2000-2012年祁连山植被覆盖变化及其与气候因子的相关性

研究祁连山地区植被覆盖变化及其与气候因子的响应关系对这一地区土地利用总体特征以及对区域及全球气候和环境变化都将产生深远的意义。利用2000-2012年美国国家航空航天局提供的MODIS NDVI数据并结合相应的气候资料,通过对逐像元信息的提取和分析,运用均值法、斜率分析法、相关分析法,研究了2000-2012年不同季节祁连山植被覆盖的时空变化及其与气候因子的相关性。结果表明:13 a来祁连山植被覆盖整体上呈增加趋势,其中春季植被改善最为明显,秋季次之;植被覆盖变化在不同季节都存在明显的空间差异;不同季节植被与气温、降水的时滞效应不尽相同;祁连山春季大部分地区NDVI与气温呈显著正相关,夏季NDVI与降水呈显著正相关,秋、冬季NDVI与降水、气温的相关性不明显。     

2000—2015年伊犁河谷植被覆盖时空变化特征

利用2000—2015年的EOS/MODIS数据,采用趋势分析、Hurst指数、变异系数法对伊犁河谷植被时空变化及未来趋势进行分析,结果显示:空间分布上,伊犁河谷植被覆盖度呈北部、南部、东部偏高,西部、中部偏低的分布特征;时间变化上,2000—2015年,伊犁河谷植被覆盖度波动减小,减速为6.25%·(10 a)^-1;区域分布上,伊犁河谷植被表现为低波动变化,波动程度中等以及下占73.16%,波动程度高的区域占26.84%。未来预测表明,伊犁河谷植被覆盖呈退化趋势,其中,持续退化的面积占57.55%,持续改善的面积占13.51%。     

近13 a来黄河源区高寒草地物候的时空变异性

以8 d合成的500 m空间分辨率的MODIS [NDVI]时序数据为基础,利用非对称高斯函数拟合法和比值阈值法对2000-2012年黄河源区高寒草地生长季始期（SOG）、生长季末期（EOG）、生长季长度（LOG）的时空变化进行了研究。结果表明：黄河源区高寒草地多在第126～140 d开始生长,到第277～290 d逐渐停止生长,LOG多集中在140～160 d。由东南向西北,随水热条件变化,SOG 逐渐推迟,EOG逐渐提前,LOG逐渐缩短。物候的海拔分异明显,随海拔升高,SOG逐渐延迟,EOG逐渐提前,LOG逐渐缩短。2000-2012年,黄河源区高寒草地SOG显著提前,EOG基本不变,LOG显著延长。SOG提前、EOG推迟、LOG延长的区域主要分布在黄河源区西北部和西南部,而SOG推迟、EOG提前、LOG缩短的区域主要分布在黄河源区中部,其中LOG延长和缩短区域分别占植被区面积的82.77% 和17.23%。黄河源区高寒草地物候的年际变化在不同海拔上分异显著。高海拔地区SOG与LOG变化幅度均超过了低海拔地区,而EOG变化幅度相当。春季、秋季气温升高可能是引起黄河源区高寒草地SOG提前和EOG推迟的主要原因。     

黄河中游流域环境要素对水沙变异的影响

目前 ,黄河中游地区流域的水沙变化主要以水文法和水保法研究为主。由于黄河中游具有明显的自然地带性分布特征 ,流域系统的水沙过程受到环境要素的综合影响。本文根据黄河中游河口镇至龙门区间已控一级支流的测站资料 ,采用地理环境要素法分析水沙变异及成因。研究表明 ,河龙区间流域径流量和输沙量与地理环境因子的影响密切相关。 2 0世纪 70年代以来 ,降雨减水减沙作用不断减小 ,随着水土保持措施的提高 ,人类活动减水减沙所占比重不断增大。 70年代与 80年代气候波动和人类活动影响的平均减水减沙作用分别为5 3 4 %、 2 8 6 %和 4 6 6 %、 71 4 %。     

