发展循环经济的制度解析:国外经验及中国借鉴

随着经济发展的资源和环境约束日益突出，发展循环经济，建设资源节约型和环境友好型社会成为中国可持续发展战略不可分割的组成部分。国际上，循环经济已由最初的理念逐步被推向实践，成为构建新型经济模式的重要手段和途径。本文在回顾发达国家循环经济发展历程的基础上，从制度供需及制度主体角色定位的角度概括其在发展循环经济的主要经验。最后比照中国循环经济的发展实践，指出中国循环经济发展中的制度缺陷。     

Sustainablc agriculture progress and tasks inrecent studies in China

IntroductionTheterm"SUStainaleagricultUre"becamewidelyusedinthebeginningofthenddl98Os.TherearethreeimpohanndlestoneperiodsintheprogressofsustainableaghcultaldevelopmenLFiruly,theraiseoftheconceptandlocaIdiscussions.In1984,thebookAgricoIturalSustainabihtyinaChangingfforldOrdereditedbyGordonK.Douglasscameout.ItcoIhassiXteenPapersonagriculturaldevelopmentanditssustainability.ForthefirSthmeabookintroducesanddefinestheconceptinthreeaSPectSoffoodsffociency,environmentsignificanceandconunta…     

Management of transboundary water resources: lessons from international cooperation for conflict prevention

Tensions over freshwater resources may become more frequent as pressures on water resources grow due to increased demand and variability of rainfall. Conflicts may take place between or within countries or between competing sectoral users. This paper focuses on institutional approaches for enhancing cooperation between countries for sustainable development of transboundary freshwater bodies and contributing basins. It is assumed that instead of being zones of conflict, shared water resources can provide a basis for cooperation and benefit–sharing provided that threats to the international waters are recognized and collaborative structures are created. The paper draws upon experiences gained within the international waters focal area of the Global Environment Facility, the main funding mechanism for countries to support the environmental management of transboundary water resources. Lessons for promoting peaceful cooperation for environmental management, benefit–sharing and sustainable use of transboundary freshwater resources are highlighted through examples from Africa, Central Asia and Latin America. Experience shows the importance of processes that bring together all sectors and actors whose actions affect the transboundary waterbody at regional, national and local levels. The development of a science–based diagnostic analysis is essential to identify the threats to the transboundary ecosystem and to break down the issues into manageable parts with the aim of developing a strategic action programme. Ensuring political commitment that can result in institutional, policy and legal reforms in the countries concerned is the key to sustainable development of the transboundary resource.     

21世纪中国城市未来的软规划与生态文明建设

文章旨在通过理念性的探讨,试就“中国在日益深入地参与全球贸易和投资中所面临的主要挑战”这一议题激发大家的讨论。文章论述了当代城市化理论现状、城市化和可持续发展之间的关系对中国国家发展目标的影响以及中国21世纪面临的发展挑战,认为：1）中国应注重基于本土发展经验的理论知识构建,以指导自身的城市化道路。特别地,中国需要平衡经济增长与可持续发展之间的关系,充分利用和部署生态资本,推动生态文明建设;2）以部署生态资本为重心的“软规划”在未来规划中将占据更重要的地位,为此需要进行体制改革、机构重组以及加强政府部门与私营部门和民间社会之间的合作;3）扩展型都市区可在生态文明建设中发挥更大作用,努力打造一个可持续的、宜居的和有经济活力的体制性框架,从而为“一带一路”倡议提出的国际贸易和投资深化发展提供基础。     

中国在东南亚的海外经贸合作园区——以嵌入性视角检验政策移动性（英文）

The development of overseas industrial parks is a key component of the Belt and Road Initiative and an expected experimental way of promoting inclusive globalization by inventing new forms of cooperation between China and local host countries. Policy mobility, a classic theory within international political geography addressing the connection between local and global policies, has implications for overseas industrial parks development. In this paper, we argue that policies are not easily moved directly from one place to another; instead, policies are embedded due to the role of local actors in policy mobility. This article first provides an overview of seven China-Southeast Asia economic and trade cooperation zones identified by the Ministry of Commerce, and analyzes their key participants. It then discusses policy mobility by looking into the roles of revenue, land, and talent in developing these industrial parks. The paper finds that these parks face challenges, such as the complicated geographical environments of host countries, huge pressure from enterprise investment capital, the lack of overseas service platforms, and underdeveloped agglomeration economies. In the light of the current situation, policy suggestions for the future sustainable development of overseas industrial parks are put forward.     

