不同围压下灰岩三轴压缩过程能量分析

对灰岩岩样进行了不同围压下的三轴压缩试验,得到了峰值应力和弹性模量与围压的线性关系式。利用应力-应变曲线拟合了3种围压下应变能与应变的关系式,从而可以求得灰岩在任一轴向应变时的能量值。在考虑岩样对液压油做功的前提下,分析了压缩过程中几个阶段的能量转化方式,解释了高围压条件下岩石破坏更加剧烈的原因。基于裂缝扩展程度影响弹性模量大小的情况,提出了裂缝发展系数F的概念,给出了3种围压下利用轴向应力? 求取F的经验公式,从而可以获得灰岩压缩破坏过程中各阶段的实际岩石力学参数,并且用F值的变化趋势解释了高围压时峰值强度附近出现塑性平台的原因。     

不同倾角节理组和锚固效应对岩体特性的影响

首先采用DDARF(discontinuous deformation analysis for rock failure)分析方法对双裂隙岩块进行单轴和双轴压缩模拟试验,研究了裂隙角度和侧向应力大小对岩块特性的影响,得到了裂隙岩块在这两种加载试验中的破坏过程、应力-应变曲线以及岩块中裂隙的起裂应力和岩块的峰值强度。在双轴压缩模拟试验中绘制了裂隙角度为45°的岩块在不同侧向压力下的强度包络线。其次,采用DDARF分析方法模拟劈裂试验中含裂隙试块的锚固效果,得到了4种不同锚固角度试块的轴向荷载–位移变化曲线和裂隙扩展规律。模拟结果与前人的类似条件下的试验结果相符良好。随后又将双裂隙试块双轴压缩模拟试验中得到的参数运用到一个地下洞室的工程实例中,用等效力学特性的方法分析对比了完整岩体和节理岩体洞室开挖完成后的破损状态的差异。最后运用DDARF分析方法研究了随机生成4组节理岩体的地下洞室的稳定性,得到了洞室节理围岩的裂隙扩展过程。同时通过对关键点位移的监测分析了锚杆的锚固效应。     

钻孔弹模法在某核岛岩体力学特性中的应用研究

钻孔试验法的最大优点是可测试深部岩体力学参数(变形模量或弹性模量),为工程支护设计、工程安全性评价提供最为不可缺少的参数。本文结合某核岛工程,介绍了钻孔弹模法在岩体力学特性的工程应用。研究表明:该方法能够反映岩体结构特征,测试获得的压力变形曲线符合实际,规律性良好。在低压力段,变形发展很快,压力与变形曲线呈非线性; 在中压力段,钻孔弹模计的承压板在不断输出增大的压力下与孔壁岩体达到全接触,裂隙闭合,压力与变形曲线接近线性; 在高压力段以上,压力与变形曲线在经历了低压力段非线性,中压力段接近线性后最终呈线性。考虑到岩体本身结构质量变化,弹性模量与变形模量会随深度发生一定的变化。经进一步分析核岛岩体变形模量或弹性模量可知,微风化至新鲜的花岗岩岩体各向异性不明显,部分受裂隙和结构面切割影响的测段岩体模量值小于其他测段,岩体模量比值较大,表现出较强的各向异性。最终,本文还给出了微风化至新鲜的花岗岩变形模量值NS向标准值为24.021.61GPa, EW向标准值为23.921.56GPa,综合变形模量标准值为23.971.10GPa; 弹性模量值NS向标准值为45.152.58GPa; EW向标准值为44.252.57GPa; 综合弹性模量标准值为44.701.79GPa。     

高低温冻融循环条件下花岗岩力学性能试验研究

高低温冻融循环条件下岩石的力学特性是岩石力学与工程中的一个重要课题。通过试验研究了花岗岩在不同温度幅值的高低温冻融循环条件下,单轴抗压强度、弹性模量、峰值变形、应力-应变曲线随循环次数变化的规律,并基于Loland损伤力学模型,推导出岩石类材料损伤变量表达式,揭示了花岗岩力学性能劣化与循环次数、循环温度幅值的关系,为高低温冻融循环条件下岩石力学性能的研究提供一定的试验、理论基础     