2000-2012年中国北方草地NDVI和气候因子时空变化

利用2000-2012年的MODIS NDVI数据,结合中国北方187个气象基准站年均温度和年降水量资料,对2000-2012年中国北方草地NDVI的时空变化特征和同期年均温度、降水量动态变化进行了分析。结果表明:(1)草地NDVI无明显变化的区域占北方草地总面积的64.35%,以荒漠草地为主;草地退化区域的面积(占北方草地总面积的23.97%)大于改善区域的面积(占北方草地11.68%)。(2)NDVI变异系数分析结果表明,2000-2012年以来中国北方草地68.37%区域呈稳定状态。其中,荒漠草地植被变异性较小,处于相对稳定状态的草地占其总面积的79.73%;而灌丛草地和典型草地的变异性较大,变化显著的草地分别占其草地面积的41.55%和45.92%。(3)北方草地区中,54.04%的区域年均温度呈升高趋势,大于温度呈降低趋势的区域,温度升高幅度最大为0.159 ℃·a^-1;年降水量呈增加趋势的面积达71.01%,远大于呈减少趋势的面积,降水量增加的最大幅度为23.29 mm·a^-1。     

三江源地区植被指数下降趋势的空间特征及其地理背景

利用8km分辨率的Pathfinder NOAA/AVHRR-NDVI数据,结合1km分辨率的DEM,1 ∶ 250000道路、居民点、水系数据以及野外调查数据,分析了植被指数变化总体态势、植被指数变化与海拔及与距道路、水源和居民点距离之间的关系,探讨了三江源区1981~2001年间植被指数变化趋势和空间分异特征。结果表明:①三江源地区植被指数变化以下降趋势为主,下降区域占源区总面积的18.92%,增加区域占13.99%;②不同植被和冻土类型下的植被指数下降特征:灌丛区和森林区下降率最高,下降率与各类型区的居民点密度、生计方式有关;植被指数下降程度与冻土类型关系不明显;③植被指数下降的区域差异明显:下降率各区域分别为长江源区13.56%、黄河源区32.51%和澜沧江源区18.1%;④植被指数下降率随着距道路、河流的距离增加而逐渐减小;下降率在距居民点18~24km的缓冲带上达到最高后随着距离增大而下降;植被指数下降率随着海拔高程的升高呈"低－高－低－高"态势,下降率与居民点的分布高度相关。     

黄河内蒙古头道拐断面河道变化及其对上游水库的响应(英文)

The application of dams built upstream will change the input conditions,including water and sediment,of downstream fluvial system,and destroy previous dynamic quasi-equilibrium reached by channel streamflow,so indispensable adjustments are necessary for downstream channel to adapt to the new water and sediment supply,leading the fluvial system to restore its previous equilibrium or reach a new equilibrium.Using about 50-year-long hydrological,sedimentary and cross-sectional data,temporal response processes ...     

Channel change at Toudaoguai Station and its responses to the operation of upstream reservoirs in the upper Yellow River

The application of dams built upstream will change the input conditions, including water and sediment, of downstream fluvial system, and destroy previous dynamic quasi-equilibrium reached by channel streamflow, so indispensable adjustments are necessary for downstream channel to adapt to the new water and sediment supply, leading the fluvial system to restore its previous equilibrium or reach a new equilibrium. Using about 50-year-long hydrological, sedimentary and cross-sectional data, temporal response processes of Toudaoguai cross-section located in the upper Yellow River to the operation of reservoirs built upstream are analyzed. The results show that the Toudaoguai cross-section change was influenced strongly by upstream reservoir operation and downstream channel bed armoring thereafter occurred gradually and extended to the reach below Sanhuhekou gauging station. Besides, median diameter of suspended sediment load experienced a three-stage change that is characterized by an increase at first, then a decrease and an increase again finally, which reflects the process of channel bed armoring that began at Qingtongxia reservoir and then gradually developed downstream to the reach below Sanhuhekou cross-section. Since the joint operation strategy of Longyangxia, Liujiaxia and Qingtongxia reservoirs was introduced in 1986, the three-stage change trend has become less evident than that in the time period between 1969 and 1986 when only Qingtongxia and Liujiaxia reservoirs were put into operation alone. In addition, since 1987, the extent of lateral migration and thalweg elevation change at Toudaoguai cross-section has reduced dramatically, cross-sectional profile and location tended to be stable, which is beneficial to the normal living for local people.     