Chinese overseas industrial parks in Southeast Asia: An examination of policy mobility from the perspective of embeddedness

The development of overseas industrial parks is a key component of the Belt and Road Initiative and an expected experimental way of promoting inclusive globalization by inventing new forms of cooperation between China and local host countries. Policy mobility, a classic theory within international political geography addressing the connection between local and global policies, has implications for overseas industrial parks development. In this paper, we argue that policies are not easily moved directly from one place to another; instead, policies are embedded due to the role of local actors in policy mobility. This article first provides an overview of seven China-Southeast Asia economic and trade cooperation zones identified by the Ministry of Commerce, and analyzes their key participants. It then discusses policy mobility by looking into the roles of revenue, land, and talent in developing these industrial parks. The paper finds that these parks face challenges, such as the complicated geographical environments of host countries, huge pressure from enterprise investment capital, the lack of overseas service platforms, and underdeveloped agglomeration economies. In the light of the current situation, policy suggestions for the future sustainable development of overseas industrial parks are put forward.     

Local institutional actors and globally linked territorial development in Bekasi District: A strategic coupling?

Ever‐changing spatial divisions of labour have led to an altered integration of many developing countries into global production networks (GPNs), leading to new spaces of territorial development in these countries. Against this background, this paper examines the role of local institutional actors in co‐shaping territorial development driven by global industrial relocation. Drawing on the case of Bekasi District, Indonesia, this paper nuances the notion of ‘strategic coupling’ in specific national and local settings of developing countries. Drawing on empirical material obtained through a series of in‐depth interviews conducted between 2012 and 2016, our analysis reveals that although local institutional actors have participated in Bekasi District's territorial development processes they sometimes exhibit a hesitant and less‐than‐creative attitude in this participation. Meanwhile, non‐local actors, most notably private developers and central government agencies, tend to have a more significant leverage in these development processes at the local level, suggesting complex institutional arrangements in tying Bekasi District's assets with GPNs.     

The Indonesian consumer market for clothing: Institutions, firms and organizational behaviours

The clothing industry is widely cited as an industrial sector that is embedded primarily in buyer-driven structures of global commodity chains in which retailers and brand-name companies, rather than manufacturers, are the key driving forces. Analysis of clothing production systems within the commodity chain literature, however, has been predominantly Western-centric, with little emphasis on similarities and/or differences between competitors in different institutional and societal contexts. Therefore, this paper explores the ways in which international and domestic clothing brand-owners compete for market shares within Indonesia. The analytical focus includes important issues such as the influence of the regulatory policy framework on firm-specific behaviour as well as applied marketing strategies within individual fashion segments.     

Addressing poverty and inequality in the rural economy from a global perspective

Recent decades have seen the rural areas of developing and emerging countries undergo significant structural changes. They are the source of several pertinent international concerns, including extreme poverty and hunger, and rising spatial and interpersonal disparities, challenges that national governments and the international community have made limited headway in alleviating to date. By analysing the range of rural development approaches implemented in recent decades, we develop a picture in which territorial approaches have become more mainstream. Since the turn of the century in particular they have gradually supplanted more traditional place-neutral approaches, which, we argue, have served to increase rural-urban disparities and exasperate the incidence of poverty in rural areas. Rural territorial development approaches, where able to mobilise sufficient participation and coordination between local stakeholders, civil society, and various multi-level actors, offer the most favourable means of gaining a better understanding of the many social, economic, institutional assets within a region. They can be harnessed to drive brands of regional development that are not only sustainable, but also more equitable and inclusive across different segments of the population and territories.     

中国可持续发展问题与土地利用/覆被变化研究

土地利用 /覆被变化 (LUCC)研究 ,已成为全球环境变化和可持续发展领域前沿的核心问题。中国是世界上人多地少、生态与环境问题较为突出的发展中国家 ,目前中国可持续发展所面临的许多问题 ,都与土地利用及其变化有着内在的、必然的联系。因此 ,面向可持续发展战略的实施 ,开展土地利用 /覆被变化的系统研究 ,具有重要的科学价值与战略意义。本文重点对土地利用 /覆被变化与可持续发展重点问题的关系 ,以及面向可持续发展问题的LUCC研究目标、主要内容和技术方法等进行了讨论     

面向“未来地球”计划的区域可持续发展系统解决方案研究——对人文—经济地理学发展导向的讨论

“未来地球”计划旨在提出系统解决可持续发展问题方案的学术思想、顶层设计、核心内容、研究方法等,为人文—经济地理学研究区域可持续发展的未来走向提供了较好的借鉴意义。在分析“未来地球”核心理念的基础上,阐述了人文—经济地理学面临的发展机遇和发展定位,并探索“未来地球”计划的5 个优先事项对面向全球可持续发展问题的系统解决方案。并对区域可持续发展系统研究的目标、视角和路径进行了讨论,在此基础上,从应用基础研究和应用实践两个层次探讨了针对区域可持续发展问题的系统解决方案的学术思路。以“未来地球”研究计划为参照标尺,按照区域可持续发展系统解决方案研究的逻辑架构,从提高预测能力和评估水平、调控过程和管制模式的应用研究以及体制机制设计等3个方面,讨论了面向“未来地球”的中国人文—经济地理学发展导向。     

