用于探测海水中油份的便携式油份测定仪研究

采用近代荧光测量方法、双光路、双通道及单片机控制、数据自动采集研究成功的便携式油份测定仪,是用于海上现场实时测量水中微量油份的新型海洋光电仪器。本仪器采用低功耗、高强度、低重复频率的脉冲氙灯为激发光源及相应的脉冲检测技术测量水中油份所产生的荧光信号。该仪器可在海表层至２５ｍ水深内任一日光强度下工作,测量水中油份浓度范围为（１×１０－９～１×１０－５）ｇ／ｃｍ３。     

海水叶绿素α现场测量仪

由国家海洋局第一海洋研究所和复旦大学物理系共同研制成功的海水叶绿素α现场测量仪是用于海上现场实时测量海水中浮游植物体内叶绿素α含量的新型海洋仪器.     

水中荧光计及其在海洋现场探测中的应用

本文描述了近几年来我们首次研制成功的３种类型的水中荧光计系统及其应用测量结果：１．用于水体混合扩散实验研究的水中荧光计，对罗丹明Ｂ浓度测量范围为１×１０－６～１×１０－１０ｇ／ｃｍ３；２．拖曳荧光计系统，能在２～８０ｍ水深内进行水平拖曳平稳地工作，拖曳速度为０～８ｋｎ，除检测罗丹明Ｂ外，还可检测无机悬浮物质的含量，检测范围为２～２０００ｍｇ／ｄｍ３；３．用于测量海中浮游植物体内叶绿素ａ浓度的水中荧光计，测量范围为１×１０－６～１×１０－９ｇ／ｃｍ３。用荧光法测量海中物质是近代新发展的一种简便、快速、灵敏度高、用途极其广泛的测量技术，有着重要的应用价值。     

杭州湾——舟山渔场秋季浮游植物现存量和初级生产力

1995年9月在杭州湾和长江口至舟山海区进行了浮游植物细胞丰度、叶绿素a浓度和初级生产力的现场观测研究.结果表明,表层水浮游植物平均细胞丰度为(22.68±63.33)×104个/dm3;平均叶绿素a浓度为2.80±3.46μg/dm3,小于20μm的微型和微微型浮游生物细胞对叶绿素a的贡献占71%;平均初级生产力(C)为692.5±1192.4mg/(m2·d),小于20μm的微型和微微型浮游生物细胞对总生产力的贡献占68%.河口区悬浮物质浓度高,浮游植物光合作用受光的限制,各项生物参数与真光层深度紧密相关.生物锋区位于真光层深度10～20m、盐度26～32的长江冲淡水稀释区.同时探讨了浮游植物细胞活性(R)与光合作用同化数(AN)、叶绿素a与初级生产力、叶绿素a与海面光谱反射率的相互关系,为海洋水色遥感在初级生产力的应用研究提供科学依据     

杭州湾——舟山渔场秋季浮游植物现存量和初级生产力

1995年 9月在杭州湾和长江口至舟山海区进行了浮游植物细胞丰度、叶绿素a浓度和初级生产力的现场观测研究 .结果表明 ,表层水浮游植物平均细胞丰度为(2 2 6 8± 6 3 33)× 1 0 4个 /dm3;平均叶绿素a浓度为 2 80± 3 46 μg/dm3,小于 2 0μm的微型和微微型浮游生物细胞对叶绿素a的贡献占 71 % ;平均初级生产力 (C)为6 92 5± 1 1 92 4mg/ (m2 ·d) ,小于 2 0 μm的微型和微微型浮游生物细胞对总生产力的贡献占 6 8% .河口区悬浮物质浓度高 ,浮游植物光合作用受光的限制 ,各项生物参数与真光层深度紧密相关 .生物锋区位于真光层深度 1 0～ 2 0m、盐度 2 6～ 32的长江冲淡水稀释区 .同时探讨了浮游植物细胞活性 (R)与光合作用同化数 (AN)、叶绿素a与初级生产力、叶绿素a与海面光谱反射率的相互关系 ,为海洋水色遥感在初级生产力的应用研究提供科学依据     