黄河流域植被净初级生产力时空特征及自然驱动因子

植被净初级生产力（NPP）是陆地生态系统的关键指标,是地表碳循环的重要组成部分,能够用来较客观地评价生态系统变化及其可持续性。利用MOD17A3HGF数据、土地利用数据、气象数据、地形数据,应用变化趋势分析、相关性分析及地理探测器模型等方法,探讨了2000—2019年黄河流域NPP（以C计量）时空格局及演变特征,并对影响NPP的自然因子进行量化研究。结果表明：（1）2000—2019年黄河流域植被NPP整体呈极显著上升趋势（）。流域平均年NPP为281.39 g·m^-2,变化范围为270—347 g·m^-2,增速为5.75 g·m^-2·a^-1。流域NPP显著增加的区域占整个流域面积的99.53%,空间分布呈西北低东南高的趋势。（2）不同土地利用类型的植被NPP年平均值差异较大,林地是对该区域植被NPP贡献最大的土地利用类型。（3）NPP与海拔之间存在一定相关性,NPP与气温、降水显著正相关的区域分别占总面积的23.20%和44.17%,自然驱动因子中海拔、气温及降水对植被NPP的驱动作用差异明显,降水>气温>海拔,各因子之间的交互作用均为双因子增强。     

黑河中上游气象要素单调变化趋势分析

分析水文气象要素的长期变化趋势,对于理解气候变化和人类活动对水文过程的影响起着重要的指导和启示作用。本文采用Mann-Kendall非参数检验方法对黑河中上游分布均匀的8个气象站点5个气象要素的长期变化趋势进行分析。结果表明：各个站点的多年年平均气温、日最高气温及日最低气温均呈现显著的上升趋势;对于多年年降水量序列,只...     

Numerical simulation on seasonal transport variations and mechanisms of suspended sediment discharged from the Yellow River to the Bohai Sea

Based on sediment and discharge flux data for the Yellow River, realistic forcing fields and bathymetry of the Bohai Sea, a suspended sediment transport module is driven by a wave-current coupled model to research seasonal variations and mechanisms of suspended load transport to the Bohai Sea. It could be concluded that surface sediment concentration indicates a distinct spatial distribution characteristic that varies seasonally in the Bohai Sea. Sediment concentration is rather high near the Yellow River estuary, seasonal variations of which are controlled by quantity of sediment from the Yellow River, suspended sediment concentration reaches its maximum during summer and fall. Furthermore, sediment concentration decreases rapidly in other seas far from the Yellow River estuary and maintains a very low level in the center of the Bohai Sea, and is dominated by seasonal variations of climatology wind field in the Bohai Sea. Only a small amount of sediments imported from the Yellow River are delivered northwestward to the southern coast of the Bohai Bay. Majority of sediments are transported southeastward to the Laizhou Bay, where sediments are continuously delivered into the center of the Bohai Sea in a northeastward direction, and part of them are transported eastward alongshore through the Bohai Strait. 69% of sediments from the Yellow River are deposited near the river delta, 31% conveyed seaward, within which, 4% exported to the northern Yellow Sea through the Bohai Strait. Wind wave is the most essential contributor to seasonal variations of sediment concentration in the Bohai Sea, and the contribution of tidal currents is also significant in shallow waters when wind speed is low.     

黄河入海悬沙季节输送变化与输送机制的数值研究(英文)

Based on sediment and discharge flux data for the Yellow River, realistic forcing fields and bathymetry of the Bohai Sea, a suspended sediment transport module is driven by a wave-current coupled model to research seasonal variations and mechanisms of suspended load transport to the Bohai Sea. It could be concluded that surface sediment concentration indicates a distinct spatial distribution characteristic that varies seasonally in the Bohai Sea. Sediment concentration is rather high near the Yellow River estuary, seasonal variations of which are controlled by quantity of sediment from the Yellow River, suspended sediment concentration reaches its maximum during summer and fall. Furthermore, sediment concentration decreases rapidly in other seas far from the Yellow River estuary and maintains a very low level in the center of the Bohai Sea, and is dominated by seasonal variations of climatology wind field in the Bohai Sea. Only a small amount of sediments imported from the Yellow River are delivered northwestward to the southern coast of the Bohai Bay. Majority of sediments are transported southeastward to the Laizhou Bay, where sediments are continuously delivered into the center of the Bohai Sea in a northeastward direction, and part of them are transported eastward alongshore through the Bohai Strait. 69% of sediments from the Yellow River are deposited near the river delta, 31% conveyed seaward, within which, 4% exported to the northern Yellow Sea through the Bohai Strait. Wind wave is the most essential contributor to seasonal variations of sediment concentration in the Bohai Sea, and the contribution of tidal currents is also significant in shallow waters when wind speed is low.     