城镇化与地方性中的水资源：可持续视角的水环境保护利用与水空间规划设计

近年来,由于水资源不合理利用引发的水资源污染、短缺以及自然灾害的加剧,制约着城镇、区域和国家的社会经济发展,对生态环境安全及人类的可持续发展造成威胁。如何保证在环境演变、城镇发展的过程中,水资源得到可持续开发利用,水文化的地方性得以保持和丰富,成为当下生态环境保护、城市规划设计的一大挑战。2018年9月25-29日在北京召开的中德双边研讨会聚焦环境变化,以“可持续视角的水环境保护利用与水空间规划设计”为主题,在规划、地理、景观、建筑、旅游、生态、水利、历史等多学科领域,就中德双方在不同的城镇化发展阶段面临的水资源保护与可持续开发问题及其相关经验和解决对策。中德两国的29位专家学者,就城镇化过程中水环境保护与利用的挑战、水资源的可持续利用、水空间的规划设计策略等三个主题展开交流与讨论,并就双边学术研究、人才培养和成果交流方面的合作渠道和模式进行探讨。     

农业景观保护路径历史回顾及启示

农业景观保护是实现农业景观可持续发展的重要举措,关系到中国粮食安全保障、农耕文明传承、乡村风貌维系、生态安全格局构建乃至社会经济稳定发展。本文借助对发达国家农业景观保护路径的长时间尺度历史回顾,总结归纳出农业景观保护路径发展的一般规律,即其在社会经济发展进程中一般经历传统保护、应对保护、管制保护、治理保护和管护保护五个发展阶段。从最初的传统保护阶段到最近的管护保护阶段,农业景观保护目标从自给生产维续逐渐转变为可持续发展,景观可持续性先降后升。在此基础上,结合中国农业景观保护状况,提炼出增强主体管护意识、提升景观功能服务、优化信息沟通渠道、完善政策弹性结构等四方面启示。     

Socio‐economic and ecological challenges of small‐scale fishing and strategies for its sustainable management: A case study of the Old Brahmaputra River,Bangladesh

Socio‐economic and ecological challenges faced by the small‐scale fishers dependent on the Old Brahmaputra River, Bangladesh are assessed using a combination of questionnaire survey, co‐monitoring of fish catch, focus group discussions and key informant interviews. Results reveal that the fishers are involved in professional, seasonal or subsistence fishing. Fish catches from the river have declined significantly because of overfishing, destructive use of fishing gear, water pollution, siltation, rapid urbanization and human encroachment, thereby threatening the health of the river ecosystem as well as the future of small‐scale fishing. We evaluate various social, economic and ecological challenges faced by the fisher communities. We propose a conceptual framework that recognizes linkages among social, economic and ecological aspects in devising a sustainable river fisheries management system. We recommend effective legal enforcement of policies and regulations, strong institutional collaboration and active fisher community participation in management to ensure sustainable use of the resource base.     

粤港澳大湾区建设国际科技创新中心的战略思考

基于对全球创新格局与趋势的探讨,以及对国际科技创新中心内涵与特性的解读,剖析了粤港澳大湾区当前建设国际科技创新中心所具备的优势与面临的挑战,并对科技创新中心建设提出几点战略性的思考。当前粤港澳大湾区正处于整体迈进知识经济时期,创新要素在地理空间上高度集聚,创新生态条件不断完善,创新全球化的影响在区域内初显,拥有雄厚的制造业基础,市场对创新的需求极为可观,基本具备建设国际科技创新中心的条件。但同时,我们应该看到由于粤港澳一体化的制度障碍以及巨大的区域内部差距,粤港澳大湾区的创新发展还存在创新要素聚而不联、创新要素流动不畅、体制机制转换对接困难、关键核心技术受制于人等现实挑战。在充分发挥粤港澳互补优势、补齐短板的基础上,粤港澳大湾区应立足源头创新,将建设国际产业创新策源地作为立区之本;实施产业驱动,将建设国际产业科技创新中心作为核心功能;推进制度创新,将建设协同创新示范区作为关键突破。以源头创新促产业创新,以制度改革推协同创新,最终实现粤港澳大湾区创新协同与一体化融合发展。     