渤海水域初级生产力10年间的变化

根据 1982～1983 年和 1992～1993 年对渤海水域生产力调查资料的分析对比,探讨了渤海水域浮游植物现存量(叶绿素 a)及其初级生产力 10a 间的变化, 发现叶绿素 a 由105m g／m 3 减少到 061m g／m 3 ,初级生产力由 312m g／m 2d 下降到 216m g／m 2d,下降的幅度大约为(30～40)×10－ 2 ．但叶绿素 a 与初级生产力的空间分布与季节变化特征基本一致。     

海洋表层叶绿素浓度的激光雷达测量方法和海上实验

依据激光感生荧光的原理和叶绿素分子的荧光谱特性,研制一套激发波长为532nm的海洋激光雷达系统,用于海洋表层叶绿素分子浓度的快速测量。应用该系统于1994年10－11月进行一次长距离的海上现场实验,对东海（2－32°N,122—129°E）21个站位的表层叶绿素浓度进行了测量,得到0．15μg/L-1．10μg／L范围的表层叶绿素分子的浓度分布。测量结果与水样的分光光度计测量结果相吻合。     

荧光技术在海洋环境学上的应用研究

笔者研制成功的4种不同用途、类型的水中荧光计在海洋、江河水体混合扩散实验研究中的应用,利用这种仪器先后完成了近20处大、中型水域环境评价工程任务,海洋水体中微量油分的测量实验研究,海洋中浮游植物体内叶绿素a浓度现场测量实验研究;并通过改换拖曳荧光计的荧光测量滤光片为中性滤光片,首次在国内东海、黄海倾废区分别进行了较大规模的海洋倾倒悬浮污染物(粉煤灰、碱渣)的海洋深层追踪现场测量实验研究,获得令人满意的结果.同时,还简述了荧光测量法的原理、优点及水中荧光计的结构.用荧光法测量海中物质是近代发展的一种简便、快速、灵敏度高、用途广泛的测量新技术,在海洋环境检测中有着极其重要的应用价值.     

北部湾浮游植物粒径分级叶绿素a和初级生产力的分布特征

1994年5月23B至6月4日现场观测了北部湾浮游植物细胞丰度、叶绿素a浓度和初级生产力的分布.测区平均叶绿素a浓度为0.94±0.45/d3.平均初级生产力(C)为351±172mg/(m2·d),浮游植物细胞丰度为0.97×104-10050×104个/m3,鉴定浮游植物4门56属176种.地理环境和水文状况的差异使上述参数分布具有明显的区域性特征,近岸区高于湾中部,测区北部高干南部;温跃层以下水层叶绿素a浓度高于上层水,周6观测站平均叶绿素a浓度湾北部(0.47±0.15g/dm3)高于湾南部(0.15±0.02dm3).北部湾水域光合浮游生物以微型和微微型细胞(小于20m)占优势,其对总初级生产力的贡献(占91%)高于对总叶绿素a的贡献(占77%).     

厦门西港浮游植物吸收磷酸盐的粒级特征

厦门西港微型浮游植物（3～20μm）吸收磷酸盐的百分比、吸收速率常数和单位体积吸收速率均最大，分别为74．85％、8．28×10-5／s和5．38×10-5μmol／（dm3·s），小型浮游植物（20～200μm）次之，超微型浮游植物（0．2～3μm）最小；单位叶绿素a的吸收速率是超微型浮游植物最大[5．38×10-5μmol／（μg·s）]，微型次之，小型最小。相关分析表明各粒级浮游植物吸收磷酸盐的百分比与相应粒级浮游植物的叶绿素a含量和光合速率的百分比呈良好的正相关关系。     

大鹏湾赤潮多发区的叶绿素a分布与环境关系初探

根据１９９０－１９９１年大鹏湾盐海田域４个测站的观测资料分析结果表明，大鹏湾赤潮我发区海水中叶绿素α含量的测值范围为０．０６－８．２８ｍｇ／ｍ＾３，平均为１．３３ｍｇ／ｍ＾３。季切平均值以春，秋季较高，夏，冬季较低；表层的叶绿素α含量稍高于底层。采用多元逐步回归分析得知，影响叶绿素α含量变化的主要因子是Ｆｅ，ＣＯＤ，ｓ，其次是ＤＯ，ｔ，Ｔｂ；此，Ｍｎ，Ｓｉ（ＯＨ）４，ＰＯ４，ＮＯ２与叶绿素α的分布     

