2018年春节期间琼州海峡持续性大雾监测分析

2018年春节期间,琼州海峡持续6 d（2月15—20日）有雾,最低能见度不足200 m。主要从气象卫星监测上分析此次琼州海峡持续性海雾的时间演变特征,并从大气海洋条件分析形成持续性海雾的原因,得出如下结论：1）2018年2月华南东侧西太平洋海面温度较常年同期偏高,有3个暖海面温度距平中心,为持续性大雾提供暖湿气流;2）此次持续性大雾过程琼州海峡位于均压场,但西南低涡起着辅助的作用,致使海洋性的南风在边界层抵御了干燥的大陆性气团,利于维持边界层的湿度;3）低层流场为暖湿气流,925 hPa近地面湿层上空有一个干中心维持,“上干下湿”的湿度层结有利于海雾维持和向上发展形成一定厚度的海雾;4）低云增加和弱降水是使18日全天海雾得以维持的重要因素。     

华北暴雪过程中的急流特征分析北大核心CSCD

利用常规观测资料和NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料,对2009年11月10 11日华北中南部大范围暴雪过程进行了分析。结果表明:(1)这次大暴雪发生在500 hPa高空槽、700 hPa低涡切变线及河套锢囚锋共同配合的天气系统下。(2)暴雪区位于200 hPa极锋急流入口区的右后方和副热带急流出口区的左前方、700 hPa西南急流的左前方、925 hPa和850 hPa偏东急流的右前方。(3)不同高度的急流共同作用形成这次大范围的暴雪天气过程。低空急流是在高空急流的耦合下形成和发展的。容易耦合的区域是在高空急流入口区右侧或在高空急流出口区左侧,正涡度平流随高度增大的区域。(4)西南急流为暴雪区提供充足的水汽并在暴雪区形成高湿区,从而建立和维持了暴雪区上空的对流不稳定层结。(5)西南急流与偏北急流在暴雪区上空形成辐合,在暴雪区上空产生抬升作用。(6)高、低空急流耦合所形成的次级环流,增加了上升运动并触发不稳定能量的释放,增加了暴雪强度和持续时间。(7)925 hPa东风急流在暴雪区的边界层形成了干冷空气垫,有利于偏南暖湿气流的爬升,加强了动力抬升作用。     

华北暴雪过程中的急流特征分析

利用常规观测资料和NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料,对2009年11月10 11日华北中南部大范围暴雪过程进行了分析。结果表明:(1)这次大暴雪发生在500 hPa高空槽、700 hPa低涡切变线及河套锢囚锋共同配合的天气系统下。(2)暴雪区位于200 hPa极锋急流入口区的右后方和副热带急流出口区的左前方、700 hPa西南急流的左前方、925 hPa和850 hPa偏东急流的右前方。(3)不同高度的急流共同作用形成这次大范围的暴雪天气过程。低空急流是在高空急流的耦合下形成和发展的。容易耦合的区域是在高空急流入口区右侧或在高空急流出口区左侧,正涡度平流随高度增大的区域。(4)西南急流为暴雪区提供充足的水汽并在暴雪区形成高湿区,从而建立和维持了暴雪区上空的对流不稳定层结。(5)西南急流与偏北急流在暴雪区上空形成辐合,在暴雪区上空产生抬升作用。(6)高、低空急流耦合所形成的次级环流,增加了上升运动并触发不稳定能量的释放,增加了暴雪强度和持续时间。(7)925 hPa东风急流在暴雪区的边界层形成了干冷空气垫,有利于偏南暖湿气流的爬升,加强了动力抬升作用。     