基于裂纹体应变的深埋大理岩加、卸荷破坏机制研究

为了弄清深埋硬岩的加、卸荷破坏机制,系统开展了深埋大理岩的常规三轴试验、保持 不变的卸围压试验和变 的卸围压试验等。以裂纹体应变为主要分析变量,结合体应变、等效塑性应变等参量深入分析上述不同应力路径下硬岩的破坏过程。运用裂纹体应变-轴向应变曲线、等效塑性应变-轴向应变曲线和轴向应力-应变曲线来解释岩石破坏过程所产生的现象与规律。结果表明：在裂纹闭合阶段岩样裂纹闭合的变化程度（裂纹体应变改变的大小）可以反映岩石的初始损伤程度;裂纹闭合阶段对岩石弹性模量的计算有重要的影响,需要根据合适的阶段划分,消除裂纹闭合阶段对弹性模量计算的影响,进而得到较为准确的弹性模量;在卸围压点处岩石的可闭合程度突然增加,裂纹体应变-轴向应变曲线发生突变;岩石卸荷破坏过程中裂纹扩展存在滞后性。研究成果有助于进一步理解深埋硬岩的加、卸荷破坏过程和机制,为深埋隧洞的灾害防治提供理论依据。     

基于试验的花岗岩渐进破坏本构模型研究

对取自大渡河流域大岗山电站的花岗岩进行了系统的试验研究,得到了不同围压下的应力-应变曲线。根据岩样受力过程中内部微裂纹的活动状态,定义了4个特征应力,即闭合应力、起裂应力、破损应力、峰值应力,来反映花岗岩的渐进破坏过程,特征应力也反映了岩石内部的损伤程度。依据特征应力,将试验曲线分为4个阶段,并对每一阶段分别求取变形模量和泊松比。结果表明,变形模量不仅与围压有关,且与岩石的损伤程度有关,而泊松比只取决于岩石的损伤程度。特征应力可由体积应变曲线结合线性回归技术准确求取。在此基础上,提出了一个考虑花岗岩渐进破坏的本构模型。在该模型中,变形参数(弹性模量、泊松比)是应力状态的函数,强度参数（凝聚力、内摩擦角）是塑性变形的函数。将该模型嵌入大型有限元分析软件ABAQUS,对不同围压下的花岗岩室内压缩试验进行模拟,结果表明,模拟所得的应力-应变曲线与试验曲线的吻合程度较高,模型能反映花岗岩等脆性岩石的峰前非线性力学行为。     

水压-应力耦合作用下灰岩力学特性试验

为探究富水饱和灰岩体在水压-应力耦合作用下的力学特性，利用自主研发的可实现单轴压缩的渗透试验装置对不同水压强度下的灰岩试样进行压缩破坏试验，测试灰岩应力-应变特性，分析水压对单轴抗压强度、弹性模量、变形模量的影响，灰岩破碎特性与水压强度相关性以及孔隙变化规律。研究表明:增加的水压强度对灰岩应力-应变和强度特性有显著的影响。随着水压强度增大，应力-应变曲线的压密阶段相对延长而弹性相对缩短，峰值强度呈指数减小而弹性模量和变形模量均呈线性下降，表明水压作用显著降低了灰岩脆性。另外，灰岩弹性模量、变形模量均与峰值强度呈线性关系。增大的水压强度对灰岩宏观断裂具有显著影响而未对其破坏类型造成影响，随水压强度增加，碎块均一系数和单位质量孔隙体积均呈指数函数增加。研究成果为隧道建设中富水岩体的开挖稳定性分析提供参考。      

岩石破裂行为的实验研究

岩样的破裂行为、破坏过程和参数测试是裂隙断裂构造研究的基础和依据。实验岩石样品采自四川东部和新疆北部地区,为测试准确起见,对岩样进行了应力等值线的有限元法计算。通过单轴和三轴实验的岩样破坏观察和应力应变曲线对比,将岩石的破裂行为、应力应变划分为四个阶段,即裂隙压密阶段、弹性变形阶段、微观劈裂阶段和宏观破裂阶段。基于单轴抗压实验岩石劈裂—破裂—碎裂发展过程的微观分析,可以看出宏观破裂主要是沿岩样原有的隐裂隙、临界裂隙发育的,许多新裂隙则主要是在宏观破裂阶段产生的。     

MTS试验机岩石压缩试验变形测量数据的选取方法研究

变形测量数据的选取对认识岩石力学性质及变形参数的计算有着重要影响.MTS试验机已被广泛应用于岩石力学试验中,其中岩石的变形测量常用方式有引伸计、LVDT和压板位移,这3种测量方法得到的轴向应变的准确性和适用性有待深入研究.本研究采用MTS试验机进行岩石的单轴和三轴压缩试验,对比引伸计、压板位移和LVDT 3种方式测量得...     