中国境外经贸合作区的“园中园”发展模式与案例研究

以发展较为成功的中国?印尼经济贸易合作区（简称“中印合作区”）为例,讨论“一带一路”背景下中国境外经贸合作区的成功发展经验与“园中园”发展模式。中印合作区是中国企业在印度尼西亚设立的第一批国家级境外经贸合作区之一,采用“园中园”发展模式。通过实地调研与访谈的方法,构建“园中园”发展模式分析框架,从构建多主体间的合作网络、根植地方的制度文化环境、提供优质的园区环境这3个维度重点分析了中印合作区的发展过程与特征。归纳总结境外经贸合作区发展的成功经验,为未来境外经贸合作区的建设提供案例借鉴与理论参考。     

发达和发展中国家持续农业发展的不同模式

不同的持续农业发展模式应该与该地区的社会经济自然条件紧密相关。本文主要介绍发达和发展中国家农业持续发展的各种不同的模式，通过比较。总结了三点启示。     

西方区域环境治理研究进展及其对粤港澳大湾区的启示

文章旨在通过系统梳理西方区域环境治理的研究进展和前沿问题,以拓展国内区域环境治理研究,对认识粤港澳大湾区乃至中国深入发展以来面临的经济发展—环境保护矛盾和探索可持续发展政策有所启示。文章回顾了20多年以来西方区域环境治理研究的主要成果,总结出区域环境治理研究的理论进展、治理模式与影响效应3个重点议题。政府和非政府主体共同参与区域层面环境问题的应对已成为环境治理转变的重要特征之一。各主体之间采用了由国家政府或者地方行动者主导的协调方式,形成了不同的管理模式。区域层面的环境参与受到了经济、政治、社会等多重因素的影响,同时也对资源环境、经济、政治等方面产生了重要影响。最后,文章提出粤港澳大湾区环境治理研究应重点关注中国特色“一国两制”政策背景下粤港澳大湾区环境治理的组织框架,实施环境治理的地域因素、影响效应,探索促进区域发展的制度安排。     

“一带一路”沿线汽车市场时空变化特征及影响因素研究:基于2005-2017年面板数据

“一带一路”沿线是中国品牌汽车主要出口市场,研究“一带一路”沿线区域汽车市场变化对中国品牌汽车深入实施国际化战略有重要意义。该文采用空间自相关、新兴时空热点分析、面板数据模型等方法分析2005—2017年“一带一路”沿线59个国家汽车市场时空变化特征及影响因素,研究发现：①“一带一路”沿线国家汽车消费市场整体增长较为缓慢,销量占全球汽车销量比重呈现下降趋势;②不同区域的汽车市场存在较大差异,南亚地区汽车产销规模大而且增长较快;③大部分国家汽车市场主要依赖进口,南亚及东南亚地区汽车市场潜力较大;④新兴时空热点分析方法识别出印度、俄罗斯、伊朗及印度尼西亚为连续热点、加强的热点、持续的热点等三种时空变化模式;⑤ 面板数据动态差分GMM模型表明“一带一路”沿线滞后一期汽车销量、人均GDP、服务业增加值、汽车产量、城镇人口等因素对汽车销量有促进作用。研究认为在中美经贸关系频繁波动背景下,中国汽车企业应该高度重视“一带一路”汽车市场的重要性,在不同区域因地制宜地采取差异化国际化策略;根据“一带一路”汽车市场具有惯性效应这一特点,中国汽车企业可侧重印度、俄罗斯、伊朗、印度尼西亚等已有汽车市场规模较大的国家深入推进国际化战略。     

Globalisation, Regionalisation and Local Voices: The Asian Development Bank and Rescaled Politics of Environment in the Mekong Region

Globalisation is manifested in the Mekong Region both through processes and discourses that reflect the ideology of a borderless world allowing easy passage of capital and commodities, and through resistance to such processes in an increasingly transnationalised civil society movement. However, more immediately significant supranational integrative agendas take the form of regionalisation, a process that has received less attention but which raises analogous concerns of re-scaled governance. The Asian Development Bank (ADB) has been a catalysing force for regionalisation amidst a host of regional processes and initiatives; as such it has found itself the object of critique as an institution and through the specific projects it has supported that have impacted on local communities and ecosystems. Meanwhile, local and NGO voices associated with the emergence of a vibrant civil society in Thailand and nascent civil society responses in neighbouring countries have challenged claims on resources made in the name of national development and regional integration.
This paper considers some key issues of re-scaling resource and environmental politics in the Mekong Region, and the extent to which challenges have been recast from national to regional development agendas. Politics of environment are shown to exist as a general rather than exceptional response to the region's development direction, and it is suggested that equitable and sustainable development increasingly needs to address simultaneously the re-scaling and reconfigurations of power in both environmental politics and the "infrapolitics" of environment. The paper is illustrated with case studies of dams in Laos and Thailand.