宝鸡市冬半年降水相态精细化客观预报方法研究

为探究复杂地形下冬半年降水相态预报方法,进一步提升降水相态预报时空分辨率和准确率,利用2010—2019年冬半年(11月至次年3月)宝鸡市11个国家气象站观测资料及欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts,ECMWF)第五代大气再分析资料,统计分析宝鸡市冬半年雨、雨夹雪和雪3种降水相态时空分布特征,筛选确定降水相态判识因子及阈值,构建降水相态精细化客观预报方法,并检验预报效果。结果表明：宝鸡市初冬-冬末时期以降雨为主,雨雪转换时期3种相态日数占比相当,而隆冬时期则以降雪为主。降水相态空间分布与地形密切相关,海拔较低的渭河两岸川塬区降雨较多,而海拔较高的南北部山区降雪较多。地面2 m气温(T₂)、850 hPa和700 hPa温度(T₈₅₀、T₇₀₀)、850～1 000 hPa和700～850 hPa位势厚度(H_850-1000、H_700-850)可作为宝鸡市冬半年降水相态组合判据,川塬区渭滨站初...     

山东冬半年降水相态的温度特征统计分析

采用济南和青岛1999-2011年的降水、高空和地面观测资料,研究了山东冬半年降水相态与影响系统的关系及温度垂直变化特征,获得不同降水相态的温度预报指标.结果表明:(1)降水相态变化与影响系统有关,江淮气旋和回流形势产生的大雪以上强降雪存在雨雪转换,低槽冷锋、黄河气旋和切变线(低涡)多产生中雪以下直接降雪.(2)无相态变化的降雪过程一般发生在温度较低、垂直变化单一的条件下,850 hPa以下各层均有明显温度阈值.(3)有相态转换的降雪过程中,850和925 hPa的温度对于雨、雪、雨夹雪的识别没有明显指示性,1000 hPa以下的温度最为关键,将925 hPa以下各层与地面的温度结合起来判别相态,较使用单一特性层温度更为可靠;冰粒区别于其他降水类型,在温度场上的显著特征为700 hPa的温度较高.(4)0℃层高度可用于雨雪转换指标:降雨时0℃层高于925 hPa或在925 hPa上下,当0℃层的高度降至1000 hPa上下时转为降雪.(5)雨夹雪和冰粒发生在有雨雪相态转换的降水过程中,为过渡形态,不会单独出现.     

2014年鲁南一次暖切变暴雪过程的诊断分析

利用常规观测资料、自动站资料及NCEP1°×1°再分析资料对2014年2月4—6日鲁南暴雪过程进行诊断分析。研究表明：（1）500hPa的短波槽,700hPa和850hPa暖式切变线及低空急流是造成这次暴雪的关键影响系统,同时位于华北700hPa的小高压对强降雪的形成也起到关键作用。（2）东南低空气流的移动跟雨区的移动具有很好的对应关系。第一阶段降雪的水汽辐合主要集中在700hPa,第二阶段的水汽辐合集中在对流层低层。（3）此次降雪过程降水相态的温度与厚度判据与经验统计预报指标一致。     

一次晚春降水相态变化特征及成因

应用常规观测资料、自动站资料、雷达资料及1°×1°NCEP再分析资料,对2013年4月19日河北省一次晚春回流降水相态变化特征及成因进行了分析。结果表明:河北中南部地区相继受东西2股冷空气影响,前期东路冷空气从850 hPa以下入侵,之后西路冷空气随700 hPa高空槽东移加剧了中南部地区的降温,使大范围降水出现相态变化;地面温度对本次降水过程的雨雪相变指示性不大,但地面气压的变化早于地面温度,对预报具有一定的指示意义;700 hPa低空急流对中空暖层的形成起决定作用,当暖层消失,降水相态完全转为降雪,925 hPa上-2℃温度特征线与降雪区对应较好,通过温度的垂直结构来辨别相态更为可靠;雷达回波的0℃层亮带出现高度在4.7 km左右,其高度的快速降低与降水相态转变时间一致。     

安庆市降水相态识别判据研究

利用1999—2014年11月至翌年3月安庆站逐日地面气象观测资料和探空资料,分析了安庆站不同降水相态的时空分布特征和雨雪转换过程中影响系统的配置及转变,选取雨雪转换、降雪和冰粒(包括冻雨)3种天气现象,研究不同降水相态与特性层温度及厚度层结的关系。结果表明:1999—2014年安庆市固态降水集中出现在11月至翌年3月;有降水相态转换的过程中,将850hPa及以下各层温度与地面温度结合对降水相态转变的识别具有更好的效果,当T_(850hPa)≥-4℃、T_(925hPa)≥-4℃、T_(1000hPa)≥-1℃、T_(地面温度)≥1℃时可以判定降水相态为降雨,各层温度继续降低将出现雨转雪,直接降雪在以上指标的基础上需要850hPa的温度降至-6℃及以下;H_(850—700hPa)和H_(1000—850hPa)厚度层结雨雪转换的临界值分别为154dagpm、129dagpm,低于此值则为雪,反之为雨;0℃层高度也可以作为降水相态转换的指标之一,当0℃层高度下降至1000hPa左右时为雨转雪;降水过程中逆温层普遍存在,各种降水类型的区别在于冰粒(冻雨)在850—700hPa之间存在一个0℃以上的暖层,而降雪需要逆温层温度小于0℃。     

