沙漠绿洲陆面物理过程和地气相互作用数值模拟

利用一个已发展的陆面物理过程参数化方案与大气边界层数值模式耦合, 模拟了半干旱区沙漠绿洲非均匀下垫面的陆面物理过程及其与大气边界层的相互作用过程, 成功地模拟了局地气候效应和地表温度、净辐射、感热和潜热通量特征并与实测资料进行了比较. 给出“绿洲效应”这一自然现象的垂直剖面上更为清晰准确和细致的结构特征, 结果表明: “绿洲效应”具有明显的“冷岛效应”和“湿岛效应”; 它表现为在绿洲区域比戈壁沙漠区域环境温度低、湿度大、湍流动能输送弱, 具有下沉气流而导致与周围戈壁沙漠区域产生水平输送环流. 这些结果对于深入了解绿洲气候的形成和绿洲的维持机理具有重要的意义.     

半干旱区关键地表参数的估算及其对地气通量模拟的改进

陆面过程模式中有关土壤水热传输、植被冠层和空气动力学等过程的关键参数的不确定性严重制约着地表-大气相互作用模拟能力的提高.本文利用架设在我国吉林通榆和甘肃榆中典型半干旱区陆-气相互作用野外试验站的观测资料,结合大气边界层理论,利用多种方法系统估算了上述试验站地表空气动力学粗糙度(z0m)以及热传输附加阻尼(?B?1)的量值.结果表明,z0m在半干旱区具有明显的季节变化和年际变化特征,且在植被低矮的下垫面与现行通用的陆面模式中的默认值相差较大;而?B?1的日变化和季节变化特征明显.将修正后的z0m和?B?1参数化方案引入陆面过程模式,发现能够明显改善模式对于半干旱区地表感热通量的模拟能力.这些结果说明有必要进一步结合半干旱区的野外观测试验对陆面模式在该地区的缺省参数设置进行更广泛的评估,而基于外场观测试验和大气边界层理论估算的关键地表参数对于改进陆气相互作用的模拟体现出较大的应用潜力.     

沙漠-绿洲陆-气相互作用和绿洲效应的数值模拟

本文利用一个已发展的陆面过程参数化方案与大气边界层模式耦合,模拟了半干旱区绿洲戈壁非均匀下垫面的陆面过程及其与大气边界层的相互作用,给出了“绿洲效应”这一自然现象垂直剖面上更为清晰、准确和细致的结构特征.数值模拟的结果与早前的许多观测实验结论相吻合,即“绿洲效应”具有明显的“冷岛效应”和“湿岛效应”;它表现为在绿洲区域比戈壁沙漠区域环境温度低、湿度大、湍流动能输送弱,具有下沉气流而导致与周围戈壁沙漠区域产生水平输送环流.而更加细致地研究这些现象对于深入了解绿洲气候的形成和绿洲的维持机理具有重要的意义.     

降水条件下的典型干旱区陆面特征模拟验证

利用“我国西北干旱区陆－气相互作用观测试验"在敦煌双墩子戈壁站取得的观测资料及最近的一些研究成果对陆面模式中反照率、相似性函数及地表粗糙度(动量粗糙度,标量粗糙度)3个方面的参数化方案进行了改进,然后对一次典型降水过程的陆面特征及近地层的风、温、湿进行了模拟.结果表明：改进的模式能对降水条件下的干旱区陆面特征进行较好的模拟,其中对辐射、地表温度的模拟相当好,而对能量的模拟虽然还有要改进的地方,但总体结果令人满意;另外改进后的模式对近地层的温度和湿度的模拟也有明显的改善.     

