大气对流边界层中热力湍流过程的研究

本文利用实测资料讨论了对流边界层内的湍流结构,重点分析复盖递温层附近风速和温度的方差以及垂直速度三阶矩的垂直分布。此外,还讨论了对流边界层顶部附近温度的垂直分布,得出温度梯度随高度分布呈—2次幂关系。     

CLOUD-RESOLVING MODELING OF CONVECTIVE PROCESSES

Recent decades have witnessed the rapid development of cloud-system resolving models （CRM）, which are now capable of simulating cloud systems and accompanying interactions on scales up to global, albeit in the latter application small- scale convection （cumulus） remains unresolved. The implication of such a truncation is not understood. The CRM approach has its roots in non-hydrostatic cloud models developed a generation ago for simulating individual cumulonimbus in integrations lasting about an hour Advances in computer capacity enable CRMs to be run with progressively larger computational domains and be integrated for weeks or months,     

一次模态变异中尺度对流系统的模拟与分析

利用NCEP FNL分析资料及南京多普勒雷达观测,借助WRF模式,对2017年8月19日发生在长江中下游地区的一次中尺度对流系统(MCS)进行模拟和诊断分析。此次MCS组织模态PS(Parallel Stratiform)型和TS(Trailing Stratiform)型共存,开始为带状结构,最后演变为强弓状飑线。气旋切变和低空急流是此次过程的重要影响系统,而午后强烈发展的地面锋触发了此次强对流。在垂直风切变和冷池共同作用下,西侧初始对流发展为PS型模态,东侧发展为TS型模态。由于PS型模态的中低层垂直风切变发生转向,导致其消散。TS型模态附近冷池和垂直风切变相配合,且在后向入流(Rear Inflow Jets,RIJ)作用下发展成为强弓状飑线;RIJ受中低层涡旋对影响而发展增强,其中气旋式涡旋主要由涡度方程中拉伸项决定,而反气旋式涡旋则主要由倾侧项决定。     

对流云降水过程中地形作用的数值模拟

该文利用地形追随坐标三维云模式，对湖北的一次对流降水过程进行了平坦地面和理想斜坡地形的模拟试验。结果发现平坦地面模拟的回波强度、最大降水强度和累积降水都与实况有相当的差距。理想地形的对流过程虽然不能模拟出对流群中多单体的生消过程，但最大降水强度和累积降水都比平坦地面的大，更接近实测结果。模拟试验表明，在地形坡度较大时，会产生较强的上升气流，从而使系统对流发展旺盛，产生较大的降水和较强的回波。所以在模拟山区和丘陵地带的对流系统时，采用地形坐标并考虑地形将会改善模式的模拟结果。     

对流崩溃过程的一个非线性理论

本文利用A.A.德罗特尼村所提出的方法解出了描写积云发展的非线性微分方程组来研究一种形成、发展很快,而崩溃又很突然的积云发展过程。计算据果表明:积云的崩溃过程是从云顶开始向下崩溃的;非线性项的作用和大气层结的不稳定,在对流运动崩溃过程中起着很重要的作用;下沉运动是使积云崩溃的极重要的因素。     

植冠层湍流的数值模拟

根据流体力学的基本原理，建立了能量单方程植冠层湍流模式。并用小麦和玉米两种作物的实例资料对模式进行了验证。     

对流参数在强对流天气潜势预测中的作用

文章结合强对流天气发生发展的物理机制，介绍了与浮力能和风切变有关的几个对流参数的物理概念和计算方法，并结合具体个例分析了这些参数在强对流天气潜势预测中的作用。     

对流层下部的湍流微結构

本文利用等人的风速模涨落的观測資料,分析了100—1470米高的湍流結构。得到下面主要結果:(1)各个高度上水平风速模涨落的概率分布近于正态律.(2)局地各向同性湍流理論的結論适用于所述高度范围內的小湍涡区.并且,在几百米高度以下,結构函数适合“2/3規律”的最大尺度常常与高度相当,甚至会超过高度好多倍.(3)在高于几百米的地方,适合“2/3規律”的最大尺度小于高度,且随高度沒有呈現系統性变化。 文中也討論了所用記录的代表性。     

SPECTRAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SURFACE-LAYER TURBULENCE OVER THE SUBURBS OF TIANJIN

The paper computed the spectra of velocity and temperature,and the cospectra of velocity and temperature by theobservational data of July,1990 in the suburbs of Tianjin.The results show that the characteristics of the atmosphericturbulence spectra over the suburbs are basically in accordance with some typical results over the flat terrain.But thescale,on which turbulence can satisfy the isotropic condition,over the suburbs is larger than over the flat terrain.Thespectrum peak frequency range is a bit narrower.The feature of the spectrum range in low frequency(LF)is out ofaccordance with that of the flat terrain either.     