Seasonality of microzooplankton grazing in the northern Wadden Sea

A sequence of nine dilution experiments was conducted according to Landry and Hassett [Landry, M.R., Hassett, R.P., 1982. Estimating the grazing impact of marine microzooplankton. Mar. Biol. 67, 283–288] in the northern Wadden Sea from March until October 2004 to investigate the seasonality of microzooplankton grazing. From March until April, no grazing was observed. Microzooplankton grazing started in May (0.66 d^− 1) and increased until August (1.22 d^− 1). In October microzooplankton grazing was low again (0.17 d^− 1). Phytoplankton growth rates varied between 0 and 1.1 d^− 1. Since the reliability of dilution experiments is still frequently discussed in literature, we tested if our data obtained by dilution experiments reflected short-term in situ phytoplankton dynamics of the study site. We scaled experimental growth rates to water column irradiance, calculated short-term chlorophyll-a dynamics and compared the results to in situ measured chlorophyll-a concentrations. Calculated chlorophyll-a concentrations correlated significantly with in situ measured chlorophyll-a concentrations but slightly overestimated the in situ measured chlorophyll-a. This overestimation was in the range of phytoplankton assimilation reported for the Wadden Sea benthos. We will show that microzooplankton grazing had a large impact during the Phaeocystis bloom and during summer suggesting that a large proportion of phytoplankton biomass remained the pelagic food web. Microzooplankton grazing did not impact the diatom spring bloom and its demise.     

光强和营养盐对伪矮海链藻昼夜节律变化的影响

于1989年1月 - 1989年8月采用连续培养和半连续培养方法进行了伪矮海链藻细胞分裂、叶绿素a含量和活体荧光特性与光、营养盐关系的研究。结果表明,细胞分裂、活体荧光、叶绿素a均呈现光照期的增长速率明显高于黑暗期的增长速率的日变化规律,荧光增强比则在光照期开始后或黑暗期结束时出现最高值;光强和营养盐不仅影响各指标日变化的幅度,而且还可改变荧光增强比峰值出现时间。因此,在研究细胞分裂、叶绿素a和荧光特性的昼夜节律时,必须考虑光和营养盐这两个重要因素。     

Modelling phytoplankton deposition to Chesapeake Bay sediments during winter–spring: interannual variability in relation to river flow

The often-rapid deposition of phytoplankton to sediments at the end of the spring phytoplankton bloom is an important component of benthic–pelagic coupling in temperate and high latitude estuaries and other aquatic systems. However, quantifying the flux is difficult, particularly in spatially heterogeneous environments. Surficial sediment chlorophyll-a, which can be measured quickly at many locations, has been used effectively by previous studies as an indicator of phytoplankton deposition to estuarine sediments. In this study, surficial sediment chlorophyll-a was quantified in late spring at 20–50 locations throughout Chesapeake Bay for 8 years (1993–2000). A model was developed to estimate chlorophyll-a deposition to sediments using these measurements, while accounting for chlorophyll-a degradation during the time between deposition and sampling. Carbon flux was derived from these estimates via C:chl-a = 75.Bay-wide, the accumulation of chlorophyll-a on sediments by late spring averaged 171 mg m⁻², from which the chlorophyll-a and carbon sinking fluxes, respectively, were estimated to be 353 mg m⁻² and 26.5 gC m⁻². These deposition estimates were ∼50% of estimates based on a sediment trap study in the mid-Bay. During 1993–2000, the highest average chlorophyll-a flux was in the mid-Bay (248 mg m⁻²), while the lowest was in the lower Bay (191 mg m⁻²). Winter–spring average river flow was positively correlated with phytoplankton biomass in the lower Bay water column, while phytoplankton biomass in that same region of the Bay was correlated with increased chlorophyll-a deposition to sediments. Responses in other regions of the Bay were less clear and suggested that the concept that nutrient enrichment in high flow years leads to greater phytoplankton deposition to sediments may be an oversimplification. A comparison of the carbon flux associated with the deposition of the spring bloom with annual benthic carbon budgets indicated that the spring bloom did not contribute a disproportionately large fraction of annual carbon inputs to Chesapeake Bay sediments. Regional patterns in chlorophyll-a deposition did not correspond with the strong regional patterns that have been found for plankton net community metabolism during spring.     