Experimental and modelled mechanical behaviour of a rock fracture under normal stress

Summary  The mechanical and hydromechanical behaviour of isolated rock joints is of prime importance for a correct understanding of the behaviour of jointed rock masses. This paper focuses on the mechanical behaviour of a fracture under normal stress (fracture closure), using approaches based on both experimentation and modelled analysis. Experimental closure tests were carried out by positioning four displacement transducers around a fracture, leading to results which tended to vary as a function of transducer location. Such variations can be explained by the non-constant void space distribution between both walls of the fracture. The present study focuses on the importance of transducer location in such a test, and on the significant role played, in terms of mechanical response, by the morphology of the fracture surfaces. An analytical mechanical model is then developed, which takes into account the deformation of surface asperities and of the bulk material surrounding the fracture; it also includes the effects of mechanical interaction between contact points. The model is validated by simulating the behaviour which is very similar to experimental observations. Various parametric studies (scale effect, spatial distribution of contact points) are then carried out. The study of scale effects reveals a decrease in the normal stiffness with increasing fracture size. Finally, analysis of the role of various mechanical parameters has shown that the most influential of these is Young’s modulus corresponding to the bulk material surrounding the joint. Many applications, such as geothermal fluid recovery from fractures, could benefit from these results. Correspondence: Antoine Marache, Université Bordeaux 1, GHYMAC, Av. des Facultés, 33405 Talence Cedex, France     

Effects of linking up of discontinuities on fracture growth and groundwater transport

It is proposed that the growth of fractures is the basic process for generating and maintaining permeability in solid rock (bedrock). Many extension fractures grow as hydrofractures, whereas many shear (and extension) fractures grow through the formation of transverse fractures that connect the adjacent tips of existing fractures. In a boundary-element analysis, the hydrofractures are modeled as being driven open by a fluid overpressure that varies linearly from 10 MPa at the fracture centre to 0 MPa at the fracture tip. The host rock has a uniform Young's modulus of 10 GPa, a Poisson's ratio of 0.25, and is dissected by vertical joints and horizontal contacts, each of which is modeled as an internal spring of stiffness 6 MPa m⁻¹. The number of joints and contacts, and their location with respect to the hydrofracture tip are varied in different model runs. The results of the analyses indicate that the tensile stresses generated by overpressured hydrofractures open up joints and contacts out to considerable distances from the fracture tip, so that they tend to link up to form a hydraulic pathway. Using the same Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, and internal spring constant for joints as in the hydrofracture models, boundary-element models were made to study the interaction stresses that cause neighbouring joints to become interconnected through the growth of linking transverse fractures that, ultimately, may evolve into shear fractures. The models were subjected to tensile stress of 6 MPa acting normal to the joint planes as the only loading. The offset (horizontal distance) and underlap (vertical distance) between the adjacent tips of the joints were varied between model runs. The results show a concentration of tensile and shear stresses in the regions between the neighbouring tips of the joints, but these regions become smaller when the underlap of the joints decreases and changes to overlap. These stress-concentration regions favour the development of transverse (mostly shear) fractures that link up the nearby tips of the joints, so as to form a segmented shear or extension fracture. Analytical results on aperture variation of a hydrofracture in a homogeneous, isotropic rock are compared with boundary-element results for a hydrofracture dissecting layered rocks. The aperture is larger where the hydrofracture dissects soft (low Young's modulus) layers than where it dissects stiff layers. Aperture variation may encourage subsequent groundwater-flow channeling along a pathway generated by a hydrofracture in layered rocks. Electronic Publication     

开挖卸荷对砂岩力学特性影响试验研究

卸荷作用广泛存在于人类的工程活动和地质作用过程中,岩体在卸荷条件下的力学特性研究一直是工程界探讨的热点问题之一。根据实际边坡工程开挖后应力变化状态确定试验方案,进行了砂岩三轴卸荷破坏试验,研究了卸荷状态下岩体的应力应变特征、破坏特征及力学参数变化规律,并与加载破坏试验数据进行了对比分析。试验结果表明,卸荷破坏时岩样变形模量随着卸荷量的增加可降低5%～42%左右,二者之间的关系可用指数函数拟合;卸荷破坏时岩体的峰值应变随围压线性增长,残余应变与围压无明显关系;相比于加载破坏,卸荷破坏时岩体凝聚力c值降低了4%左右,内摩擦角? 增加了12%左右;卸荷速率对岩样强度和变形参数有较大影响;卸荷条件下岩体破坏具有沿卸荷方向强烈扩容特征,主要表现为张剪破坏,并伴随有环向裂纹,初始围压越高,卸荷程度越强烈,岩体的破碎程度越高。     

Correlation of Schmidt hardness with unconfined compressive strength and Young''s modulus in gypsum from Sivas (Turkey)

