Silver Content of Some USGS Standard Rocks

The state of the art for silver determination in silicate rocks is discussed on the basis of available data on geostandards. A neutron activation procedure for silver in rocks is briefly described, and data on seven new USGS standard rocks are presented and discussed.     

Geostandard Needs for Environmental Research and Monitoring Programs

Geostandards are needed to intercalibrate environmental research and routine environmental monitoring programs. Because a principal concern in both types of analyses is the elemental concentrations of discrete phases, values for partial extractions of geostandards are also needed. This and other information are solicited for an intercalibration among laboratories which monitor metals in marine sediments and wastewater sludge.     

INSTRUMENTAL NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS OF TWO NEW GEOCHEMICAL REFERENCE SAMPLES: BOTTOM SILT FROM LAKE BAIKAL, BIL-1 AND BROWN COAL ASH, ZUK-1

Instrumental neutron activation data on 19 trace elements in two new geostandards, Bottom Silt from Lake Baikal, BIL-1 and Brown Coal Ash, ZUK-1 are presented.     

1995 WORKING VALUES WITH CONFIDENCE LIMITS FOR TWENTY-SIX CRPG,ANRT AND IWG-GIT GEOSTANDARDS

Working values for the twenty-six CRPG, ANRT and IWG-GIT geostandards are presented, with 95% confidence limits. In addition, the hundreds of geoanalysts who have contributed data on these reference samples are presented, with their country of origin.     

VANADIUM CONTENT OF TWENTY-EIGHT GEOCHEMICAL REFERENCE MATERIALS DETERMINED BY A SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC PROCEDURE

Vanadium in twenty-eight international geostandards was determined spectrophotometrically after selectively extracting vanadium as its red NBPHA complex. In general, the results compare favorably with the published values.     

Flame Emission for Accurate Cesium Determination in Geostandards

Cesium values for 21 geostandards obtained by flame emission spectrometry are presented. Analytical sensitivity was separately determined for each sample by the method of standard addition to cancel effects of chemical interferences. Three types of chemical interferences have been found and their magnitude has been measured. Correction factors have been derived to improve the accuracy of analytical values reported in the literature that were obtained by calibration against a single standard.     

Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis of Six Bulgarian Geostandards

Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) was used for the determination of 25 elements (most of them in trace quantities) in six Bulgarian geostandards: Monzonite BV, Gabbro GV, Dolomite DM, Porphiry Copper Ore MrA, Fire Clay OgG and Lead-Zinc Sulphide Ore OZrO. Analyses were made independently in two laboratories and compared with available data.     

Radiochemical Determination of Gold in Rocks

A method developed for radiochemical determination of gold in rock samples has been applied to six Bulgarian, four ZGI (GDR) and one USGS geostandards. The method is based on acid dissolution of the sample, followed by extraction of gold with copper diethyldithiocarbamate solution in CHCl₃. The chemical yield was determined by using ¹⁹⁹Au tracer. The present data are compared with published values for the ZGI and USGS samples.     

Robust Measures and the Estimator Limit

A new concept, the Estimator Limit, is proposed as a mean of overcoming discrepanices among the "robust'measures used in deducing "best values'from incoherent analytical data on proposed rock reference samples.
Un nouveau concept, l'"estimateur limite'est proposé pour surmonter les inconsistances entre les mesures "robustes'utilisées pour établir les "meilleures valeurs'à partir de données analytiques incohérentes (obtenues) sur des geostandards proposés.     

同位素地质样品分析的质量监控与质量评估

讨论了同位素地质样品分析的质量监控与质量评估问题,提出在同位素地质样品分析中以准确度与精度度并重、标准物质监控与重复样监控相结合的质量监控方法。通过对大量标准样品定值数据与积累的测试数据的统计分析,提出了标准物质测定误差和标准偏差及重复样双份分析的双差允许限的确定方法,并采用准确度分数、精密度分数、空白分数和系统性偏倚分数对测试结果的质量进行定量评估的方法,这些方法适用于实验室内部的质量监控和评估     

TOPSIS法在土壤环境质量评价中的应用

TOPSIS法作为一种多目标决策方法,可应用于土壤环境质量综合评价中。介绍了TOPSIS法的原理和算法步骤,并以福州市表层土壤为例,探讨了TOPSIS法在土壤环境质量评价中的应用。研究结果表明,TOPSIS法结合土壤环境质量标准不仅能确定各评价对象环境质量等级,同时也能进行多个对象评价和不同评价对象间质量的优劣比较。TOPSIS法在土壤环境质量综合评价中具有较高的合理性和适用性。     

以波速代替K30评价路基压实质量的理论与实践

如何改进和提高路基施工过程中的质量检测技术和方法是当前的一个技术难题，亦是路基施工中亟待解决的主要问题之一。铁道部确定以K30试验指标作为路基施工过程中的质量检测标准和方法，并将其用于秦沈客运专线的施工检测，这无疑是路基施工质量检测技术的一次飞跃。但该检测方法需要大型配重设备的配合，并且检测速度慢，占用较多的检测人员和场地，因此急需开发新的检测技术，将面波技术用于路基施工质量检测，从理论上建立了面波波速与K30检测指标的相关公式，以现场对比试验结果对该理论公式进行检验和修正，从理论和实践上证明了该技术的可行性，并阐述了波速测试技术的主要技术特点以及实现产业化时需进一步研究和改进的方向。     

