例对比分析

带地形的大地电磁二维正演数值模拟多数基于电性各向同性理论,由于地球内部电性各向异性现象的普遍存在,基于电性各向异性理论研究地形起伏情况下大地电磁二维正演数值模拟就显得非常迫切.本文首先由麦克斯韦方程出发,引入张量电导率,求得一组关于平行走向的电场分量Ex和磁场分量Hx的二阶偏微分方程,使用有限差分法求解出Ex和Hx的近似解,并以此求得其他场分量;其次,引入地形因素,改变变量在网格节点中的排列方式,选择交错排列方式从而给有限差分系数矩阵的最大带宽分配合理的存储空间;最后,使用Weaver的方法解决TM模式下,在地-空分界面垂直于构造走向的一些区域存在不同电导率的问题.通过对带地形的二维电性各向异性结构做正演模拟,研究地形因素对大地电磁响应的影响;以电性各向异性理论为基础,将地形因素引入对实测大地电磁资料的处理中,通过做二维正演拟合和未引入地形因素的结果做对比,说明电性各向异性现象的普遍存在,认识地形因素对观测大地电磁场的影响,为今后分析解释实测大地电磁资料包含地形因素和电性各向异性情况提供理论基础和技术指导.     

Anomalous electrical resistivity anisotropy in clean reservoir sandstones

We report novel laboratory measurements of the full electrical resistivity tensor in reservoir analogue quartzose sandstones with clay contents less than 1.5%. We show that clean, homogeneous, visually uniform sandstone samples typically display between 15% and 25% resistivity anisotropy with minimum resistivity normal to the bedding plane. Thin‐section petrography, analysis of fabric anisotropy, and comparison to finite‐element simulations of grain pack compaction show that the observed anisotropy symmetries and magnitudes can be explained by syn‐depositional and post‐depositional compaction processes. Our findings suggest that: electrical resistivity anisotropy is likely to be present in most clastic rocks as a consequence of ballistic deposition and compaction; compaction may be deduced from measurements of electrical anisotropy; and the anisotropy observed at larger scales in well logging and controlled‐source electromagnetic data, with maximum resistivity normal to bedding, is most likely the result of meso‐scale (10^?1 m–10¹ m) periodic layering of electrically dissimilar lithologies.     

三维任意各向异性介质中海洋可控源电磁法正演研究

由于海底介质受沉积环境的影响,层理发育呈现明显各向异性特征.对于海洋可控源电磁法各向异性的研究以往主要局限于一维和二维模型,为更深入了解复杂情况下海底各向异性对海洋可控源电磁响应的影响规律,本文开展三维任意各向异性介质中海洋可控源电磁法正演研究.采用交错网格有限差分技术,通过对任意各向异性介质电导率张量实行体积和空间电流密度平均,完成海洋可控源电磁二次散射电场的离散化,成功实现任意各向异性介质中海洋可控源电磁正演模拟.通过对几种典型各向异性电性模型条件下海洋电磁电场多分量响应及分布特征和各向同性情况的对比分析,总结电各向异性对海洋电磁响应的影响规律和识别方法.本文算法研究及算例可为海洋可控源电磁数据精细化处理解释提供技术支撑.     

冻土区天然气水合物各向异性储层的AMT响应特征

陆域天然气水合物通常发育于冻土层下方破碎带和岩层裂隙处,其储层会表现明显电性各向异性特征.音频大地电磁法（AMT）能有效探测陆域水合物储藏范围,且不易受高阻冻土层的压制和干扰,可用于陆域天然气水合物探测研究.本文采用AMT对角各向异性二维正演方法,对多种陆域天然气水合物各向异性储层模型及相关参数进行了模拟试算,分析其视电阻率和相位响应特征.结果表明AMT能清晰显示各向异性储层空间位置和分布情况,并对储层的水合物饱和度变化以及储层数量等特征都有所反映.天然气水合物电性各向异性模拟研究为这一新型潜力能源的勘查工作提供了新的思路.     

The effect of the electrical anisotropy on the response of helicopter-borne frequency-domain electromagnetic systems

Helicopter electromagnetic (HEM) systems are commonly used for conductivity mapping and the data are often interpreted using an isotropic horizontally layered earth model. However, in regions with distinct dipping stratification, it is useful to extend the model to a layered earth with general anisotropy by assigning each layer a symmetrical 3 × 3 resistivity tensor. The electromagnetic (EM) field is represented by two scalar potentials, which describe the poloidal and toroidal parts of the magnetic field. Via a 2D Fourier transform, we obtain two coupled ordinary differential equations in the vertical coordinate. To stabilize the numerical calculation, the wavenumber domain is divided into two parts associated with small and large wavenumbers. The EM field for small wavenumbers is continued from layer to layer with the continuity conditions. For large wavenumbers, the EM field behaves like a DC field and therefore cannot be sensed by airborne EM systems. Thus, the contribution from the large wavenumbers is simply ignored. The magnetic fields are calculated for the vertical coaxial (VCX), horizontal coplanar (HCP) and vertical coplanar (VCP) coil configurations for a helicopter EM system. The apparent resistivities defined from the VCX, VCP and HCP coil responses, when plotted in polar coordinates, clearly identify the principal anisotropic axes of an anisotropic earth. The field example from the Edwards Aquifer recharge area in Texas confirms that the polar plots of the apparent resistivities identify the principal anisotropic axes that coincide well with the direction of the underground structures.     