This study aims to express the relationships between Schmidt rebound number (N) with unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and Young's modulus (E_t) of the gypsum by empirical equations. As known, the Schmidt hammer has been used worldwide as an index test for a quick rock strength and deformability characterisation due to its rapidity and easiness in execution, simplicity, portability, low cost and nondestructiveness. In this study, gypsum samples have been collected from various locations in the Miocene-aged gypsum of Sivas Basin and tested. The tests include the determination of Schmidt hammer rebound number (N), tangent Young's modulus (E_t) and unconfined compressive strength. Finally, obtained parameters were correlated and regression equations were established among Schmidt hammer rebound hardness, tangent Young's modulus and unconfined compressive strength, presenting high coefficients of correlation. It appears that there is a possibility of estimating unconfined compressive strength and Young's modulus of gypsum, from their Schmidt hammer rebound number by using the proposed empirical relationships of UCS=exp(0.818+0.059N) and E_t=exp(1.146+0.054N). However, the equations must be used only for the gypsum with an acceptable accuracy, especially at the preliminary stage of designing a structure. Finally, by using the obtained Schmidt hammer rebound number from this study, unconfined compressive strength was calculated and compared with the calculated value from different empirical equations proposed by different authors. It can be said that it is impossible to obtain only one relation for all types of the rocks.     

橡胶砂应力-应变特性三轴-单剪联合试验研究

橡胶砂作为一种环保的岩土材料有广泛的应用前景。应用三轴和单剪两种试验方法对2种固结压力下、7种配比橡胶砂的应力-应变特性、体变特性和模量衰减特性进行了对比研究,结果表明：随着橡胶颗粒含量的增加,橡胶砂模量降低,应力-应变曲线向应变硬化型转变,线性关系增强;随着橡胶颗粒含量的增加,橡胶砂剪胀特性减弱,剪缩增大;橡胶砂应力-应变关系可用扩展邓肯-张模型进行模拟,模型参数受橡胶颗粒含量影响的规律明显;随着橡胶颗粒含量的增加,橡胶砂的静剪切模量Gs与剪应变? 曲线降低,而橡胶砂模量衰减曲线Gs /G0 -?（G0为初始剪切模量）向大应变方向偏移;三轴和单剪两种试验方法得到的橡胶砂应力-应变特性、体应变-剪应变规律类似,但试验参数明显受应力状态和应力路径的影响,两者的差异主要表现为三轴试验得到的应力-应变曲线和模量曲线高于单剪试验,产生这种差异的主要原因是由于前者的平均应力相对较大。试验还得到了橡胶砂初始模量随橡胶颗粒含量降低的经验关系。     

Estimation of the rock mass deformation modulus using a rock classification system

It is often difficult to directly obtain specific design parameters of interest. In these situations, estimation based on empirical correlations is an alternative. The deformation modulus of a rock mass, which is important to know for engineering projects, is measured by in situ tests, such as plate bearing, flat jack, pressure chamber, borehole jacking and dilatometer tests. Nevertheless, these in situ tests are expensive, time consuming and sometimes even impossible. Many attempts have been made to estimate the E modulus using easy-to-obtain parameters of a rock mass. This paper reviews previous studies and the equations that have been developed. In addition, this study presents a new relation developed using a database of 82 dilatometer test results gathered from two dam sites and a tunnel site. Statistical analyses were performed to correlate accessible rock parameters with measured E modulus values from in situ tests. Knowing that discontinuity characteristics and the strength of rock materials are the most important contributors to rock deformability, the focus was on identifying parameters that are affected by the mentioned properties. Among the tested parameters, RMR (Rock Mass Rating) showed the best correlation with the E modulus. Statistical analyses resulted in a new empirical equation that has an acceptable estimation ability.     

An Experimental Study of the Fracture Coalescence Behaviour of Brittle Sandstone Specimens Containing Three Fissures

To analyse the fracture coalescence behaviour of rock, rectangular prismatic sandstone specimens (80?×?160?×?30?mm in size) containing three fissures were tested under uniaxial compression. The strength and deformation behaviours of the specimens are first analysed by investigating the effects of the ligament angle β₂ on the peak strength, peak strain and crack initiation stress of the specimens. To confirm the sequence of crack coalescence, a photographic monitoring technique is used throughout the entire period of deformation. Based on the results, the relationship between the real-time crack coalescence process and the axial stress–strain curve of brittle sandstone specimens is also developed, and this relationship can be used to evaluate the macroscopic deformation characteristics of pre-cracked rock. The equivalent strain evolution fields of the specimen, with α?=?β₁?=?45° and β₂?=?90°, are obtained using the digital image correlation technique and show good agreement with the experimental results of pre-cracked brittle sandstone. These experimental results are expected to improve the understanding of fracture mechanisms and be used in rock engineering with intermittent structures, such as deep underground excavated tunnels.     