沙漠陆面过程参数化与模拟

沙漠地区植被稀疏、干旱少雨,其陆面物理过程具有与全球其它地区显著不同的特点.本文利用巴丹吉林沙漠观测资料,分析和计算了地表反照率、比辐射率、粗糙度和土壤热容量、热传导系数等关键陆面过程参数,建立了适合于沙漠地区的陆面过程模式DLSM (Desert Land Surface Model),并与NOAH陆面过程模式的模拟结果和观测资料进行了比较.结果表明:巴丹吉林沙漠地表反照率为0.273,比辐射率为0.950,地表粗糙度为1.55×10^-3 m,土壤热容量和热扩散系数分别为1.08×10⁶ J·m^-3·K^-1和3.34×10^-7 m²·s.辐射传输、感热输送和土壤热传导过程是影响沙漠地区地表能量平衡的主要物理过程.通过对这三种过程的准确模拟检验,DLSM能够较准确地模拟巴丹吉林沙漠地气能量交换特征;短波辐射、长波辐射和感热通量的模拟结果与观测值间的标准差分别为7.98,6.14,33.9 W·m^-2,与NOAH陆面过程模式的7.98,7.72,46.6 W·m^-2的结果接近.地表反照率是沙漠地区最重要的陆面过程参数,地表反照率增大5%,向上短波辐射通量随之增加5%,感热通量则减小2.8%.本文研究结果对丰富陆面过程参数化方案,改进全球陆面过程模式、气候模式具有参考意义.     

北京大学陆面过程模式PKULM(Peking University Land Model)介绍及检验

陆面过程模式是气候模式和天气模式的核心组成部分之一.在土壤—植被—大气耦合模式(Soil-PlantAtmosphere Model,SPAM)的基础上,发展了新一代北京大学陆面过程模式PKULM(Peking University Land Model).本文首先介绍了PKULM的辐射传输、湍流输送、光合作用、土壤水热输送等过程的参数化方案;采用隐式迭代计算框架,发展并应用了一个快速的线性方程组求解算法,提高了模式计算稳定性;提出并使用了二分搜索算法计算气孔阻抗,避免了CLM(Community Land Model)等使用的迭代方法在干旱区不稳定的情况,提高了模式的适用性;采用水势为基础的土壤水分扩散方程,使模式能够模拟土壤饱和区的水分输送过程,为进一步与水文过程模式耦合奠定了基础;还发展了一个地表积水与径流过程的机理模型,提高了模式对地表水分平衡过程的模拟能力;最后,使用"中国西北干旱区陆—气相互作用观测试验"平凉站的资料对模式进行了检验并与NOAH(National Center for Environmental Prediction,Oregon State University,Air Force,and Hydrology Lab model)陆面过程模式的模拟结果进行了比较,结果表明PKULM能够较好地模拟西北半干旱区农田下垫面地气交换过程.     

西北干旱区荒漠戈壁动量和感热总体输送系数

利用“我国西北干旱区陆-气相互作用观测试验”, 于2000年5～6月在敦煌进行的陆面过程野外观测实验加强期的观测资料, 依据3种不同方法确定了干旱荒漠戈壁区地气之间动量和感热总体输送系数Cd和Ch. 结果表明: 尽管这3种方法计算的总体输送系数有一定的差别, 但在量级上相当, 平均值比较接近. 此外, 还通过对风向的分析, 剔除了附近建筑物干扰, 得出了典型干旱区荒漠戈壁总体输送系数与总体Richardson数的关系和典型值范围.     

中国东北半干旱区能量水分循环的同化模拟

使用地球观测系统的中分辨率成像光谱仪（EOS．MODIS）提供的归一化植被指数（NDVI）产品估算植被覆盖度和航天飞机雷达地形测绘任务（SRTM）制成的数字高程模型（DEM）数据遥感产品替换WRF模式默认的植被覆盖度和地形高度,并且利用WRF模式及其先进的三维变分同化系统（WRF．3DVar）循环同化东北半干旱区自动气象站近地面气象要素,对东北半干旱区的温度场、湿度场、风场和能量场的结构及其日变化特征进行了较为细致的模拟研究．通过4组数值模拟试验分别探讨了同化气象要素与改变模式地表参数引起的不同下垫面潜热、感热的分配关系和降水、土壤湿度变化弓f起的地表能量通量模拟效果,并利用通榆站、奈曼站、锦州站、和密云站2009年6-8月的通量观测资料与模拟结果对比检验．结果表明,WRF模式能够较好地模拟出东北半干旱区夏季的近地面温度、风向、净辐射、感热和潜热等要素的变化特征及日变化规律．同化试验（Case2）模拟的近地面气温、相对湿度、风速相比控制性试验（Case1）有所改善;陆面参数试验（Case3）和集合试验（Case4）改善了感热和地表热通量的模拟．WRF模式能较好地模拟出下垫面土壤湿度随时间变化的规律,集合试验（Case4）土壤湿度模拟结果与4个通量站观测值相比无太大差别,但降水的模拟有待改善．本研究利用卫星遥感资料改善模式下垫面陆面参数,利用气象资料同化改善近地面大气要素模拟精度,这是将各种不同空间和时间尺度的多源数据与数值模拟融合的有益尝试．此研究生成的东北地区资料同化数据集可用于气候变化、干旱监测等方面,对深入了解半干旱区气候的形成和维持机理具有重要的意义．     