亲潮延伸体海区一次海雾过程的观测研究

西北太平洋是全球海雾最多的海域,但由于观测资料匮乏,对开阔大洋上海雾形成机理的个例研究很少。2019年9月12—14日,中国北极科考船“向阳红01号”在亲潮延伸体水域捕捉到一次海雾事件。主要利用船载观测数据,分析了海雾形成的物理过程。结果表明,这是一次温带气旋的暖锋和局地海洋锋(海面温度锋)共同影响下的海雾过程。伴随暖锋的偏南气流将暖湿空气向北输送,在亲潮延伸体区,海面空气增湿效应大于增温效应,导致相对湿度不断增加接近饱和。北上暖空气遇到较冷水域上空的冷空气团,向上爬升形成大范围锋面逆温;局地海洋锋强迫出大气边界层内的次级环流,其下沉支使该锋面逆温层底的高度进一步降低,有利于雾滴局限在近海面成雾,雾区出现于暖锋锋面过后局地海洋锋的冷水侧。这项研究明确了海雾形成过程中作为背景环流的大气暖锋与作为局地强迫项的海洋锋的贡献,可为海雾预报提供新的理论支撑。     

1971—2015年宁波首场暴雨的气候特征及环流形势

根据1971—2015年宁波9个国家气象观测站降水资料和1980—2015年天气形势图,统计分析宁波45 a首场暴雨的气候特征,归纳分析了宁波首场暴雨的影响天气系统和环流形势。结果表明:宁波首场暴雨多发生在4月,以局地暴雨为主,部分暴雨次之。降水时段以24 h暴雨为主,夜间时段暴雨多于白天时段暴雨。降水频次分布和日最大降水量分布具有南北两端较多、中东部较少的特征。宁波首场暴雨的影响天气系统有低涡切变线、江淮气旋、梅雨锋及副热带高压(以下简称副高)边缘强对流4类。低涡切变线的影响以大范围和局地暴雨为主,江淮气旋的影响以局地和部分暴雨为主,梅雨锋的影响以部分暴雨为主,副高边缘强对流的影响以局地暴雨为主。受低涡切变线影响的暴雨容易出现在宁波东南部几个站点,江淮气旋影响和梅雨锋影响的暴雨容易出现在环沿海区域站点,副高边缘强对流影响的暴雨易出现在宁波南部。西南暖湿气流带来充沛的水汽是首场暴雨发生的必要条件,冷空气入侵或冷暖空气交汇是暴雨形成的重要原因。     

夏季低压控制下黄海西北部海域海雾发生气象条件合成分析

利用瞬变扰动分析的原理,提供了一个可以客观判定海雾发生时天气类型的方法。在分类结果的基础上,对环流形势、散度和垂直速度以及温度湿度的垂直廓线等进行合成分析,得到低空（1 000 hPa）为低压扰动下发生海雾（L型海雾）的环流和物理量场基本特征,并与高压控制下海雾（H型海雾）进行对比,结果表明：1）L型海雾位势高度负异常扰动主要表现在低层,其平均值为-65.66 gpm,向上逐渐减弱;2）L型海雾在发生时其逆温强度小于H型海雾,雾层较厚,雾层上空湿度仍然比较大,而H型海雾雾层上空有比较明显的干层;3）L型海雾在垂直方向上的分布具有三层结构,第一层1 000～950 hPa为辐合伴有弱上升和下沉运动,第二层950～850 hPa为辐散伴有弱下沉运动,第三层850～500 hPa为逐渐加强的上升运动;H型海雾为两层结构,1 000 hPa为辐散伴有弱的上升和下沉运动,950～500 hPa为一致的下沉运动;4）概率密度统计分析进一步定量表明了L型和H型海雾发生时垂直运动以及相对湿度在各层中的分布情况。这些结论对黄海西北部夏季低压环流形势下海雾的预报提供了重要参考。     