南昌市建设用地地质环境质量评价

通过采用多目标决策的敏感因子-模糊聚类综合评判法对南昌市建设用地地质环境质量进行评价,得出结论:尤口-莲塘,新建县-乐化丘岗地区,地质环境质量好,适宜建设;城市中心区、杨子洲-芦洲头、昌北岗间冲沟地区,地质环境质量较好,简单改善后可建设;南新乡-蒋巷、麻丘乡等地区,地质环境质量中等,需采取一定工程措施后方可建设;沿河边滩分布地区,地质环境质量较差,不适宜工程建设;梅岭风景区、西源刘家-源泉溜、金凤胡村-涂家洲等地,地质环境质量差,不适宜工程建设。     

一个基于熵最大原理的地下水评价模型

针对目前水质评价灰色聚类分析方法中存在的评价结果分辨率不高等问题,本文基于信息论中Jaynes最大信息熵原理,提出了一种新的水环境质量评价模型.通过实例计算并与灰色聚类法评价结果进行对比分析,说明了该模型不仅数学推导严谨、科学合理,而且结果的分辨率、灵敏度以及评价的可靠性都大大提高.     

农用地自然质量等级划分的可拓评价方法

农用地自然质量等级划分是农用地分等的前提和基础,其划分合理与否直接关系到农用地分等能否川页利进行,但现有研究方法难以全面反映农用地自然质量的差异性及其性质的可变性。依据浙江省的地形地貌等自然条件差异,将其划分为六大区域,并选择性地构建了不同的农用地自然质量等级划分的因素指标（基础肥力、土壤质地、有机质、耕层厚度、灌溉、排涝、pH、地下水位、坡度等）和评分标准,在此基础上基于可拓理论建立了农用地自然质量等级划分的可拓评价模型,并运用模型对水稻、小麦和油菜作物分别进行可拓评价及多作物综合分等,最终得到浙江省农用地自然质量分等结果。研究表明,可拓评价方法能反映农用地自然质量等级的动态性和可变性,使评价更为精细化和客观化,结果更符合浙江省农用地实际情况。     

分析系数法用于评价农业地质调查样品52个项目分析质量等级

土壤地球化学样品分析测试质量控制目前采用内部质量控制和外部质量控制相结合方法,重点从准确度、精密度、虚拟图等方面确保元素地球化学图成图质量,应用效果良好,不足之处是规范未规定统一的分析方法及评价分析质量等级的参数。分析系数是评价分析结果准确度和精密度的一个综合指标,既适用于实验室内部质量控制,又适用于实验室间质量控制,其评价方法简便易懂、量化直观,但在地矿实验室较少应用,有较好的推广应用价值。文章应用分析系数法评价河南省农业地质调查样品中4个日常监控土壤标准物质中52个项目的分析质量水平。依据多目标区域地球化学调查规范(1∶250000)相关指标计算出分析系数允许限,划分了质量评定等级并进行了实际应用。研究结果显示,4个土壤标准物质共208个分析项目中,其中138个项目达到优秀级,58个项目为良好级,12个项目为及格,总体分析质量好。对分析质量差的Se、Cr、I、Br、Th、C、Pb、Cd等8个项目,应查明原因,采取相应措施,提高这些项目分析的准确度和精密度。     

正态分布在区域地球化学调查样品分析质量评价中的应用探讨

区域地球化学样品长期以来一直是采用间接方法对实际样品元素分析质量进行评价,有效地提高了区域地球化学样品的整体分析质量,但是当实际样品和外部质量控制样品含量范围差别较大时,间接评价的效果会减弱。本文从区域地球化学样品大部分元素符合标准(对数)正态分布的规律出发,运用SPSS、Excel等软件对区域地球化学调查样品元素含量正态分布情况进行研究,通过计算元素含量实际正态分布图和标准正态分布图的重合度直接评价元素的分析质量。运用整套方法对实验室分析的江西某地多目标区域地球化学样品的分析数据进行了质量评价,正态分布检验表明微量元素需要通过对数转换才能进行正态分布分析,该地区钛、钨、铬等元素不适合用本方法进行质量评价;钴、汞、镓等18个元素的重合度都在0.9以上;氧化钙和氧化钠重合度小于0.9,样品实际结果分析表明需降低分析方法检出限,提高低含量氧化钙和氧化钠的分析质量。本方法对区域地球化学调查样品的分析数据质量的直接评价作了有益的尝试,可以作为现有区域地球化学调查样品质量评价办法的参考和补充。     

Use of fuzzy synthetic evaluation for assessment of groundwater quality for drinking usage: a case study of Southern Haryana,India

A method based on concept of fuzzy set theory has been used for decision-making for the assessment of physico-chemical quality of groundwater for drinking purposes. Conventional methods for water quality assessment do not consider the uncertainties involved either in measurement of water quality parameters or in the limits provided by the regulatory bodies. Fuzzy synthetic evaluation model gives the certainty levels for the quality class of the water based on the prescribed limit of various regulatory bodies and opinion of the experts from the field of drinking water quality. In this paper, application of fuzzy rule based optimization model is illustrated with twenty groundwater samples from Sohna town of Gurgaon district of Southern Haryana, India. These samples were analysed for 15 different physico-chemical parameters, out of them nine important parameters were used for the quality assessment using fuzzy synthetic evaluation approach. From this study, it has been concluded that all the water samples are in acceptable category whose certainty level ranges from 44 to 100%. Water from these sources can be used for the drinking purposes if alternate water source is not available without any health concern on the basis of physico-chemical characteristics.