基于模拟土壤湿度的中国干旱检测及多时间尺度特征

土壤干旱能够引起土壤-植被-大气系统的物质和能量循环异常,对生态环境和天气气候具有重要的影响,土壤干旱的检测和特征认识,有助于理解陆气相互作用及其评估和减缓影响.本文以观测气候资料驱动陆面模式CLM3.5模拟中国区域的土壤湿度,引入土壤孔隙度参数校正土壤湿度模拟的湿偏差,并检测了历史土壤干旱,分析不同时间尺度干旱的空间分布和变化趋势:1951~2008年40%的月份发生了月尺度的干旱,平均影响面积占我国陆地总面积的54.6%;年内干旱月数的变化呈干旱区显著减少,半干旱、半湿润区显著增加趋势,而湿润区减少但趋势不显著.1951~2008年月尺度干旱呈减少和增加趋势的面积之比为77.3%,总体上中国呈干旱加剧的趋势;平均来看月尺度干旱冬季影响范围最广,夏季最小,分别影响了我国54.3%和8.4%的陆地总面积.持续3个月以上的干旱主要发生在半干旱和半湿润区,发生概率51.7%,部分地区甚至77.6%;持续6和12个月以上的干旱主要发生在半干旱和干旱区,概率较小.     

大气环流对中东亚干旱半干旱区气候影响研究进展

亚洲干旱半干旱区占据北半球中纬度的大片区域,其主体是中东亚干旱半干旱区,该区域降水稀少、生态环境脆弱,对全球气候变化响应敏感.中东亚干旱半干旱区东部处于东亚季风区的边缘,受西风环流和季风环流的共同影响;中部和西部主要处于西风带气候区,为西风环流所控制.研究大气环流对中东亚干旱半干旱区气候的影响,对于认识和预测该区域的气候具有重要意义.基于近年来国内外学者针对大气环流对亚洲中、东部干旱半干旱区气候影响的研究,文章进行了系统回顾和总结.已有研究表明,大气环流对中东亚干旱半干旱区的气候具有不可忽视的影响.在强夏季风年,中国西北地区东南部受东亚夏季风影响,水汽通量显著增加,降水偏多;而弱夏季风年则相反,随着东亚夏季风的减弱,季风边缘的半干旱区气候呈现变干趋势;南亚季风的加强则使得更多的水汽输送至亚洲干旱半干旱区;高原夏季风与中亚地区夏季降水呈显著的正相关关系,而与中国华北地区、蒙古地区的夏季降水呈负相关.西风指数与中东亚干旱区的气温有显著的正相关关系,西风环流的变化可能是影响中亚干旱区降水变化的主要因素.     

Numerical simulations of land surface physical processes and land-atmosphere interactions over oasis-desert/Gobi region

A land-surface physical process model was coupled with a mesoscale atmospheric model. This cou- pled model was then used to simulate the interactions between land and the atmosphere, including surface temperature, net radiation, sensible heat flux and latent heat flux over a desert/Gobi with an oasis in northwestern semiarid regions in China. Comparisons between observations and simulations were made over the oasis and the desert/Gobi, respectively. Both cold island effect and wet island ef- fect, the so-called oasis effect, were observed and simulated. Lower temperature, higher specific hu- midity and weaker turbulent transfer were present over the oasis than the desert/Gobi. A subsidence occurred over the oasis, leading to a thermally-generated mesoscale circulation.     

