有机污染物在复合衬垫中的运移分析

有机污染物在垃圾填埋场复合衬垫中有两种不同的运移方式:土工膜上缺陷处污染物的运移和完好复合衬垫中污染物的扩散。文章分别用有限差分法和解析法对两种方式下污染物的累积量进行计算,分析了两种方式对有机污染物运移所做的贡献。研究表明:GCL(人工合成材料粘土衬垫)复合衬垫以有机污染物在完好复合衬垫中的扩散为主,可以忽略缺陷处污染物的运移;而CCL(压实黏土衬垫)复合衬垫中两种运移方式所做的贡献在同一数量级,需要考虑两种方式的共同作用。在GCL复合衬垫下铺设粘土层能有效改善GCL复合衬垫对有机污染物的阻止效果。     

GCL与CCL复合衬垫的等效性分析

土工合成材料粘土衬垫(GCL)与土工膜(GM)形成的复合衬垫在垃圾填埋场中的应用日益广泛。我国规范中允许在特殊情况下用GCL代替压实粘土(CCL)做垃圾填埋场的衬垫,但是对于“特殊情况”没有明确说明。本文采用数值方法对复合衬垫中无机污染物的对流和扩散进行了计算,从衬垫底部污染物通量和累积量两个角度对GCL复合衬垫和CCL复合衬垫阻滞污染物运移的效果进行了比较,分析两种复合衬垫的等效性,并研究了GCL复合衬垫的适用范围。结果表明,当渗滤液水头较高时,GCL复合衬垫体现出其优势。     

复合衬层中变系数有机污染物迁移规律分析

土工膜和下伏压实黏土组成的复合衬层已被广泛用作填埋场的防渗屏障系统。有机污染物在复合衬层中迁移时,其主要运移机制是扩散作用。假设有机污染物在土工膜中稳态扩散,并假设在下伏衬层中扩散系数为迁移距离的线性函数,且考虑降解作用的影响,建立了有机污染物在复合衬层中的一维扩散模型,针对零浓度下边界条件,获得了模型解析解。基于该解析解,分析讨论了相关参数的敏感性。结果表明,相关参数对计算结果影响很大,降解半衰期对污染物运移同样存在较大影响。该解析模型仅适用于有机污染物在两层复合衬垫中的迁移问题,可为填埋场的初步设计提供参考     

基于有机污染物扩散的复合衬垫厚度的概率设计

有机污染物在复合衬垫中的运移以扩散方式为主。目前关于运移参数不确定性及其对衬垫性能影响的研究还不多,复合衬垫厚度的设计也没有考虑不确定性的影响。总结了运移参数已有的成果,采用蒙特卡罗法研究了半无限条件下运移参数的变异性对衬垫底部污染物质量浓度和通量的影响,并对衬垫厚度进行了设计。研究表明:土工膜中有机污染物的分配系数和扩散系数的变异性对质量浓度和通量的影响可以忽略,而土中有机污染物的扩散系数和阻滞系数的变异性对其影响则非常显著。确定性方法计算的结果偏于危险,有必要加强对土中有机污染物的扩散系数和阻滞系数概率特性的研究。以甲苯为例进行黏土衬垫厚度设计,结果表明:概率计算方法得到的黏土衬垫厚度约为确定性方法的1.71~1.81倍,采用概率方法进行衬垫设计更合理。     

非等温分布条件下三层复合衬垫中有机污染物一维瞬态运移规律研究

针对非等温分布条件下由土工膜(geomembrane,简称GMB)+土工复合膨润土衬垫(geosynthetic clay liner,简称GCL)+压实黏土衬垫(compacted clay liner,简称CCL)组成的3层复合衬垫中有机污染物一维瞬态运移问题,考虑了对流、扩散、机械弥散、吸附、降解和热扩散等因素,建立了相应的数学模型。该模型可考虑扩散系数和渗透系数等参数随温度变化。利用有限差分法,获得了该模型的数值解。通过将所建模型计算结果分别与试验结果、已有解析模型计算结果和COMSOL软件计算结果进行对比,验证了所建模型的正确性。基于所定义的击穿时间t_b,以甲苯作为代表性有机污染物分析和讨论了不同因素对运移行为的影响。结果表明：(1)非等温分布条件会使渗透系数、扩散系数和线性吸附系数等参数发生变化,其中渗透系数和扩散系数的变化会加快运移过程,尤其是扩散系数,而线性吸附系数的变化会减慢运移速率;(2)复合衬垫上部和底部温度差ΔT的增大会使击穿时间t_b减小,底部运移通量J_b增大;当ΔT为0、10、20、30、40 ...     