Characterization of the solar light field within the ocean mesopelagic zone based on radiative transfer simulations

The solar light field within the ocean from the sea surface to the bottom of the mesopelagic zone was simulated with a radiative transfer model that accounts for the presence of inelastic radiative processes associated with Raman scattering by water molecules, fluorescence of colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM), and fluorescence of chlorophyll-a contained in phytoplankton. The simulation results provide a comprehensive characterization of the ambient light field and apparent optical properties (AOPs) across the entire visible spectral range within the depth range 200–1000 m of the entire mesopelagic zone for varying chlorophyll-a concentration and seawater optical properties in the mixed surface layer of the ocean. With increasing depth in the mesopelagic zone, the solar irradiance is reduced by ~9–10 orders of magnitude and exhibits a major spectral maximum in the blue, typically centered around a light wavelength of 475 nm. In the green and red spectral regions, the light levels are significantly lower but still important owing to local generation of photons via inelastic processes, mostly Raman scattering and to a lesser extent CDOM fluorescence. The Raman scattering produces a distinct secondary maximum in irradiance spectra centered around 565 nm. Comparisons of our results with light produced by the radioactive decay of the unstable potassium isotope contained in sea salt (⁴⁰K) indicates that the solar irradiance dominates over the ⁴⁰K-produced irradiance within the majority of the mesopelagic zone for most scenarios considered in our simulations. The angular distribution of radiance indicates the dominance of downward propagation of light in the blue and approach to uniform distribution in the red throughout the mesopelagic zone. Below the approximate depth range 400–500 m, the shape of the angular distribution is nearly invariant with increasing depth in the green and red and varies weakly in the blue. The AOPs at any light wavelength also assume nearly constant values within the deeper portion of the mesopelagic zone. These results indicate that the mesopelagic light field reaches a nearly-asymptotic regime at depths exceeding ~400–500 m.     

Variability of chlorophyll and primary production in the Eastern North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre: potential factors affecting phytoplankton activity

Size-fractionated chlorophyll-a and carbon incorporation rates were determined on a series of 13 cruises carried out from 1992 to 2001with the aim of investigating the patterns and causes of variability in phytoplankton chlorophyll and production in the Eastern North Atlantic Subtropical Gyral Province (NASE). Averaged (±SE) integrated chlorophyll-a concentration and primary production rate were 17±1 mg m⁻² and 253±22 mg C m⁻² d⁻¹. Small-sized cells (<2 μm) formed the bulk of phytoplankton biomass (71%) and accounted for 54% of total primary production. A clear latitudinal gradient in these variables was not detected. By contrast, large seasonal variability was detected in terms of primary production, although integrated phytoplankton biomass, as estimated from chlorophyll-a concentration, remained rather constant and did not display significant changes with time. Variability in primary production (PP) was related mainly to variability in surface temperature and surface chlorophyll-a concentration. The control exerted by surface temperature was related to nutrient availability. By contrary, euphotic-zone depth, depth of maximum concentration of chlorophyll-a and integrated chlorophyll-a did not contribute significantly to the high variability in primary production observed in this oligotrophic region.     