近地层能量闭合度对陆面过程模式影响

大量近地层观测试验表明,利用涡动相关法观测的湍流通量小于近地层可利用能量,即近地层能量是不闭合的,这种不闭合度一般为20%甚至更高.而陆面过程模式是基于地气间能量平衡建立,并且模式中的湍流边界层参数化方案通常根据实际观测的湍流通量来确定,因此能量不闭合必将对陆面过程模式造成一定的影响.本文利用2007年春季SACOL站的近地层观测资料,依据能量守恒将能量不闭合中的残余能量通过波文比分配到观测的湍流通量中,即修正涡动相关法观测的湍流通量使得近地层能量达到平衡;之后分别利用观测和修正的湍流通量,建立了能量不闭合和闭合情形下的湍流参数化方案,借助陆面过程模式SHAW,通过数值模拟和对比分析方法考察近地层能量闭合度对陆面过程模式的影响.研究结果表明近地层能量闭合对陆面过程模式有显著的影响:在陆面过程数值模拟中,当应用近地层能量不闭合的湍流通量形成的湍流参数化方案时,陆面过程模式会明显高估地表长波辐射及土壤温度;但当应用修正湍流通量使得近地层能量达到闭合形成的湍流参数化方案后,在不改变任何地表土壤物理生化属性的情况下,陆面过程模式能较好地模拟地表长波辐射和土壤温度.     

Simulation of oasis breeze circulation in the arid region of the Northwestern China

In this paper, the process of oasis-desert circulation (ODC) is simulated by MM5V3.5 model through designing an ideal oasis-desert scheme and assuming that initial atmosphere is at rest (V = 0). The findings showed that the key of forming special oasis boundary structure is the difference of energy and water between oasis and desert. The evaporation of oasis surface consumes heat energy, and the low temperature of oasis causes an oasis breeze circulation (OBC), which drives an ODC with a downdraft over the oasis and an updraft over the desert. Later, the cold, dry and stable boundary over oasis is gradually formed, on the contrary,the atmospheric boundary over desert on the edge of oasis is hot, humid and unstable and its height is about 600 hPa. The updraft over the desert forms a wet ring that acts as a vertical wall weakening the low-level moisture exchange between the oasis and desert. The downdraft of OBC increases the atmospheric stability that reduces the oasis evaporation. The low-level outflow from the oasis (into the desert) prevents the dry, hot air flowing from the desert into the oasis.Thus an oasis self-preservation mechanism may be formed due to OBC. The horizontal area influenced by oasis is twice as oasis area and the vertical range is four times as oasis. The ODC is strong in the daytime and reaches the strongest at 17:00, and the influenced area is the largest at 20:00.     

Simulation of oasis breeze circulation in the arid region of the Northwestern China

In this paper, the process of oasis-desert circulation (ODC) is simulated by MM5V3.5 model through designing an ideal oasis-desert scheme and assuming that initial atmosphere is at rest (V= 0). The findings showed that the key of forming special oasis boundary structure is the difference of energy and water between oasis and desert. The evaporation of oasis surface consumes heat energy, and the low temperature of oasis causes an oasis breeze circulation (OBC), which drives an ODC with a downdraft over the oasis and an updraft over the desert. Later, the cold, dry and stable boundary over oasis is gradually formed, on the contrary, the atmospheric boundary over desert on the edge of oasis is hot, humid and unstable and its height is about 600 hPa. The updraft over the desert forms a wet ring that acts as a vertical wall weakening the low-level moisture exchange between the oasis and desert. The downdraft of OBC increases the atmospheric stability that reduces the oasis evaporation. The low-level outflow from the oasis (into the desert) prevents the dry, hot air flowing from the desert into the oasis. Thus an oasis self-preservation mechanism may be formed due to OBC. The horizontal area influenced by oasis is twice as oasis area and the vertical range is four times as oasis. The ODC is strong in the daytime and reaches the strongest at 17:00, and the influenced area is the largest at 20:00.     