黄河中游多沙粗沙区水沙变化趋势及其主控因素的贡献率

随着气候变化和人类活动影响加剧,黄河中游多沙粗沙区的水沙变化剧烈,因此研究影响黄河中游多沙粗沙区径流量和输沙量的驱动因素对预测未来水沙变化具有重要意义。本文选取Mann-Kendall趋势检验法,Pettitt突变点检验法,位置、尺度、形状的广义可加模型以及累积量斜率变化率比较法对黄河中游多沙粗沙区15个水文站控制流域1956-2010年的年降水量、年径流量以及年输沙量变化特征及其贡献率进行分析,确定影响黄河中游多沙粗沙区径流量和输沙量变化的主要原因。结果表明：① Mann-Kendall趋势检验在5%的显著性水平下,表明降水量虽呈减少趋势但并不显著,径流量和输沙量则有显著的减少趋势;② Pettitt突变点检验得出所研究区域径流量和输沙量的突变年份在1972年、1985年以及1996年左右;③ GAMLSS模型分析结果同样表明降水的均值不随时间发生变化,但降水的方差有减小的趋势;④ 通过累积量斜率变化率比较法得出,人类活动对窟野河流域径流输沙的影响大于无定河流域。通过分析黄河中游多沙粗沙区径流量和输沙量变化的原因,可为黄河中游多沙粗沙区水资源合理分配提供一定的理论支持。     

2000-2014年黄河源区ET时空特征及其与气候因子关系

黄河源区地处青藏高原东缘,具有独特的自然生境和丰富的自然资源,是中国西南区域经济发展的重要生态安全屏障。以MODIS ET产品作为研究黄河源区地表蒸散发（ET）的数据源,结合黄河源区内部及周边18个气象站数据、全国1∶100万植被类型图和黄河源区DEM数据,利用趋势分析、相对年际变化和相关分析法,研究2000-2014年黄河源区ET时空变化特征及不同土地利用类型下ET的变化规律,重点探讨了ET与气候因子的关系。结果表明：① 黄河源区多年ET区域分异规律明显,北部ET显著弱于中部和东南部,最强ET位于黄河源区的东南部,多年平均ET值为538.61 mm/a,距平相对变化显著,ET年际变化呈先减小后增加的趋势,平均趋势变化率为0.44 mm/a;② 年内ET呈周期性单峰变化趋势,7月达到峰值;2000-2014年黄河源区多年四季ET季节性差异明显,夏季ET最强达到188.14 mm/a,春秋季次之,冬季ET最弱仅97.15 mm/a;③ 研究时段内不同土地利用类型的ET大小表现为沼泽地>林地>草地>其他>裸地,整体上各土地利用类型的ET呈逐渐增加趋势;④ 相关分析结果表明,ET与同期气温、降水呈正相关关系,与相对湿度呈负相关关系,其中降水对ET的影响强于气温;驱动分区结果显示黄河源区ET受气候因子驱动的地区主要表现为降水驱动。     

气候和人类活动对黄河中游区间产流量变化的贡献率

黄河中游产流量在过去几十年发生了明显减小的变化趋势,鉴于迄今有关气候及人类活动对该区产流量减小的影响比重仍存争议,本研究利用累积距平方法分析了研究区近60年来的产流量变化趋势,识别出1971年和1985年两个拐点年份,利用累积量斜率变化率分析方法(SCRCQ)估算了降水量和人类活动在产流量变化中的贡献率。与基准时期1950-1970年(T_A)相比,在不考虑蒸散量影响的情况下,降水量和人类活动对黄河中游区间产流量变化的贡献率在1971-1985年(T_B)分别为25.94%和74.06%,在1986-2009年(T_C)分别为25.13%和74.87%;如果考虑蒸散量的影响,则人类活动的贡献率在T_B和T_C时期分别增大到91.74%和93.41%。显然,人类活动是该区间地表产流量减小的最重要影响因素。人类活动对黄河中游区间产流量变化的主要影响方式是拦蓄滞留,这些拦蓄滞留的水量大多数最终通过蒸散作用而从地表径流循环进入大气循环,即人类活动改变了部分水循环的途径。     

过去30年气候变化对黄河源区水源涵养量的影响

黄河源区高寒生态系统具有重要的水源涵养功能。基于改进的LPJ动态植被模型,模拟研究1981-2010年中国黄河源区水源涵养量的时空变化特征,进一步探讨气候要素变化的影响。结果表明：近30年来黄河源区水源涵养量整体略呈减少趋势,减少速率为-1.15 mm/a,区域差异特征体现为大部分地区以减少趋势为主,特别是黄河源区东南部。过去30年黄河源区降水量以及大气水分需求能力的变化是影响生态系统水源涵养量增减的主要气候因素。随着干湿条件不同,两者影响程度各异,降水减少和潜在蒸散增加共同导致黄河源区东南部半湿润地区水源涵养量减少,而降水增加则是北部半干旱地区水源涵养量增加的主要原因。     