海水油荧光测量方法实验研究

根据荧光测量方法的原理,采和双光路,双通道及单片微机控制,数据自动采集的技术,于１９９７年研制成功用于海洋现场探测的单波段水中油荧光计。应用该水中油荧光计进行了海水中微量油份的测量实验研究。     

Springtime coupling between chlorophyll a, sea ice and sea surface temperature in Disko Bay, West Greenland

Alterations in sea ice and primary production are expected to have cascading influences on the food web in high Arctic marine ecosystems. This study spanned four years and examined the spring phytoplankton production bloom in Disko Bay, West Greenland (69°N, 53°W) (using chlorophyll a concentrations as a proxy) under contrasting sea ice conditions in 2001 and 2003 (heavy sea ice) and 2002 and 2004 (light sea ice). Satellite-based observations of chlorophyll a, sea ice and sea surface temperature were used together with in situ depth profiles of chlorophyll a fluorescence collected at 24 sampling stations along the south coast of Disko Island (5-30 km offshore) in May 2003 and 2004. Chlorophyll a and sea surface temperatures were also obtained from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS: EOS-Terra and AQUA satellites) between March 2001 and July 2004. Daily SMMR/SSMI sea ice data were obtained in the same years. An empirical regional algorithm was developed to calibrate ratios of remotely sensed measurements of water leaving radiance with in situ chlorophyll a fluorescence. The optimal integration depth was 0-4 m, explaining between 70% and 91% of the variance. The spatial development of the phytoplankton bloom showed that the southwestern corner of the study area had the earliest and the largest spring phytoplankton bloom. The eastern part of Disko Bay, influenced by meltwater outflow from the glaciers, shows no signs of an early phytoplankton bloom and followed the general pattern of an accelerated bloom soon after the disappearance of sea ice. In all four years the coupling between phytoplankton and sea ice was bounded by average open water between 50% and 80%, likely due to the combined availability of light and stable open water. The daily incremental growth in both mean chlorophyll a density (chlorophyll a per volume water, μg l⁻¹) and abundance (density of chlorophyll a extrapolated to ice free areas, tons) estimated by linear regression (chlorophyll a vs. day) between 1 April and 15 May was highest in 2002 and 2004 (light ice years) and lowest in 2001 and 2003 (heavy ice years). In years with late sea ice retreat the chlorophyll a attained only slightly lower densities than in years with early sea ice retreat. However, the abundance of chlorophyll a in light ice years was considerably larger than in heavy ice years, and there was an obvious effect of more open water for light-induced stimulation of primary production. This observation demonstrates the importance of estimating chlorophyll a abundance rather than density in sea ice covered areas. This study also presents the first regional calibration of MODIS chlorophyll a data for Arctic waters.     

应用时间序列分析法对太湖叶绿素-a含量的动态研究

叶绿素-α是湖泊浮游植物现存量的重要指标,其含量能反映水中浮游植物的丰度和变化规律。研究叶绿素含量的动态变化,可以有效防止、监控湖泊富营养化的发生。以太湖为研究对象,根据其营养水平进行分区,使得不同区域内叶绿素的浓度不同,而同一区域内浓度大体一致,然后利用地理信息系统技术对每个区域内未采样点的叶绿素浓度进行插值,取区域内所有栅格的平均值作为其最终浓度。应用时间序列分析方法对太湖1998-2004年每月的叶绿素含量进行动态模拟,建立各湖区的预测模型。结果表明,中营养区I符合MA（1）模型,轻富营养区Ⅱ和中富营养区Ⅲ符合AR（1）模型,富营养区Ⅳ符合MA（5）模型,重富营养区V符合AR（6）模型。由此预测出2005年各湖区总叶绿素的含量,经前10个月实测数据的验证说明,所建模型在一定程度上能反映太湖各区域叶绿素浓度的变化。     

酸-碱滴定法测定海洋浮游植物细胞表面积

1995年改进了浮游植物表面积的酸碱滴定测定法，其中应用改进BET方程对酸滴定曲线拟合求最大表面酸量，由此测定了18种海洋浮游植物（包括8种绿藻，7种硅藻，2种甲藻，1种红藻）的细胞表面积。结果表明，该方法精密度为15．2％，所测定的18种海洋浮游植物的表面积为2．78×10-8—6．9×10-6m2，变异系数为0．9％—31．3％，较传统的用光／电子显微镜粗略估算的方法，更为精确，并且设备简单，操作方便。