Numerical Simulation of the Sensitivity of Summer Monsoon Circulation and Rainfall over India to Land Surface Processes

—The influence of soil moisture and vegetation variation on simulation of monsoon circulation and rainfall is investigated. For this purpose a simple land surface parameterization scheme is incorporated in a three-dimensional regional high resolution nested grid atmospheric model. Based on the land surface parameterization scheme, latent heat and sensible heat fluxes are explicitly estimated over the entire domain of the model. Two sensitivity studies are conducted; one with bare dry soil conditions (no latent heat flux from land surface) and the other with realistic representation of the land surface parameters such as soil moisture, vegetation cover and landuse patterns in the numerical simulation. The sensitivity of main monsoon features such as Somali jet, monsoon trough and tropical easterly jet to land surface processes are discussed.¶Results suggest the necessity of including a detailed land surface parameterization in the realistic short-range weather numerical predictions. An enhanced short-range prediction of hydrological cycle including precipitation was produced by the model, with land surface processes parameterized. This parameterization appears to simulate all the main circulation features associated with the summer monsoon in a realistic manner.     

陆面微波比辐射率的卫星观测研究进展

复杂多变的陆地表微波比辐射率,造成陆面上星载微波观测反演大气参数较为困难,也使得许多卫星微波资料不易同化应用到数值模式,因此迫切需要提供准确可靠的陆面微波地表比辐射率信息.随着卫星观测技术的迅速发展,利用丰富的星载被动微波观测直接反演陆面微波比辐射率成为一种主要手段.国外针对星载微波成像仪和微波垂直探测器开展较为系统的陆面微波比辐射率研究,建立不同类型的地表比辐射率反演方法,开发地表比辐射率参数化方法并应用于辐射资料同化.对于卫星观测反演陆面微波比辐射率存在的问题,开展了评估分析和方法订正.国内利用卫星观测也开展了一些陆面微波比辐射率研究工作,尚需要系统、综合的提炼.对于地表特征复杂的中国地区,还需要评估认识不同陆面微波比辐射率反演方法在我国适用情况,需要增强陆面微波比辐射率数据质量的认识以及业务应用.     

Evapotranspiration and runoff from large land areas: Land surface hydrology for atmospheric general circulation models

A land surface hydrology parameterization for use in atmospheric GCMs is presented. The parameterization incorporates subgrid scale variability in topography, soils, soil moisture and precipitation. The framework of the model is the statistical distribution of a topography-soils index, which controls the local water balance fluxes, and is therefore taken to represent the large land area. Spatially variable water balance fluxes are integrated with respect to the topography-soils index to yield our large scale parameterizations: water balance calculations are performed for a number of intervals of the topography-soils distribution, and interval responses are weighted by the probability of occurrence of the interval. Grid square averaged land surface fluxes result. The model functions independently as a macroscale water balance model. Runoff ratio and evapotranspiration efficiency parameterizations are derived and are shown to depend on the spatial variability of the above mentioned properties and processes, as well at the dynamics of land surface-atmosphere interactions.     

Regional evapotranspiration rate of oasis and surrounding desert

The surface energy balance algorithm for land method was used in this study to calculate the evapotranspiration (ET) rate for the middle reaches of the Heihe River Basin, Gansu Province, China, to analyse ET distribution within the oasis and the surrounding desert and, especially, on the edge zone of the oasis. Five profile graphs were created vertical to the river. Because of the inverse humidity phenomenon, the least amount of evapotranspiration occurred on the desert close to the oasis. The average evapotranspiration rate was roughly proportioned from the edge of the oasis to inside and outside its boundary. Two meteorological ground stations located close to the oasis edge showed a notable difference in net radiation flux that led to the difference found in ET. The primary reason for the significant differences observed in net radiation may be largely the result of differences in flux reflectivity and surface temperature. Meteorological data show that water supply also played an important role. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.