煤矸石淋滤液中污染物在GCL中的扩散性能

为验证土工合成黏土衬垫（Geosynthetic Clay Liners,GCL）作为煤矸石处置场衬垫层建设材料的可行性,采用垂直式双筒扩散装置进行室内扩散试验,研究了煤矸石淋滤液中典型污染物Zn2+、Mn2+和SO₄2-在人工钠化膨润土GCL中的扩散性能,使用有限层法模拟软件POLLUTE V7对污染物随时间变化的曲线进行拟合,确定3种污染物在人工钠化膨润土GCL中的扩散系数。研究结果表明,污染物在GCL中的扩散系数低于它们在传统压实黏土衬垫层中的扩散系数,从而能更有效地控制煤矸石淋滤液中污染物在GCL中的扩散迁移行为。      

非等温条件下有机污染物在粘土衬垫中的扩散分析

填埋场中垃圾降解作用产生的热量在黏土衬垫中的运移会形成温度场,温度场会对污染物的运移产生影响。文章在多孔介质热力学理论和污染物运移理论相结合的基础上,主要考虑温度场对污染物扩散的影响,建立了非等温条件下有机污染物在黏土衬垫中的一维扩散模型,并采用分离变量法得到了模型的解析解。基于文中模型,对比了非等温条件和等温条件下有机污染物在黏土衬垫中的运移。非等温条件的黏土衬垫底部浓度比等温条件下的浓度大,非等温模型比等温模型更偏于安全。解析解可为实验数据的拟合及分析、衬垫的设计提供参考。进一步的参数分析表明:增大阻滞因子Rd和黏土厚度L可以减小黏土衬垫底部由温度梯度引起的有机污染物浓度。     

非等温条件下有机污染物在黏土衬垫中的扩散分析

填埋场中垃圾降解作用产生的热量在黏土衬垫中的运移会形成温度场,温度场会对污染物的运移产生影响。文章在多孔介质热力学理论和污染物运移理论相结合的基础上,主要考虑温度场对污染物扩散的影响,建立了非等温条件下有机污染物在黏土衬垫中的一维扩散模型,并采用分离变量法得到了模型的解析解。基于文中模型,对比了非等温条件和等温条件下有机污染物在黏土衬垫中的运移。非等温条件的黏土衬垫底部浓度比等温条件下的浓度大,非等温模型比等温模型更偏于安全。解析解可为实验数据的拟合及分析、衬垫的设计提供参考。进一步的参数分析表明:增大阻滞因子Rd和黏土厚度L可以减小黏土衬垫底部由温度梯度引起的有机污染物浓度。     

考虑非等温环境下污染物在黏土中的运移解析模型

利用广义积分变换法推导了非等温条件下污染物在压实黏土衬垫中的运移解析解。所提出的解析解考虑了分子扩散、对流、吸附和热扩散的耦合效应,并考虑了压实黏土的渗透系数、分布系数和有效扩散系数3个参数随温度的变化。通过与热扩散试验结果、已有的解析解和基于COMSOL软件的数值模型的对比,验证了所提出的解析解。利用经过验证的解析解,研究了非等温环境以及压实黏土的渗透系数、有效扩散系数和分布系数3个参数随温度的变化对甲苯在压实黏土衬垫系统中迁移的影响。结果表明,非等温环境以及压实黏土的渗透系数、有效扩散系数和分布系数随温度的变化均对甲苯在压实黏土衬垫中迁移有着显著的影响。不考虑非等温环境的影响将极大低估污染物的溢出量和污染物的击穿时间。既有解析解忽略压实黏土的渗透系数和有效扩散系数随温度的变化会极大低估甲苯的流出速率,而忽略压实黏土分布系数随温度的变化会极大高估甲苯击穿衬垫系统的时间和达到稳态的时间。所提出的解析解能够考虑热扩散作用,同时考虑了压实黏土的渗透系数、分布系数和有效扩散系数3个参数随温度的变化,较既有解析解更贴近工程实际,能够为压实黏土衬垫系统的设计和服役性能评价提供指导和借鉴。     