基于二次场电导率分块连续变化的三维可控源电磁有限元数值模拟

从电偶源三维地电断面可控源电磁法的二次电场边值问题及其变分问题出发,采用任意六面体单元对研究区域进行剖分,并且在单元分析中同时对电导率及二次电场进行三线性插值,实现电导率分块连续变化情况下,基于二次场的可控源电磁三维有限元数值模拟.这个新的可控源电磁三维正演方法可以模拟实际勘探中地下任意形状及电性参数连续变化的复杂模型.理论模型的计算结果表明,均匀大地计算的视电阻率误差和相位误差分别为0.002%和0.0005°.分层连续变化模型的有限元计算结果表明,其与对应的分层均匀模型解析结果有明显差异.三维异常体组合模型以及倾斜异常体等复杂模型的有限元计算结果也有效地反映了异常形态.     

Advancing process‐based watershed hydrological research using near‐surface geophysics: a vision for,and review of,electrical and magnetic geophysical methods

We want to develop a dialogue between geophysicists and hydrologists interested in synergistically advancing process based watershed research. We identify recent advances in geophysical instrumentation, and provide a vision for the use of electrical and magnetic geophysical instrumentation in watershed scale hydrology. The focus of the paper is to identify instrumentation that could significantly advance this vision for geophysics and hydrology during the next 3–5 years. We acknowledge that this is one of a number of possible ways forward and seek only to offer a relatively narrow and achievable vision. The vision focuses on the measurement of geological structure and identification of flow paths using electrical and magnetic methods. The paper identifies instruments, provides examples of their use, and describes how synergy between measurement and modelling could be achieved. Of specific interest are the airborne systems that can cover large areas and are appropriate for watershed studies. Although airborne geophysics has been around for some time, only in the last few years have systems designed exclusively for hydrological applications begun to emerge. These systems, such as airborne electromagnetic (EM) and transient electromagnetic (TEM), could revolutionize hydrogeological interpretations. Our vision centers on developing nested and cross scale electrical and magnetic measurements that can be used to construct a three‐dimensional (3D) electrical or magnetic model of the subsurface in watersheds. The methodological framework assumes a ‘top down’ approach using airborne methods to identify the large scale, dominant architecture of the subsurface. We recognize that the integration of geophysical measurement methods, and data, into watershed process characterization and modelling can only be achieved through dialogue. Especially, through the development of partnerships between geophysicists and hydrologists, partnerships that explore how the application of geophysics can answer critical hydrological science questions, and conversely provide an understanding of the limitations of geophysical measurements and interpretation. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

3D ELECTROMAGNETIC INVERSION USING INTEGRAL EQUATIONS1

Utilizing electromagnetic data in geophysical exploration work is difficult when measured responses are complicated by the effects of 3D structures. 1D and 2D models may not be capable of accurately simulating the physical processes that contribute to a measured response. 3D conductive-host modelling is difficult, costly and time-consuming. Using a 3D inverse procedure it is possible to automate the interpretation of controlled-source electromagnetic data. This procedure uses an inverse formulation based on frequency-domain, volume integral equations and a pulse-basis representation for the internal electrical field and anomalous conductivity. Beginning with an initial model composed of a 3D inhomogeneous region residing in a laterally homogeneous (layered-earth) geoelectrical section, iterative least-squares algorithms are used to refine the geometry and the conductivity of the inhomogeneity. This novel approach for 3D electromagnetic interpretation yields a reliable and stable inverse solution provided constraints on how much the variable can change at each iteration are incorporated. Integral-equation-based inverse formulations that do not correctly address the non-linearity of this inverse problem may have poor convergence properties, particularly when dealing with the high conductivity contrasts that are typical of many exploration problems. While problems associated with contamination of the data by random noise and non-uniqueness of solutions do not usually influence the inverse solution in an adverse manner, problems associated with model inadequacy and errors in an assumed background conductivity structure can produce undesirable effects.     

Combination of EM and DC Measurements For Upper Crustal Studies

Joint use of electrical and electromagnetic techniques is found to be useful for better understanding of the subsurface electrical resistivity structure. Detection of thin buried layers (conductive or resistive), which may be difficult to identify by a single method alone, could possibly be identified by a combination of methods. Further, distortion or error in the observed data could be corrected, as both methods depend on the same physical parameter, namely electrical conductivity. Although these methods have been known for the last several decades, joint interpretation of data sets is increasingly being used in recent years, especially for complex geological problems. This review covers the main results of the combination of these methods, giving more emphasis to case histories.     

三河-平谷8级大震区地壳上地幔电性结构特征研究

用电磁阵列剖面法 (EMAP)、大地电磁测深方法 (MT) ,沿三河 -平谷 8级大震震源区 ,作了 31 8km长的EMAP探测和两条总长 150 0 5km共 36个点的MT探测。获得了研究范围内的地壳上地幔电性结构、高导层特征和陡变带、高导异常体、断裂展布、岩石圈结构等结果 ,为搞清地震危险区的深浅构造关系、从电性结构特征推测发震模式和预测未来强震的可能地点提供了介质电性的多种参数