济南春季一次罕见降雪过程成因分析

利用高空和地面观测资料、温度廓线仪资料、L波段雷达资料、NCEP资料对济南春季一次罕见的降雪过程进行了分析。结果表明：降雪过程的水汽输送主要来自于中层,由700hPa 西南急流提供;低层冷空气垫的维持,有利于中高层西南气流的爬升;强降雪发生在850hPa冷平流开始减弱,700hPa暖平流增强的时段内,是典型的回流降雪形势;925～1000hPa的温度和降水相态的转变相关性更好,温度廓线仪资料可信度比较高,可以很好地反应降水相态转变时边界层温度的垂直分布;未出现降水时,市区和郊区边界层内的温差大;出现降雪后,市区和郊区边界层内的温差比较小。     

2002年河南春季的一次层状云降水特征研究

对2002年4月4—5日发生在河南省的大范围春季层状云降水进行探空、雷达、卫星等综合加密观测,分析了锋面移动过程中的云系特征和降水特点。结果发现此次降水主要是700～500hPa大气位势不稳定( θse/ z<0)造成的,位势不稳定区与地面降水极值中心有较好的对应。另外,在位势不稳定层出现前后,高空250～200hPa均存在一个急流中心,而在位势不稳定层的上方或下方则会有风向切变与之对应。云层厚度小、云顶高度低、云系结构不均匀是此次降水云系的主要特点。700～500hPa之间的位势不稳定度小、水汽输送量小和云顶温度低是造成此次降水量小的主要原因。     

辽宁地区雨雪转换天气的判别和分析北大核心

利用2011—2020年辽宁地区逐小时地面观测数据和定时高空观测数据,统计分析纯雪、雨雪转换两类降水天气特征。结果表明,辽宁地区2011—2020年雨雪转换日数与纯雪日数比值为1∶5,沿海地区多于内陆,雨雪转换时主要有5种天气类型:空中槽型、北上气旋型、低涡切变型、冷平流型、回流型,其中,空中槽型雨雪转换日数最多,占总日数的42.8%;冷平流型和回流型相对较少,分别占9.4%和7.8%。地面2 m气温、0℃层高度、抬升凝结高度、抬升凝结高度气温与地面2 m气温差、700~850 hPa位势高度差、850~1000 hPa位势高度差等6个气象因子对鉴定辽宁地区降水相态有一定参考意义。利用高分辨的欧洲细网格资料对2021年2月28日雨雪天气过程的降水相态进行诊断分析,结果表明,雨雪相态的转变对对流层低层温度平流非常敏感,0℃层高度、冰雪层厚度、粒子降落行程与降水相态之间关系密切;当0℃层高度降低(由920 hPa到950 hPa),云中冰雪层增厚(由430 hPa增至530 hPa),液态水层变薄(由20 hPa到10 hPa),云中冰雪物下落到地面的行程缩短(由780 m降至410 m),下落环境温度降低(由3.5℃到0.5℃),降水相态由雨转换为雨夹雪或雪。     

青海初秋一次雨雪天气过程数值模拟分析

利用中尺度数值模式WRFV3.6对2014年10月10—11日发生在青海省境内的一次雨雪天气进行了数值模拟及实况对比分析。研究表明,模式对造成此次雨雪相态变化降水过程的500hPa及地面天气影响系统的位置及移动路径模拟效果较好,并成功模拟出15日青海省雨雪天气过程雨带、雨雪强度中心。通过对模式每小时输出物理量的分析发现,此次雨雪相态的变化主要是由地面冷空气引起;雨雪过程的水汽来源主要为近地层的偏东气流和500hPa的偏南气流;雨雪天气过程中上升运动不强;出现降雨天气时,近地层(100 m以下)的雨水含量比较大;出现雨夹雪时,近地层有少量的冰晶含量,但未接地;出现降雪天气时,近地层雪晶及霰含量较大,并且接地;利用地面大气层中冻结部分降水混合比在可凝结成降水的水汽混合比中的比例作为降水相态判据指标,进行青海地区降水相态的预报是可行的。     

沈阳降水相态特征分析及预报方法

基于2003~2012年1~3月与11~12月沈阳市浑南站近10 a常规地面和探空观测资料,将影响沈阳地区的天气形势分为冷高前部、蒙古气旋、华北—河套气旋和倒槽—江淮气旋型,基于不同高度上的温度和气压层间的位势厚度,建立沈阳不同天气形势降水相态预报的指标。不同天气形势对应的不同降水相态的温度及位势厚度特征存在明显差异,冷高前部型对应冷空气最强,降水相态一般为雪,其温度指标较其他天气型更低,位势厚度指标也较其他天气型更小,另外3种天气形势的降水相态也能通过温度和位势厚度指标加以区分。此外,位势厚度作为预报指标较温度指标更易区分降水相态,尤其是700 h Pa与1 000 h Pa之间的位势厚度(H700-1000)在不同天气分型条件下差别较大。通过与不同地区建立的降水相态预报指标对比发现,建立的预报指标与以往的研究比较接近,但基于天气分型建立的预报指标更有利于对不同降水相态的准确预报和把握。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.