溶质入渗土工合成衬垫的化学-渗透特性研究

溶质在土工合成衬垫（GCL）长期入渗过程中具有明显的化学-渗透特性。室内渗透试验表明：阳离子之间的置换效应对GCL衬垫渗透系数影响较大,10 mM的CaCl2溶液使渗透系数上升至2.5×10-11 m/s,而30 mM的CaCl2溶液使渗透系数上升至5.6×10-11 m/s。渗透液体浓度的增加缩短了溶质穿透GCL的时间,且预饱和处理试剂对GCL渗透系数的变化影响较大,采用蒸馏水作为预饱和试剂处理GCL衬垫对其渗透系数的影响明显小于CaCl2溶液;建立了考虑膜效应和离子交换效应条件下溶质运移耦合动力学模型,并对GCL穿透试验过程中溶质浓度的变化进行了预测,仿真计算结果表明,10 mM和30 mM两种CaCl2溶液渗透条件下,Ca2+浓度变化的试验结果和计算结果均相吻合,验证了耦合动力学模型的可靠性;从Ca2+浓度及流量穿透曲线分布可知,化学-渗透效应可有效地延缓溶质的迁移速度。随着溶质浓度的降低,阻滞作用更显著。因此,在分析GCL衬垫中溶质入渗特征时,必须考虑化学-渗透效应的影响。     

Landfill Base Liners: Assessment of Material Equivalency and Impact to Groundwater

This paper gathered available flow and transport solutions and used them for two composite liners, consisting of geomembrane (GM) overlying either a compacted clay liner (CCL) or a geosynthetic clay liner (GCL). Its aim is to provide a guiding framework for the possible choices of (a) approaches to bottom liner design, (b) respective analytical solutions to flow and transport equations, as well as (c) parameters required for each type of solution. On the basis of the obtained results, the following recommendations are made. When the goal of analysis is to determine material equivalency, leachate flow rate is an adequate key parameter for GM-CCL composite liners. For GM-GCL composite liners, it is necessary to compute contaminant concentration or mass flux, considering (a) transport through defects for inorganic contaminants and (b) diffusion and the contribution of any available attenuation layer for organic contaminants. When the goal of analysis is to assess impact to groundwater, it is advised to calculate both discharge rate and contaminant mass flux regardless of liner type. The critical parameter for the transport calculations is the retardation factor of the contaminant, for the case of CCLs, while the results for GCLs are much less sensitive to this parameter.     

An analytical model for vapor‐phase volatile organic compound diffusion through landfill composite covers

One‐dimensional mathematical models for vapor‐phase volatile organic compound (VOC) diffusion through composite cover barriers are presented. An analytical solution to the model was obtained by the method of separation of variables. The results obtained by the proposed solution agree well with those obtained by a numerical analysis. Based on the proposed analytical model, the VOC breakthrough curves of five different composite covers are compared. The effects of degree of saturation of geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) or compacted clay liner (CCL) on VOC migration in the composite covers are then presented. Results show that the composite cover barriers provide much better diffusion barriers for VOC than the single CCL. The top surface steady‐state flux for a composite barrier, consisting of a 1.5 mm geomembrane (GM) and a 20 cm CCL, can be 8.3 times lower than that for a 30 cm CCL. The surface steady‐state flux for the case with (1.5 mm GM + 6 mm GCL) was found to be 2.3 times lower than that for the case with (1.5 mm GM + 20 cm CCL). The degree of saturation S_r of the CCL has a great influence on VOC migration in composite covers when S_r is larger than 0.5. The steady‐state flux at the surface of GM for the case with S_r = 0.7 can be 1.8 times lower than that for the case with S_r = 0.2. The proposed analytical model is relatively simple and can be used for verification of complicated numerical models, analysis of experimental data and performance assessment of composite cover barriers. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The 14-year Performance of a Compacted Clay Liner used as Part of a Composite Liner System for a Leachate Lagoon