2000~2014年黑龙江流域（中国）植被覆盖时空变化及其对气候变化的响应

采用MODIS/NDVI数据,利用Theil-Sen Median 趋势分析、Mann-Kendall 以及Hurst指数方法分析2000~2014年黑龙江流域（中国）植被的时空变化特征、植被变化发展趋势及可持续性特征;应用相关分析法研究了气候变化对植被生长的影响。结果表明,2000~2014年黑龙江流域（中国）植被NDVI指数呈缓慢增加趋势,山区植被覆盖增加显著,东北部平原区植被覆盖持续退化,总体上植被覆盖持续改善能力较弱。植被NDVI对气候响应的季节差异显著,且不同类型植被对气候因子的响应不一致：春季植被NDVI主要受温度影响,夏季植被NDVI主要受降水量影响,秋季林地NDVI与温度正相关、草地NDVI与降雨量正相关。     

2000-2020年渭河流域植被覆盖度及产水量时空变化

渭河流域是黄土高原最早实施生态治理工程的区域,研究其植被覆盖度和产水量的变化及相互关系,对于黄河流域以及黄土高原来说具有重要意义.基于InVEST产水模型和Landsat遥感影像分析了流域产水量和植被覆盖度的变化特征.结果表明:渭河流域2000-2020年植被覆盖度整体呈显著增加趋势,空间上渭河流域的NDVI从东南至西...     

黄河宁蒙河段悬沙冲淤量时空变化及其影响因素

通过对黄河宁蒙河段6个水文站1952~2003年间的实测悬移质泥沙资料,运用输沙平衡方法,对划分的5个时段和5个区段的悬沙冲淤量进行了计算分析,探讨宁蒙河段悬沙冲淤量的时空变化规律。黄河上游无大型水库的1952~1959年间和水库建成坝下河道充分调整后的1994~2003年间,宁蒙河段强烈淤积,年均悬沙淤积量分别为0.9588亿t/a和0.9503亿t/a;而期间的三个时段,年均悬沙分别为净侵蚀0.6127亿t/a、微淤0.0161亿t/a和较强淤积0.7475亿t/a。年均悬沙淤积量在宁蒙河段为0.345亿t/a;在宁夏河段为0.076亿t/a,其中下沿河~青铜峡区段微淤,青铜峡~石嘴山区段冲淤平衡;在内蒙古河段总和为0.269亿t/a,石嘴山~巴彦高乐、巴彦高乐~三湖河口、三湖河口~头道拐三个区段分别为0.0084亿t/a、0.113亿t/a和0.147亿t/a,沿程增大。悬沙淤积量的时间变化主要受到区间支流来沙量变化和水库建设的双重影响,而空间变化主要受到青铜峡水库拦沙以及刘家峡、龙羊峡水库消减洪峰的影响。黄河宁蒙河段处于构造沉降区,淤积是总趋势,人类活动可以引起个别时段、区段发生侵蚀,但无法改变其沉积的总趋势。     

60年来黄河流域径流量时空变化(英文)

Water discharge data of the Yellow River over the past 60 years was analyzed using the continuous wavelet transform (CWT) and Mann-Kendall (MK) test methods to identify spatial and temporal variation patterns. Potential connections between water discharge in the Yellow River Basin and El Ni o/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) were also examined by the cross wavelet and wavelet coherence methods. CWT results show that the periodic oscillations in water discharges had occurred at the temporal scales of 1-, 2to 4-, 6to 8and 10to 22-year. It was also found that at the annual timescale (1-year) the phase relations between water discharge and ENSO were indistinct probably due to the strong influence by human disturbances. However, over the longer time scales, the phase relation becomes much clearer with an anti-phase relation being found mainly at inter-annual scale (2to 8-year) and in-phase relation at decadal scale (16to 22-year). According to the MK test results water discharge at most stations except Tangnaihai have decreased significantly and the abrupt change occurred in the mid-1980s or the early 1990s. The changes in water discharge were found to be influenced by both climate changes and human activities. Before 1970 the change in water discharge was positively related to precipitation variations in the river basin, but after 1970 the decrease in water discharge has been largely caused by various human activities including constructions of reservoirs, water abstraction and water-soil conservation with water abstraction being the main cause.