青岛短期降水空漏报及小量降水预报指标分析

对2011年青岛短期降水空漏报进行了分析,并利用近年来观测资料,对暖湿气流降水、伴随海雾出现的毛毛雨及冷流降雪三种小量降水预报指标进行了研究。结果表明,500hPa西风槽尚未进入或刚进入山东省时,青岛处于槽前西南暖湿气流影响下,低层存在上升运动、925hPa,850hPa,700hPa相对湿度两层达到80%且K指数大于32℃全区可出现有量降水;受台风外围东南暖湿气流影响时,除满足低层相对湿度、上升运动外,还需关注低空急流存在与否。伴随海雾出现毛毛雨的预报指标为湿层厚度大于等于300m,湿层平均相对湿度大于等于92%。青岛北部地区出现冷流降雪时,850hPa以下风向多为N-NNW向,850hPa风速基本达到10m/s或以上,850hPa温度多在-12℃以下,925hPa温度露点差多小于等于5℃,当500hPa环流存在横槽转竖或横槽南压时,冷流降雪也可影响到青岛南部地区。     

高原低涡与西南涡结伴而行的不同活动形式个例的环境场和位涡分析

本文利用NCEP/NCAR-FNL再分析资料、历史天气图、青藏高原低涡切变线年鉴,通过分析1998~2015年持续高原涡影响西南涡结伴而行（简称两涡伴行）过程的活动形式,并对不同活动形式的个例进行了环境场与位涡分析,得出了不同活动形式两涡伴行的环境场特征,揭示了冷空气活动、200 hPa急流对不同活动形式的两涡伴行的影响原因。结果表明:（1）两涡伴行有三种活动形式,它们是高原涡诱发西南涡、高原涡与西南涡耦合以及同一天气系统下两涡,其中以高原涡诱发西南涡的活动形式占多数。（2）两涡伴行的500 hPa环境场主要是40°N以北东亚环流经向度不强,纬向气流主导,受500 hPa低槽、冷空气活动的影响;200 hPa环境场主要与200 hPa急流的强度、距急流核距离、在急流两侧的位置密切相关;不同活动形式的西南涡上空200 hPa、500 hPa环境场特征是有差别的。（3）受500 hPa低槽、冷空气影响的两涡伴行中的西南涡的生成是通过500 hPa高位涡空气伸入西南涡上空,造成西南涡上空斜压不稳定所至;在西南涡上空500 hPa斜压不稳定增强且具有较强的斜压不稳定时西南涡加强;200 hPa西南风急流影响高原涡诱发或耦合、加强西南涡是分别在高空高位涡下传影响到高原涡与西南涡上空、西南涡的情况下实现的,同一天气系统下,高空高位涡下传只影响高原涡,而未影响西南涡。     

湘北一次西南涡北侧强降水过程预报误差分析

利用观测数据、FNL数据以及雷达产品等资料对2020年6月8日夜间湘北一次西南涡北侧强降水过程预报误差进行分析研究。结果表明：中低层河套高压与副高形成了一个高压坝,偏东气流加强,西南涡北侧出现了强降水。湖南境内强降水落区与≥95%相对湿度高值区的对应关系较好。虽湘南850 hPa以下为不稳定层结,但850—600 hPa为稳定层结,不利于强降水发生。锋区低层以下沉气流为主,700 hPa及以上才有上升运动发展,而地面辐合线附近上升运动从近地面伸展至300 hPa附近,其最大强度仅约锋区中心强度一半,湘北强降水正好位于中层锋区与地面辐合线之间。受冷空气及山地地形影响,石门县上空形成辐合区,并有局地涡旋系统,对应强回波中心达到45 dBZ以上。模式预报低涡切变线在湘中一线,并预计西南涡东出,但在偏东气流影响下,湘北北部出现了倒槽,西南涡向东北方向移动。     

Understanding of Sea Fog over the China Seas简介

正黄海和东海海雾雾季起始于4月,8月结束,雾季的开始源于局地海陆温差形成的浅的反气旋,而8月雾季的结束和东亚—西太季风的大尺度变化有关,黄海盛行风由南风向东风转变,终止了海雾维持所需要的从南部平流而来的暖湿气流。海雾是悬浮在海上和沿岸地区上空大气边界层内的大量水滴(或冰晶),使得大气水平能见度小于1km的天气现象。由于与海雾相伴随的大气低能见度往往会对海上或近海的人类各种活动产生重要影响,     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.