The migration of contaminants through a 2.9 m thick compacted clay liner (CCL) for a landfill leachate lagoon is examined 14 years after construction. The clay liner formed the lower portion of the composite liner system but the geomembrane (GM) was found to have defects that had allowed leachate to migrate between the GM and CCL. Chloride, sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium pore water profiles through the CCL are examined. It is shown that chloride migrated approximately 1.7 m into the CCL during the 14 years of the lagoon operation, sodium approximately 1.2 m, and potassium 0.7 m. Diffusion and sorption data from laboratory diffusion testing are utilized in combination with a finite layer contaminant transport model to predict field contaminant migration profiles through the composite liner system and to establish the time of ‘failure’ of the geomembrane at sometime between 0 and 6 years after installation. Relatively high sorptive uptake of potassium by the CCL soil is observed from batch testing and diffusion testing with field data suggesting an even larger amount of sorption. It is hypothesized that organic sludge matter at the base of the lagoon is responsible for potassium uptake from the leachate. This field case highlights the importance of the compacted clay liner as part of the composite liner system in acting as a diffusion barrier during the lifetime of the lagoon as well as using relatively non-conservative contaminants such as chloride and sodium to estimate geomembrane ‘failure’ times     

Analytical solutions for organic contaminant diffusion in triple-layer composite liner system considering the effect of degradation

Acta Geotechnica - This paper presents analytical solutions for predicting one-dimensional diffusion of an organic contaminant through a triple-layer composite liner system comprising a geomembrane...     

An analytical solution for one-dimensional contaminant diffusion through multi-layered system and its applications

An analytical solution for one-dimensional contaminant diffusion through multi-layered media is derived regarding the change of the concentration of contaminants at the top boundary with time. The model accounts for the arbitrary initial conditions and the conditions of zero concentration and zero mass flux on the bottom boundary. The average degree of diffusion of the layered system is introduced on the basis of the solution. The results obtained by the presented analytical solutions agree well with those obtained by the numerical methods presented in the literature papers. The application of the analytical solution to the problem of landfill liner design is illustrated by considering a composite liner consisting of geomembrane and compacted clay liner. The results show that the 100-year mass flux of benzene at the bottom of the composite liner is 45 times higher than that of acetone for the same composite liner. The half-life of the contaminant has a great influence on the solute flux of benzene diffused into the underlying aquifer. Results also indicates that an additional 2.9–5.0 m of the conventional (untreated) compacted clay liner under the geomembrane is required to achieve the same level of protection as provided by 0.60 m of the Hexadecyltrimethylammonium (HDTMA)-treated compacted clay liners in conjunction with the geomembrane. Applications of the solution are also presented in the context of a contaminated two-layered media to demonstrate that different boundary and initial conditions can greatly affect the decontamination rate of the problem. The method is relatively simple to apply and can be used for performing equivalency analysis of landfill liners, preliminary design of groundwater remediation system, evaluating experimental results, and verifying more complex numerical models.     

运移参数对GCL中污染物运移的影响研究

分析了运移参数的变化对GCL中污染物运移的影响。从衬垫底部浓度比、对流和扩散通量、污染物累积运移量等方面,对污染物在GCL中的运移进行了计算。结果表明,减小渗透系数和扩散系数可以有效减缓衬垫底部浓度比的增加速度。渗透系数对对流通量的大小、扩散通量的变化速度的影响较大;扩散系数主要影响最大扩散通量。当渗透系数较大时,可以忽略扩散累积运移量,用对流累积运移量代替总累积运移量引起的误差很小。当渗透系数较小时,忽略扩散运移量可能产生较大的误差,尤其是在扩散系数也较大的情况下误差更加明显。      

褶皱土工膜+针刺钠基膨润土防水毯复合衬里的剪切试验研究

防渗工程中土工膜的褶皱现象普遍存在,然而目前关于土工膜界面剪切特性的研究大都忽略了褶皱的影响。以糙面土工膜（GM）和针刺钠基膨润土防水毯（GCL）组成的复合衬里为研究对象,利用水化变形试验证实两步水化法能有效地加速含褶皱GM+GCL复合衬里的水化步骤,使用大尺寸温控水浴直剪仪对含褶皱GM+GCL复合衬里的剪切特性进行了试验研究。通过将含褶皱GM+GCL复合衬里的剪切特性与无褶皱复合衬里进行对比分析,揭露了GM褶皱对复合衬里剪切特性的影响机制。GM褶皱的存在使得GM+GCL复合衬里的剪切应力-位移曲线产生较大差异,并使得低压下复合衬里的抗剪强度明显降低。GM褶皱使复合衬里产生明显的渐进破坏效应,复合衬里内部能出现多种破坏模式共存的现象。