南京市近地层湍流结构及输送特征研究

本文利用"城市生物气溶胶研究”中的超声风温仪观测资料,对南京市近地层大气的湍流强度、相关系数、速度谱及通量输送等进行研究,得到南京市近地层湍流结构及输送特征的一些结论.     

SOME MEASUREMENTS OF TURBULENCE CHARACTERISTICS OVER COMPLEX TERRAIN

Results are presented from a windturbulence measurements campaign at the summit of ahill in complex terrain in Andros island (Greece)where a wind turbine park has been constructed. Meanturbulence parameters and power spectra from three 30 mmasts located at the summit, upwind and downwind ofthe hill are analysed to ascertain the differencesfrom respective parameters in flat terrain and toassess the influence of the irregular topography. Thevariances of the horizontal (vertical) wind components are found tobe smaller (larger) than the onesfrom flat terrain. Of the available correlations forthe power spectra, the Von Karman one was found togive better results, although the low frequency partsshow pronounced lags. The asymmetry of the upwindterrain for different wind directions and especiallyits slope is clearly felt both by variances and byspectra. This influence, as expected, is found toincrease with increasing stability. These results havean important significance for wind turbine design andwind energy utilisation.     

A STUDY OF RAPID DECAY TYPHOONS IN OFFSHORE WATERS OF CHINA

On the basis of NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data and yearbooks of CMA tropical cyclones, statistical analysis is performed for 1949—2013 offshore typhoons subjected to rapid decay(RD). This analysis indicates that RD typhoons are small-probability events, making up about 2.2% of the total offshore typhoons during this period. The RD events experience a decadal variation, mostly in the 1960 s and 1970 s(maximal in the 1970 s), rapidly decrease in the 1980 s and 1990 s and quickly increase from 2000. Also, RD typhoons show remarkable seasonal differences: they arise mainly in April and July-December, with the prime stage being in October-November. The offshore RD typhoons occur mostly in the South China Sea(SCS) and to a lesser extent in the East China Sea(ECS); however, none are observed over the Huang Sea and Bo Sea.Composite analysis and dynamic diagnosis of the RD typhoon-related large-scale circulations are performed.Physical quantities of the composite analysis consist of 500-h Pa height and temperature fields, vapor transfer, vertical wind shear(VWS), density of core convection(DCC), and high-level jet and upper-air outflow of the typhoon. The results suggest that(1) at the 500-h Pa height field, the typhoon is ahead of a westerly trough and under the effects of its passing trough;(2) at the temperature field, the typhoon is ahead of a temperature trough, with an invading cold tongue present;(3) at the vapor transfer field, water transfer into the RD typhoon is cut off; and(4) at higher levels, the related jet weakens and the outbreak of convection becomes attenuated in the typhoon core. In addition, VWS bears a relation to the RD typhoon; in particular, strong VWS favors RD occurrence.The differences in RD events between the SCS and ECS show that for the RD, the VWS of the ECS environmental winds is markedly stronger in comparison with its SCS counterpart. The cold advection invading into the typhoons is more intense in the SCS than in the ECS, and the low-level vapor transfer and high-level outflow are weaker in the SCS RD typhoons.Data analysis shows that sea surface temperature(SST), VWS, and DCC can be employed as efficient factors to predict RD occurrence. With appropriate SST, VWS, and DCC, a warning of RD occurrence can be given 36, 30-36,and 30 h, respectively, in advance. These values suggest that atmospheric SST responses lag. Owing to this time lag,the prediction of RD typhoons is possible.     

不同气象条件下湍流通量的研究

利用1989年12月－1990年1月在重庆市测得的三轴风速仪资料和气象资料，1990年7月－8月在天津测得的三轴风速仪资料、温度脉冲资料、气象资料、计算了不同气象条件下的动量通量、热通量、摩擦速度和特征温度。这对了解重庆和天津市郊不同气象条件下的近地面层的湍流通量特征是十分有益的。     

A STUDY OF 1.5-ORDER CLOSURE TURBULENCE MODEL

Based on turbulence theory,a 1.5-order closure turbulence model is established.The model incorporating with theground surface energy budget equation is constructed by means of a vertical one-dimensional(1-D)40-levelgrid-mesh.The numerical results reveal the 24-h evolution of the clear planetary boundary layer comparing with theWangara boundary layer data of days 33—34.The model also takes into account some physical processes of radiativetransfer and baroclinicity,revealing some important characteristics observed in the boundary layer,especially for theevolution of the mixed layer and low-level jet.The calculated results are in good agreement with the observational data.On the other hand,we also run the high-resolution model of the planetary boundary layer in the Mesoscale Model Ver-sion 4(MM4)with the same physical processes and initial conditions.The results show that the high-resolution modelcan not reveal those important characteristics as the 1.5-order closure model did.In general,it is shown that the 1.5-or-der closure turbulence model based on turbulence theory is better in rationality and reality.     