一种基于弹性应变能的裂隙岩体等效弹性模量评价方法

基于线弹性断裂力学裂隙面张开位移及剪切位移理论公式,考虑裂隙存在常法向和常切向刚度情况,研究了含单个裂隙岩体加载过程中由于裂隙存在而附加的弹性应变能。基于应变能等效方法并假设两种裂隙变形模型--非均匀变形模型和均匀变形模型,研究了二维非贯通裂隙岩体的等效杨氏模量和等效剪切模量解析表达式。研究结果表明,对于贯通裂隙规则分布情况,均匀变形模型得到的解析解与Amadei等的结果一致;对于非贯通裂隙正态分布情况,考虑裂隙相互作用的非均匀变形模型解明显低估裂隙岩体的等效杨氏模量和等效剪切模量,而考虑裂隙相互作用的均匀变形模型解与有限元数值解的偏差在10%以内。得到的解析表达式在一定条件下可以作为裂隙岩体等效弹性模量评价方法之一。     

陇西黄土三轴剪切过程微观变化研究

为了解黄土三轴剪切过程中的微观变化,采用PFC3D建立黄土三轴试验模型,模拟围压分别为0、50、150、300 kPa的三轴剪切试验,并与室内试验进行对比分析。分析结果表明：PFC3D能够较好地模拟出不同围压下从开始到破坏到残余变形整个过程中应力-应变的变化规律,且位移场及接触应力场的变化规律与室内三轴试验宏观现象较一致;发现弹性模量、泊松比及峰值强度与数值模型中微观参数有着密切的联系,如法向刚度kn控制试样宏观弹性模量,kn /ks值控制泊松比,摩擦系数控制峰值强度;通过体应变-轴向应变曲线发现,随着围压的增加应变能增大,试样呈现出由体积膨胀到体积减缩的变化规律。其研究结果为进一步探究黄土的应力-应变性状及抗剪强度特性提供参考。     

Deformation modulus of heavily jointed–sheared and blocky greywackes by pressuremeter tests: Numerical, experimental and empirical assessments

Deformability of rock masses influencing their behavior is an important geomechanical property for the design of rock structures. Due to the difficulties in determining the deformability of jointed rock masses at the laboratory-scale, various in-situ test methods such as pressuremeter, dilatometer, plate loading tests etc. have been developed. Although these techniques are currently the best and direct methods, they are time-consuming and expensive, and present operational difficulties. In addition, the influence of the test volume on deformation modulus depending on the method employed is also important. For these reasons empirical equations to indirectly estimate the deformation modulus have also been recommended by several investigators as an alternative approach. In this study; the geomechanical quality of weak, heavily jointed, sheared and/or blocky greywacke rock masses, on which very concentrated civil works are continuing at the southern and southwestern parts of Ankara (Turkey), was assessed. The deformation modulus was determined by pressuremeter tests, the possible effects of variables on the derived deformation modulus from the pressuremeter test were evaluated by numerical methods, and the comparisons between the deformation modulus of the greywackes obtained from the pressuremeter tests and their geomechanical quality (GSI and RMR) were made. Numerical simulations revealed that the presence of a disturbed annulus around the borehole causes underestimation of the deformation modulus, while the effect of length to diameter ratio of the pressuremeter probe on the deformation modulus is minor. Based on the geo-engineering characterization assessments, mainly two greywacke rock masses with different geomechanical qualities were identified. Geotechnical quality of one of these rock masses was verified by the back analysis of two slope failures. The empirical equations to indirectly estimate the deformation modulus of the greywackes using their GSI and RMR values yielded high coefficients of correlation.     

基于复合损伤的节理岩体动态本构模型研究

基于运用霍普金森压杆（SHPB）装置对节理岩体动载试验得出的数据,从节理面倾角、贯通度、厚度、组数、填充物及应变率等不同方面分析各因素对节理岩体力学特性的影响,通过对节理岩体在高应变率下的损伤机制和破坏形式进行分析的基础上,基于复合损伤理论,对广义Bingham模型进行改进,构造了节理岩体材料在不同应变率下动态响应的本构模型,对模型计算和试验结果的比较表明,该模型能够很好地描述节理岩体动荷载下初始弹性变形阶段、稳态塑性变形阶段和加速变形破坏阶段的应力-应变关系,并且理论与试验结果吻合较好,从而证明了该模型的正确性和合理性。