动力和能量参数在强对流天气预报中的应用研究

较强的热力不稳定和适宜的动力环境是强对流发展的基础 ,造成灾害的强对流一般是一种深厚对流 ,深对流指数和对流有效位能可反映对流上升运动的潜势和强度 ,对流有效位能还隐含地反映了对流层大气总体垂直热力结构。下沉对流有效位能和大风指数反映了对流下沉运动和下击暴流潜势 ,对流下沉和中层干空气的入侵高度、干燥程度及对流层中下层的稳定度和湿度有关。强风暴特别是超级单体一般都具有很高的螺旋性 ,高螺旋度有利于风暴生命的维持 ,而风暴相对螺旋度则对风暴发生及风暴类型有一定的预示。粗里查逊数反映了对流能量和环境场动力之间的平衡关系 ,能量螺旋度指数反映了动力和能量对强对流天气发展的共同效应 ,它们都综合了动力和热力两方面的因子 ,对强风暴及其类型的预报有指示意义。风暴强度指数和瑞士雷暴指数成功地把动力和对流能量参数结合起来 ,在实际研究和业务工作中这种方法值得借鉴。随着高分辨率中尺度和风暴模式的发展 ,模式输出的对流动力和能量参数将有广泛的应用前景。     

天津市郊大气边界层湍谱特征分析

用１９９０年７月在天津市郊的观测资料，计算了风速谱、温度谱及动量和热量通量的协谱。结果表明，市郊下垫面上的大气湍流谱特征与平坦地形上得到的典型结果基本一致，但满足各向同性的湍流尺度似乎比在平坦地形上的略大，谱的峰值频率区域略窄，谱的低频区（含能区）特征与平坦地形上的情况也不同。     

大涡模拟模式研究对流层湍流

利用三维大涡模拟模式研究不同地面热力状况和风切变对湍流产生的影响，在对流层湍流发展过程中，这两种作用是同时存在的、同时起作用，水平风速的瞬时垂直切变可以在自由大气中激发湍流，但它不能维持很长时间，对流热泡也可以在自由大气中激发湍流，其湍流强度与地面的热量强度有关。     

江西秋季一次区域性强对流天气过程的模拟分析

利用常规地面观测资料、卫星辐射率资料以及NCAR/NCEP再分析资料,采用中尺度数值模式WRF及其三维变分同化模块,对2009年11月9日江西的一次区域性秋季强对流天气过程进行数值模拟,探讨了此次强对流天气过程发生发展的物理机制。结果表明:(1)江西省基本均处于K指数大于36℃高值区,具备热力不稳定能量,K指数很好地反映此次过程的热力条件;(2)强的垂直风切变,为此次强对流提供发展的能量;(3)Δt850-500达到26℃,具有强垂直温度梯度;(4)此次强对流过程中,对流层中高层的干侵入可以向下伸展至700 hPa高度层以下,有利于对流不稳定能量在低层的积聚,对流不稳定能量的释放可以将低层的暖湿气流向上输送至较高的层次,加强了强对流天气的发生。     

一次强对流的三维数值模拟分析

利用中国科学院大气物理研究所的完全弹性三维雹云数值模式（IAP—CSM3D）,对2007年7月21日发生在湛江的一次强对流进行数值模拟,分析了强对流的气流结构、垂直涡度、雷达回波及含水量分布变化特征。结果表明,模拟的回波最大强度与雷达实测结果较吻合。模拟的强对流发展阶段气流结构的典型特征为下层水平辐合,上层水平辐散,气流在5km高度发生转向;处于成熟阶段的底层辐合比发展阶段的更强。随着时间的推移,近地层气流先辐合后辐散,下沉辐散气流一直持续到冰雹云消散。模拟的风暴云高含水量中心与强回波中心相对应,出现在上升气流最大区域附近,这说明该风暴云的动力场与物质场配合较好。     

上海地区强对流天气短时预报系统

以强对流天气的发生、发展规律为依据,从中尺度数值预报模式输出结果、Ｄｏｐｐｌｅｒ天气雷达、静止气象卫星、ＭＩＣＡＰＳ系统和自动雨量站网等获取大气运动的各种尺度动力条件、水汽条件、大气稳定度和触发机制,各种天气实况等动态变化资料,结合预报员经验,建立了“上海地区强对流天气短时预报系统”（以下简称“预报系统”）,预报系统产品包括强对流天气的形势分析、０～１２ｈ展望预报、０～３ｈ滚动预报及警报。预报系统